水稻幼苗生长对弱光胁迫的响应及相关分析

耐弱光性不同的水稻品种对光照条件反应不同,确定水稻耐弱光鉴定指标,可以快速有效地从大量种质资源中筛选耐弱光的水稻品种,提高品种耐弱光选择效率。试验对不同基因型的61份水稻品种（品系）于苗期进行遮光处理,分别研究各品种在不同光照下的叶龄、苗高、根长、地上部干重、根干重、根冠比、根体积、叶绿素（SPAD值）、单株重的变化,并对各性状的相对指数进行相关及通径分析。试验结果表明,在55%遮光条件下,不同水稻品种的叶绿素含量均增加,苗高变化不一,多数品种的根长、叶龄、根体积、根干重有不同程度的下降,少数品种的根长、叶龄、根体积、根干重增加,各品种地上部干重和单株重均有不同程度的下降;而且,弱光下地上部干重、根干重、根长的相对指数与单株重相对指数直接通径系数分别为0.7592、0.2105、0.0346,相关系数为0.9034、0.7634、0.6862,可见,弱光下的地上部干重相对指数是鉴定水稻耐弱光性的可靠指标,弱光下的根干重和根长相对指数可作为耐弱光性鉴定的重要辅助指标。     

小麦种质资源抗旱性鉴定评价

培育抗旱节水小麦品种是保障我国粮食安全的重要途径之一, 优异抗旱种质资源筛选及抗旱性评价方法的研究对于提高抗旱育种效率具有关键作用。本研究采用反复干旱法和田间直接鉴定法分别鉴定323份小麦种质苗期和成株期的抗旱性。结果表明, 随着干旱次数的增加幼苗存活率逐渐下降, 而其变异系数和广义遗传力增加。成株期单株产量抗旱系数与综合抗旱性度量值D显著正相关(R ² = 0.609), 采用综合抗旱性度量值D有利于区分干旱对不同种质产量的影响力。苗期反复干旱存活率(DS)与单株产量的抗旱系数及综合抗旱性度量值D均无显著相关。基于反复干旱存活率筛选得到28份苗期强抗旱种质, 基于单株产量抗旱系数和综合抗旱性度量值D分别得到25和30份成株期强抗旱种质, 其中, 9份种质用2种评价方法均表现强抗旱; 21份种质在苗期和成株期均表现抗旱或强抗旱。本研究为小麦抗旱性评价方法及抗旱亲本的合理选择提供理论指导和信息支撑。     

Response of lentil (Lens culinaris) germplasm to high concentrations of soil boron

For lentil production to expand further in Australia, adaptation to the less favourable soils of the low to medium rainfall zones is required. To improve adaptation to these regions, varieties are required with increased tolerance to soil constraints such as high concentrations of boron (B), salinity and sodicity. To evaluate the range of B tolerance in lentil germplasm, 310 lines were screened in soil with a high concentration of B and tolerance was assessed at the seedling stage. A wide range in response to high concentrations of soil B was observed in the germplasm tested. Current Australian varieties were generally very intolerant to high concentrations of soil B. High levels of B tolerance was identified in germplasm originating from Afghanistan and Ethiopia. A subsequent experiment comparing lentils with different levels of B tolerance found that tolerant accessions (ILL213A and ILL2024) produced greater above and below ground biomass than intolerant accessions. The tolerant accessions had no significant yield loss under a high B treatment (extractable B = 18.20 mg/kg) compared to the control treatment (extractable B = 1.55 mg/kg). The large improvement in B tolerance, at soil concentrations typical of those found in the target regions, suggests there is potential to improve the tolerance level of adapted varieties and expand lentil production areas to regions with higher concentrations of soil B.     

Variation in seed and seedling charactes of smooth bromegrass,Bromus inermisLeyss,in relation to environment

Summary Soil type, seedling depth, soil moisture, nitrogen and seed lot all affected seedling stand and early vigor. The first two aspects caused significant variations only when other factors were limiting.Individual plant progenies were found to differ in rate of emergence and maximum stand, vigor and height.Seed weight was an important factor among individual plant progenies, with heavy seed being superior. Individual plant progenies similar in seed weight differed in each of the factors fo establishment, indicating that not all of the differences observed among progenies could be ascribed to seed weight. Age and condition of seed, diseases and soil temperature were found to affect stand and vigor.Fifteen selected plant progenies and an experimental synthetic were superior in germination and seedling vigor to the rour commercial varieties tested as checks.Contribution from the Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin. Supported in part by the Research Committee of the Graduate School. Published wit the approval of the Director of The Wisonsin agric. Exp. Stn., Madison, Wis., USA.     

Differential response of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) families to field establishment stress

High seedling mortality during the establishment phase of cocoa has become a critical constraint to sustainable cocoa farming. The objective of this study was to develop varieties with higher seedling survival compared with cultivars currently recommended for planting in denuded regions. Thirty‐seven families composed into two sets of 18 (families from recommended clones) and 19 (families from recently introduced clones) were evaluated for field survival under full sunlight and dry weather conditions. Families differed significantly for vigour (increase in trunk cross‐sectional area, TCSA) and percentage of survived seedlings by the end of the dry weather conditions. Survival and vigour were significantly correlated in only one set of families. The contribution of general combining ability (GCA) to seedling survival was low to moderate. An Amelonado clone and clones from the Iquitos genetic group had negative GCA estimates for both increase in TCSA and survival. Clones of Scavina origin had the most positive contribution to survival. The key outcome of the study was that cocoa families with higher establishment success can be obtained from the currently available germplasm.     

Varietal Differences in Development of Maize (Zea mays L.) Seedlings on Compacted Soils

Differences among open-pollinated tropical maize ( Zea mays L.) varieties in seedling development and establishment on compacted soils were studied. Soil dry density was used as an index of compaction. Three soil compaction levels and 12 traits associated with development and establishment of maize seedlings were investigated. A control (without compaction) was also included. Varietal differences were observed for most traits measured. Genetic differences for seedling development on compacted soil were detected. Varietal differences contributed about three times the contribution of compaction to total variability in the traits. Better seedling development and performance were obtained in moderately compacted soil than in the control. Shoot length, shoot dry weight and per cent dry matter in roots were good indicators of the tolerance of maize seedlings to compaction. A physiological strategy for maize seedling establishment on compacted soil was proposed. The implications of the results for seed testing were also highlighted. It was concluded that consideration should be given to the genotype of maize destined for use in ecologies prone to high soil densities. All varieties of maize grown in an agroecological zone could be screened to identify genotypes tolerant of higher soil densities. The seeds could then be multiplied and distributed to farmers.     

烤烟膜下小苗移栽育苗盘规格优选研究

为了探索烤烟育苗盘规格的关键参数,达到减工降本增效目的,在四川凉山烟区进行了膜下小苗移栽育苗盘规格优选试验。以常规育苗盘（160孔）为对照（CK）,对6种规格育苗盘（改良160、209、286、338、504和595孔）进行比较研究。结果表明,出苗率与育苗盘深,成苗的根干重、茎叶干重、整株干重和育苗成本与育苗盘的穴面积呈直线回归关系,模型的决定系数R²分别为0.63、0.92、0.89、0.92和0.89。成苗的茎高、根干重、茎叶干重、整株干重和育苗成本等指标与育苗盘的穴面积呈线性相关关系,相关系数r²分别为-0.79、0.96、0.95、0.96、0.94。出苗率、成苗的苗高达标率、茎高达标率、真叶数达标率、壮苗率与盘深呈线性相关关系,相关系数r²分别为0.79、-0.42、-0.51、-0.52、-0.49,均达到0.05显著水平。综合考虑,育苗盘的穴面积、烟苗密度和深度是选取育苗盘的关键参数。根据结果和回归方程,建议育苗盘深度在4.0~5.0cm之间,穴面积在6~10cm²之间,烟苗密度在120~160株/m²之间。符合该推荐的育苗盘有286和338孔。     

Comparison of European with West Asian and North African winter barleys in tolerance to boron toxicity

Three plastic-house experiments were conducted to compare the tolerance of European with West Asian and North African (WANA) winter barleys to boron (B) toxicity. Experiment I screened 24 winter barley entries with diverse origins. Experiment III tested 420 random accessions from seven European and seven WANA countries. Plants were screened in a soil mixed with boric acid (50 mg B/kg) and foliar B-toxicity symptom scores were recorded. Lower scores indicated higher B-toxicity tolerance. In Experiment II, five lines/varieties from each of the European and WANA groups were grown in pots with two soil B levels (0 and 25 mg B/kg). The West Asian landrace barleys had a lower mean B-toxicity symptom score than the European ones. The Syrian landrace variety normally grown in drier areas had a lower score than the Syrian landrace variety grown in wetter areas. Dry weights of the European and WANA groups were not different without adding B, but dry weight under 25 mg B/kg was lower for the European group than the WANA group. European accessions had a higher mean B-toxicity symptom score than the WANA accessions. Iranian and Afghan accessions had the lowest mean scores among countries. These results support the hypothesis that European winter barley varieties and accessions are less tolerant to B toxicity than those WANA accessions and varieties developed from local landraces. The lower B-toxicity tolerance could be a factor adversely affecting the performance of European winter barley varieties in the highlands of WANA. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同育秧方式对机插香稻秧苗素质及生理特性的影响

育秧是机插香稻生产中重要的一个环节。为探究不同育秧方式对机插香稻秧苗素质以及生理特性的影响,选用香稻品种美香占2号和象牙香占为材料,采用2种育秧盘（钵苗盘和硬秧盘）、2种育秧基质（稻田土和水稻育苗基质）、壮秧剂处理（以无壮秧剂为对照）搭配组合进行试验。结果表明,壮秧剂处理和育苗基质育秧显著提高了香稻秧苗素质及抗性酶活性。本试验中,最优的育秧方式为基质硬秧盘壮秧剂育秧和基质钵苗盘壮秧剂育秧,这2个处理下秧苗的单株生物量最大,抗性酶活性最高。     

恢复系752近等基因导入系构建与初步利用研究

利用国际水稻所提供的127份核心种质资源作为供体亲本,与我所育成的籼型优良恢复系752为受体亲本作杂交与回交,构建了3300份近等基因导入系。初步研究结果表明,在近等基因导入系中可以筛选到许多有利基因如抗稻瘟病、耐低氮、耐低磷和耐旱性等;且其中95％的导入系对野败籼型不育系具有良好的恢复能力,表现出较强的杂种优势。因此,利用核心种质资源改良当地的优良亲本,可以培育出符合生产目标的水稻优良新品种。     

Identification of natural variants affecting chlorophyll content dynamics during rice seedling development

Seedling vigour is an important characteristic in relation to crop growth and yield. Traits such as photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll content contribute significantly to seedling establishment at the early growth stage in various crop species, including rice. A diverse panel of 227 rice varieties from several countries was evaluated to determine chlorophyll contents at multiple time points during the seedling stage using a soil–plant analysis development (SPAD) meter, a non‐destructive portable device. Using new statistical approaches, several chromosomal regions associated with variations in chlorophyll content in the third leaf at 13, 16 and 19 days after imbibition were detected. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) cluster on the end of chromosome 11 was significantly associated with the onset of leaf senescence. This region was enriched with genes related to cell death and the stress response. We have identified rice germplasm showing delayed‐senescence phenotypes, these could be suitable donors and genetic resources for breeding, and the use of significant SNP markers associated with these traits could enhance the efficiency of their selection in breeding programmes.     

国际抗冷圃（IRCTN）材料在寒地稻区试验初报

为了进一步提高寒地稻区水稻品种的抗冷性,拓宽寒地稻区水稻品种的遗传基础,为育种者提供优异的抗冷亲本材料,获取新的有益基因,充实寒地水稻种质库,同时为INGER提供寒地稻区的试验数据。采用分期鉴定的方法,首次对国际水稻遗传评价协作网（INGER）提供的108份国际抗冷圃（IRCTN）材料进行抗冷性鉴定,鉴定出苗期抗冷材料20份,分蘖期抗冷材料49份,孕穗期抗冷材料20份,全生育期抗冷材料14份,为育种者提供丰富的抗冷种质资源,拓宽寒地水稻品种抗冷性遗传基础。     

不同低温贮藏对粳稻种子发芽及秧苗素质的影响

探讨水稻种子在不同温度处理条件下的发芽和秧苗素质情况,为种质资源的长期保存提供参考。以津川1号、津原45、津稻417、和越光为供试材料,对不同温度处理下粳稻种子的发芽和秧苗素质情况进行了调查。结果表明,当年收获以及低温处理的隔年水稻种子和室温放置处理相比,发芽速度较快,发芽势和发芽指数明显较高,而品种间的差异并不明显。在秧苗素质方面,室温放置条件下的种子,经过发芽培养后,在苗高、叶色、单位苗高茎叶干重以及单苗总根长、表面积、体积和根尖数上明显较低,品种间除茎基部宽厚度、单位苗高茎叶干重和根尖数外,其余各项指标均存在显著差异。     

Classification of Azolla spp., section Azolla

Summary Azolla accessions (section Azolla) from the germplasm collections of the International Rice Research Institute and Washington State University were fingerprinted and classified by enzyme electrophoresis and leaf trichome morphology. A. filiculoides was enzymatically distinctive and also reliably identified by its prominent one-celled trichomes. Neotropical accessions labelled as A. filiculoides proved to be members of other species. Two groups of isolates were designated A. rubra, but those from Japan were identified as A. filiculoides. The A. rubra of Australia-New Zealand was biochemically unique and possessed less protuberant trichomes than A. filiculoides. A. microphylla, A. mexicana, and A. caroliniana were phenetically similar, but a. microphylla was identifiable from the others in the banding patterns of certain enzymes. A. mexicana and A. caroliniana were closely related enzymatically. The two-celled leaf trichomes of these three species were similar in size and shape.     

贵州地方稻种Wx基因序列多样性分析

为研究贵州地方稻种资源中水稻食味品质与Wx基因型的相关性,利用特异引物对88份贵州地方稻种Wx基因进行糯/非糯基因型分析及多样性鉴定。结果表明：66份材料为WxⅠ型糯稻基因型,该型品种包含了59份贵州禾类资源;15份材料为WxⅡ型,其中包含11份贵州禾类资源;7份材料为WxⅢ型,其中包含1份贵州禾类资源。贵州禾类资源(CT)n以n=18或20两种类型为主,第一内含子+1位均为T,（AATT）n为5。表明贵州禾类资源以低直链含量品种为主,这与当地居民的饮食习惯密切相关。WxⅡ型禾类资源虽然是非糯品种,但由于CT重复在16个重复以上,第一内含子+1位为T,直链淀粉含量介于Wx I型和WxⅢ型间,可作为水稻育种的优异材料。本研究为对贵州禾资源的进一步利用奠定了基础。     

The response of Pisum sativum L. germplasm to high concentrations of soil boron

Summary Tolerance to high levels of boron in the soil is an important aspect of the adaptation of crop varieties to southern Australian conditions. This paper reports investigations aimed at exploring the extent of genetic variation in Pisum sativum and at defining appropriate selection criteria for selection for boron tolerance in breeding programs.A collection of 617 accessions of Pisum was screened in controlled conditions and visually assessed for symptoms of boron toxicity. A high proportion of accessions were sensitive with only 3.5% being more tolerant than any of the Australian varieties. Relatively high proportions of tolerant and moderately tolerant accessions originated from Asia and South America.In a second experiment the responses of selected tolerant accessions were evaluated with respect to different parameters. The objectives were to confirm the performance of the putative boron tolerant accessions and identify appropriate parameters for selecting boron tolerant genotypes. In addition to the visual assessment of boron toxicity, measurements at the time of harvest included dry matter yield and concentration of boron in tissues. Symptom expression was highly correlated with dry matter yield and concentration of boron in tissues under high boron conditions and so could be used as a non-destructive selection criteria. A low degree of symptom expression by tolerant accessions could usually be attributed to low levels of boron in the vegetative tissues. The results of this study indicate that considerable genetic variation exists among exotic accessions of Pisum sativum and tolerance to boron could be transferred to sensitive varieties.     

Genetic Variation for Salinity Tolerance in Pakistani Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Germplasm

Soil salinity is one of the major production constraints. Development and planting of salt‐tolerant varieties can reduce yield losses due to salinity. We screened 185 rice genotypes at germination stage in petri dishes under control, 50, 100 and 150 mm salt stress, and at seedling stage in Yoshida's hydroponic nutrient solution under control, 50 and 100 mm salt stress. At germination stage, 15 genotypes including Nona Bokra, Sonahri Kangni, 7421, 7423 and 7467, whereas at seedling stage, 28 genotypes including Nona Bokra, Jajai‐77, KSK‐133, KSK‐282, Fakhr‐e‐Malakand, Pakhal, IR‐6, Khushboo‐95, Shahkar and Shua‐92 were found salt tolerant. Basmati‐370, Mushkan, Homo‐46 and accessions 7436, 7437 and 7720 were sensitive to salinity at both germination and seedling stage. We further screened a subset of 33 salt‐tolerant and salt‐sensitive genotypes with SSR markers. Four SSR markers (RM19, RM171, RM172 and RM189) showed significant association with two or more of the studied traits under 50, 100 and 150 mm salt stress. These markers may be further tested for their potential in marker‐assisted selection. The salt‐tolerant genotypes identified in this study may prove useful in the development of salt‐tolerant rice varieties in adapted genetic background.     

黄瓜种质资源形态学标记和SRAP标记的遗传多样性分析

旨在探索黄瓜种质资源的遗传多样性,为今后黄瓜选育优良品种提供可靠依据。以48份黄瓜种质资源为材料,用DPS软件对各品种的13个表型性状进行聚类分析,同时利用SRAP分子标记对其进行遗传多样性研究。结果表明:根据果实性状等形态学标记聚类分析得出,在阈值75.0处,可以将48份黄瓜种质资源分成5大类群。利用UPGMA法对SRAP分子标记结果聚类分析发现,黄瓜种质间的遗传相似系数在0.52~0.93之间,在遗传相似系数为0.64处,可以将其分成5大类群,形态学标记和SRAP分子标记的聚类结果存在较大差异。由此可见,SRAP分子标记较形态学标记能更好地分析品种间亲缘关系的远近,对黄瓜遗传多样性研究更具指导意义。     

山西省小麦苗期根系性状及抗旱特性分析

小麦苗期根系形态是成株期根系分布的基础,与抗逆和产量密切相关,全面认识苗期根系及抗旱特性,对于抗旱优异种质的利用和早期筛选具有重要意义。采用239份山西省小麦品种(系)在土培条件下,研究了苗期根系性状及对水分胁迫的响应。结果表明,正常生长下山西小麦苗期根系性状多样性丰富,地方种变异最大;不同年代品种中,除最大根长随年代略下降外,其他性状均呈先升后降的趋势;不同根系性状对水分胁迫响应存在差异,总根长对水分最敏感,其次为根表面积、根体积和根生物量,最大根长和平均根数不敏感。苗期根系综合抗旱能力随年代呈先降后升的趋势,地方种和20世纪70年代品种多为中抗,80和90年代的品种抗旱性较低,2000年以后审定品种的抗性较高,其中旱地品种抗性最好。苗期根系抗旱特性与产量性状相关分析发现,最大根长、总根长、根体积和根生物量与雨养条件下的千粒重和产量显著正相关,最大根长和根生物量与成株期抗旱性也显著正相关。因此苗期最大根长和根生物量可作为半干旱地区旱地育种过程中抗旱性和产量的早期筛选指标。     

基肥施氮量对甘蔗苗期氮素效应及土壤氮素分布的影响

研究基肥施氮量对甘蔗苗期氮素吸收与利用的影响,以期为甘蔗生产合理施用氮肥提供参考依据。以‘新台糖22号’（ROC22）为试材,采用网室微区盆栽试验方法,设基肥施用15N标记的尿素5 g/盆、2.5 g/盆及1.5 g/盆3个处理。结果表明,苗期甘蔗全氮含量、干物质积累量、从肥料中吸收的氮素总量及土壤碱解氮和硝态氮含量均随氮肥施用量的增加而显著提高,但氮肥利用率却随氮肥施用量的增加而显著下降;施氮量明显影响氮素在甘蔗植株体内及不同土层的分布;苗期甘蔗主要吸收20~40 cm尤其是20~30 cm土层的氮素。甘蔗基肥施用氮肥应考虑适宜的量和土层深度。