如皋市桑蚕病虫害预警体系的建立与应用

介绍了如皋市为了及时、有效地预测、预防、控制和扑灭急重桑蚕病虫害,建立了“桑蚕病虫害预警与控制技术”体系;将桑蚕病虫害实行分级监控,制定分级预警级别指标和控制技术,建立信息发布体系,将应急物资贮备机制等纳入体系建设的内容。该体系实施以来提高了对桑蚕病虫害的预测预报水平,有效地控制和减轻了桑蚕病虫害的发生,并对如何进一步加强桑蚕病虫害预警与控制技术体系建设,提出了改进措施。     

野桑蚕人工制种条件的试验分析

野桑蚕茧丝性状的直接利用价值有待发掘,但由于野桑蚕具有独特的生物学性状,且与家蚕有较高的亲缘关系,在家蚕的遗传育种学、分子生物学、生理生态学等科学研究中有较高的利用价值.以野桑蚕作材料的许多相关实验取得了较好的研究结果,从而野桑蚕被认为是良好的实验昆虫.野桑蚕长期生存于室外,室内人工交配、制种比较困难.为了提高繁育野桑蚕种质量,以便大量饲育野桑蚕,本实验对野桑蚕的室内人工制种方法进行了比较.     

杀虫剂溴氰菊酯对野桑蚕和家蚕的毒力比较

基于了解野桑蚕(Bombyxmandarina)和家蚕(Bombyxmori)对农用杀虫剂溴氰菊酯的抗药性差异,采用点滴法和浸叶法测定了溴氰菊酯对野桑蚕和家蚕的毒力,结果其毒力基本一致。野桑蚕和家蚕对溴氰菊酯的敏感度均较高,LD50在0.027~0.429 ng/头之间,但吴江野桑蚕、启东野桑蚕和苏大野桑蚕的抗药性较相对敏感的家蚕品种大造、菁松、皓月强10.11~15.89倍,较家蚕品种L11强4.37倍。     

广西桑蚕业发展的特点与做法

本文简要介绍广西桑蚕业的发展概况及特点,并对促进广西桑蚕业发展的经验进行了总结。准确定位,积极引导、强化服务;推广良种良法、抓加工环节;以龙头企业促进桑蚕产业化经营等是广西桑蚕业快速发展的成功经验。     

昆虫(蚕)信息激素(I)

概述了昆虫信息激素的种类。着重就桑蚕信息激素(桑蚕醇、桑蚕醛)的结构和理化性质，信息激素的感受机制，电生理反应和嗅觉感受的学说，以及对桑蚕信息激素的扩散和雄蛾最终找到雌蛾的机制作了论述。     

不同地域来源野桑蚕基于线粒体COⅠ序列的遗传多样性和系统进化分析

家蚕(Bombyx mori)由野桑蚕(Bombyx mandarina)驯化而来,深入分析野桑蚕的遗传多样性,对发掘和利用其基因资源有重要意义。对来自秦巴山区的3份野桑蚕种质材料的线粒体COⅠ基因及其侧翼序列进行测序,并与从Gen Bank数据库中获取的15份野桑蚕、30份家蚕种质材料的线粒体COⅠ序列进行单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点和遗传进化分析。16份中国野桑蚕种质材料之间、2份日本野桑蚕种质材料之间的COⅠ序列分别存在65个和10个碱基的差异;30份家蚕种质材料的COⅠ序列中只存在7个碱基的差异。与来自中国四川、江苏等地的野桑蚕相比,来自日本、中国山东青州及秦巴山区的野桑蚕具有更为丰富的SNP位点。18份野桑蚕种质材料和30份家蚕种质材料的COⅠ序列共定义了25种单倍型,其中野桑蚕18种,家蚕7种。基于18份野桑蚕种质材料、30份家蚕种质材料的COⅠ序列的聚类分析表明:18份野桑蚕种质材料的聚类与其地理来源存在一定关联性,四川、江苏等地的野桑蚕各自独立成一枝,来自秦巴山区的5份野桑蚕种质材料分别与来自山东青州、四川地区的野桑蚕聚类;家蚕与中国野桑蚕的亲缘关系较近,与日本野桑蚕的亲缘关系较远,而来源于安康市汉阴县、岚皋县、汉滨区及山东青州的野桑蚕又与家蚕的亲缘关系最为接近。研究结果表明即使同是来自秦巴山区的野桑蚕也存在丰富的遗传多样性,研究结果也再次佐证了家蚕起源于中国野桑蚕的论述。     

忻城县桑蚕产业发展现状与思考——忻城县贫困村桑蚕产业科技特派员调研报告

以忻城县桑蚕产业贫困村科技特派员的视角,在桑蚕主产区通过与桑蚕从业人员座谈交流、实地查看等方式,调查了忻城县桑蚕产业的发展现状,分析了产业发展的存在问题,并提出了加大资金扶持,加强示范引导、技术服务和监督管理,提高产业社会化服务水平,实现产业规模化和集约化发展,促进产业良性循环发展,全面提高产业综合经济效益和竞争力等建议,以期对忻城县桑蚕产业的可持续发展提供指导。     

象州县桑蚕文化展示馆初具雏形

正经过一段时间的筹备,位于广西华佳丝绸公司内的象州县桑蚕文化展示馆已初具雏形。象州县桑蚕文化展示馆建筑面积500 m~2,于去年10月开始建设,展示馆内以古老发明与丝绸之路、桑蚕文化墨迹与故事、桑蚕的科学奥秘、东桑西移与现代桑蚕工业、象州县桑蚕产业成就、华佳桑蚕成品展示等七个区域展示我国古今桑蚕文化、现代桑蚕产业、桑蚕科学以及象州桑蚕产业、华佳公司发展成就。     

太湖流域野桑蚕的生态学研究

通过对太湖流域地区的野桑蚕进行跟踪调查 ,发现吴县地区的野桑蚕年发生代数多为 4代 ,吴江市南部乡镇的野桑蚕年发生代数以 3代为主。建立了该地区野桑蚕的生态学数据库     

2009年北方蚕业科研协作区桑蚕新品种实验室鉴定(山西点)报告

按照《北方蚕业科研协作区桑蚕新品种共同鉴定工作细则》要求,山西省蚕桑研究所2009年春对山东省蚕业研究所2对桑蚕品种、陕西省蚕桑丝绸研究所2对桑蚕品种及本所1对桑蚕品种,从虫质、茧质及丝质成绩三个方面进行了实验室鉴定,初步鉴定的结果表明:5对家蚕品种具有上车率高、茧丝长长、解舒好特点,品种其它性状各有所不同。     

Effects of the paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus, on the electrocardiogram of the Spectacled Flying Fox, Pteropus conspicillatus

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cardiac electrical function in the Spectacled Flying Fox (bat) infested with Ixodes holocyclus. DESIGN: Prospective clinical investigation of bats treated for naturally occurring tick toxicity. PROCEDURE: ECGs were performed on bats with tick toxicity (n = 33), bats that recovered slowly (n = 5) and normally (n = 5) following treatment for tick toxicity, and on normal bats with no history of tick toxicity (n = 9). RESULTS: Bats with tick toxicity had significantly prolonged corrected QT intervals, bradycardia and rhythm disturbances which included sinus bradydysrhythmia, atrial standstill, ventricular premature complexes, and idioventricular bradydysrhythmia. CONCLUSIONS: The QT prolongation observed on ECG traces of bats with tick toxicity reflected delayed ventricular repolarisation and predisposed to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and sudden cardiac death in response to sympathetic stimulation. The inability to document ventricular tachycardia in bats shortly before death from tick toxicity may be explained by a lack of sympathetic responsiveness attributable to the unique parasympathetic innervation of the bat heart, or hypothermia-induced catecholamine receptor down-regulation. Bradycardia and rhythm disturbances may be attributable to hypothermia.     

Toxicological pathology in the rat placenta

The placenta grows rapidly for a short period with high blood flow during pregnancy and has multifaceted functions, such as its barrier function, nutritional transport, drug metabolizing activity and endocrine action. Consequently, the placenta is a highly susceptible target organ for drug- or chemical-induced adverse effects, and many placenta-toxic agents have been reported. However, histopathological examination of the placenta is not generally performed, and the placental toxicity index is only the placental weight change in rat reproductive toxicity studies. The placental cells originate from the trophectoderm of the embryo and the endometrium of the dam, proliferate and differentiate into a variety of tissues with interaction each other according to the development sequence, resulting in formation of a placenta. Therefore, drug- or chemical-induced placental lesions show various histopathological features depending on the toxicants and the exposure period, and the pathogenesis of placental toxicity is complicated. Placental weight assessment appears not to be enough to evaluate placental toxicity, and reproductive toxicity studies should pay more attention to histopathological evaluation of placental tissue. The detailed histopathological approaches to investigation of the pathogenesis of placental toxicity are considered to provide an important tool for understanding the mechanism of teratogenicity and developmental toxicity with embryo lethality, and could benefit reproductive toxicity studies.     

三聚氰胺对小鼠的急性毒性和蓄积毒性研究

为评价三聚氰胺的毒性作用,进行了三聚氰胺急性毒性和蓄积毒性研究.小鼠急性毒性试验设计为7个剂量组和1对照组,组间剂量比为0.65,每组10只小鼠,观察小鼠1周内的中毒表现,病理解剖及病理组织学变化,并计算三聚氰胺LD5o及950％可信限.蓄积毒性试验以固定剂量(1/3 LD5o)连续染毒法,以蓄积系数评价其蓄积毒性.结...     

常用除草剂对家蚕的毒性试验

８种常用除草剂对家蚕的毒性试验,结果表明：家蚕对其中４种除草剂有一定的毒性反应,表现轻微的中毒症状。除草剂对家蚕的角杀毒力和残毒期因除草剂品种不同而有明显的差异。家蚕对除草剂的抗性因龄期大小不同而异。     

单诺沙星对昆明种小白鼠的亚急性毒性研究

以昆明种小白鼠为实验研究，进行了单诺沙星的亚急性毒性研究。小白鼠分为4组，1－3组为试验组，分别以20，50，100mg/kg体重单诺沙星溶于饮水中连续给药一个月，第4组为对照组。实验期间定期称量小白鼠在给药期内的体重和采食量，计算食饵效率，并在给药半个月和一个月时分两次检查各组小白鼠的器官系数与器官含水量、血常规、肝肾功能指标GPT、GOT、AKP、Cr、BUN以及心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑的病理组织学变化。实验结果表明：高剂量组小白鼠表现的毒性反应较轻，且这种毒性反应没有随时间的延长而加剧。中、低剂量组小白鼠没有出现明显的毒性反应。表明单诺沙星的毒性较低。     

Arsenic-sulfur amino acid interactions in the chick

Experiments were conducted with growing crossbred chicks to determine the reasons why cysteine exacerbates roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid) toxicity. A fortified corn-soybean meal diet that met or exceeded all nutrient requirements of the young chick was fed. While cysteine enhanced roxarsone toxicity, it had little effect on the toxicity of the inorganic arsenicals As2O3 and As2O5. The toxicity of another pentavalent organic arsenical, phenylarsonic acid, was also exacerbated by cysteine. In contrast, the growth-depression resulting from feeding the trivalent form of phenylarsonic acid, i.e., phenylarsine oxide, was not affected by dietary addition of cysteine. Supplementation of the diet with cystine, methionine or K2SO4 did not exacerbate roxarsone toxicity. Reduced glutathione (GSH), however, slightly increased the gain/feed depression resulting from feeding 300 mg roxarsone/kg diet. When injected ip 1) roxarsone and cysteine, or 2) roxarsone and ascorbic acid killed 100 or 60% of the birds, respectively, within 48 h postinjection. Few (6.7%) deaths resulted from ip injections of the same level of roxarsone alone. Therefore, the potentiation of toxicity requires pentavalent organic arsenicals and compounds that can act as reducing agents. We concluded that cysteine exacerbates roxarsone toxicity by reducing it to the more toxic trivalent state.     

地黄提取物的急性毒性和亚慢性毒性试验研究

试验通过考察地黄提取物的急性毒性和亚慢性毒性,评价其安全性,为临床用药提供理论依据。急性毒性试验采用昆明种小鼠进行半数致死量（LD₅₀）和最大给药量（MTD）的测定。亚慢性毒性选取80只SD大鼠,分为低、中、高地黄提取物组和对照组,连续灌胃30 d,试验结束后进行血液常规和血液生化指标检测,处死后测定脏器系数,并做病理组织学观察。急性毒性试验结果显示,在试验期内未发现小鼠死亡,未测得LD₅₀,小鼠最大给药量为61.54 g/kg。亚慢性毒性结果显示,各给药组大鼠的体重、血液生化指标、脏器系数及内脏组织病理学观察与对照组均无显著差异（P>0.05）,未见与药物作用有关的病理变化。结果表明,在本试验条件下,根据世界卫生组织（WTO）有关外源性化学物急性毒性分级标准,地黄提取物属实际无毒物质,结合急性毒性和亚慢性毒性试验结果,说明按临床剂量使用地黄提取物是安全无毒的。     

Study on Acute Toxicity and Sub-chronic Toxicity of the Extract of Rehmannia glutinosa

The purpose of this experiment was to study the acute toxicity and long-term sub-chronic toxicity of the extract of Rehmannia glutinosa in mice, evaluate the clinical safety of medication and provide theoretical basis for clinical application. Mice were chosen to measure the median lethal dose (LD₅₀) and maximal tolerance dose (MTD). In the sub-chronic toxicity test, 80 SD rats were divided into four groups:Low dose, middle dose, high dose test groups with the extract of Rehmannia glutinosa and control group with normal saline for 30 d. On the 31th day, the rats were killed and the blood routine index, biochemistry index and the organ coefficient were measured. The MTD was 61.54 g/kg, according to the judgmental standard of the acute toxicity, the extract of Rehmannia glutinosa was safe. The sub-chronic toxicity test results showed that there were no significant difference in body weight and blood chemistry indexes and organ coefficient among the four groups (P>0.05) and there were no pathological change because of the medication. The result indicated that the extract of Rehmannia glutinosa was no acute toxicity under the condition of this test according to acute toxicity classification standard of exogenous by WTO, and it was no sub-chronic toxicity too, which suggested the extract had a good clinical safety.     

农用杀虫剂氯虫苯甲酰胺对家蚕的毒性研究

氯虫苯甲酰胺(Chlorantraniliprole)独特的杀虫原理和优良的杀虫效果使其迅速成为大田作物害虫防治的主要药剂之一。采用食下、内吸和熏蒸等方法,并通过田间试验,研究了氯虫苯甲酰胺对家蚕的毒性效应。食下毒力试验结果经Pearson拟合度检验表明,氯虫苯甲酰胺对3龄起蚕的食下致死中浓度(LC50)为4.090 5×10-3mg/L,致死中量(LD50)为1.143 5×10-8mg/头;药剂在常规浓度下对家蚕无熏蒸毒性;1.25×10-4mg/L稀释药液对桑树根灌和喷叶处理,表现极强的根部、叶部和全株性内吸传导特性;药液对家蚕的残毒期很长,1.25×10-4mg/L稀释药液田间喷雾桑叶,间隔60 d后采叶饲喂3龄和5龄蚕的死亡率均为100%,且中毒反应极快,添食毒叶后1～5 h出现中毒症状,经停止食桑、静伏、少量吐液、蚕体萎缩等过程后陆续死亡。根据试验结果建议农药管理部门尽快采取措施,确保该杀虫剂在防治其它农作物害虫时,减少对养蚕业的影响,蚕区最好禁用该杀虫剂。     

农药苯氧威对家蚕的毒性试验

苯氧威是具有保幼激素活性的昆虫生长调节剂类杀虫剂。该药剂对家蚕的毒性试验表明无熏蒸毒性,但有一定触杀毒性,且胃毒强烈;致家蚕中毒死亡的最低浓度以及对家蚕生长发育的影响均随家蚕龄期增加而增大,从5龄第3天起连续添食稀释32万倍~16亿倍的3%苯氧威药液,可使家蚕龄期明显延长且100%不结茧。依据试验结果认为:低浓度的苯氧威虽然不能致5龄家蚕幼虫死亡,但对蚕茧生产的危害很大,该药剂用于林木害虫防治应该远离蚕区。