大型海藻对近海环境的生态作用

大型海藻是一类能依靠基部固着器固着在水底基质上生活,含有叶绿素a,能进行光合放氧的多细胞海洋植物~([1]).为了区分方便,目前一般将漂浮水中的微细藻类统称为浮游植物,而将大型海藻称为海藻.     

长江流域渔业水域生态保护和修复的具体措施

长江流域渔业水域生态保护和修复，是我国水产界共同关心的课题。长江渔业资源管理委员会办公室在生态保护和修复中坚持“重点修复、全面保护、合理利用、持续发展”的方针，在具体操作中坚持“修复与利用相结合”、“突出重点、统筹兼顾”、“衔接协调、远近结合”、“科技创新与科技先行”的原则，他们具体措施和方法做到以下几点：     

保护和增殖海藻(草)资源 修复近海生态环境

<正>1目前威海市野生海藻资源的基本情况威海市海岸线长达986 km,-15 m等深线的浅海水域面积20万hm~2,在这些水域的岩礁和泥沙海底,各种海藻(草)资源相当丰富,是多种海洋生物繁殖和栖息的良好场所。但由于人们无序的填海造地,以及以陆源污染物为主所造成的海洋污染和近海滩涂的捕捞养殖作     

长江口及杭州湾渔业水域今年继续实施生态修复

据农业部东海区渔政渔港监管局发布的最新消息,长江口和杭州湾渔业水域今年继续实施生态修复,计划投入650多万元用于人工增殖放流。为了增加社会对渔业生态的保护意识,今年的人工增殖放流将面向社会进行苗种认购。     

我国赤潮频发现象分析与海藻栽培生物修复作用

In this paper, the history, main events and present status of red tide (HAB, harmful algal blooms) along China coast in recent years were reviewed and presented. It showed that the HAB's frequency and scale, number of HAB spec ies, percentage of toxic HAB events and the degree of damages to marine environment and economy have sharply increased in China since 1960's. Eutrophication was key factor for high occurrence of red tide. In this paper, main causes of frequent HAB occurrence along China coast was discussed. Many factors might influence the occurrence of red tide, which included weather, climate, coastal current, tidal current, water temperature, salinity, hydrodynamic and nutrient conditions, trace metals and the variation of biological environment. Numerous evidences from all over the world revealed the linkage between the increases in nutrient loading and the occurrences of high biomass blooms. Eutrophication was one of the important causes that involved in high occurrence of HAB. The main sources of nutrients potentially stimulating HABs included terrestrial runoff, aquaculture selfpollution, atmospheric deposition, sea projects and other pollution events in the ocean. Studies showed that the input from land contaminations and the selfpollution of marine aquaculture accelerated eutrophication in coastal waters and were also important impact factors on red tide. Researches suggested that nutrient composition could affect the species composition of phytoplankton as well as the development of some HABs. The changes in nutrient supply ratios, primarily N∶P, often resulted in shifts in red tide species composition. The correlation between cysts and formation of HAB was discussed from the viewpoi nt of transformation of cyst and vegetative cell, the effects of trace elements and other organic substances on the occurrence of HAB were presented also. It indicated that the nutrient control could be an effective way to reduce the risk of red tide occurrence. Seaweed would play an important role for decreasing marine eutrophication. Among the different methods of red tide controlling studied, seaweed biomass has received much attention due to the cost saving, low sensitivity to environmental and impurity factors, the possible contaminant recovery from the biomaterial and its elevated adsorption capacity. Cultivated seaweeds have very high rates of productivity higher than that of seaweed in its natural habits and grow well in water bodies with higher nitrogen and other nutrients. Seaweeds are able to absorb large quantities of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon dioxide, produce large quanti ties of oxygen, and have excellent effect on decreasing eutrophication. Large amounts of C, N and P are accumulated into seaweed tissues as they accumulate considerable biomass over a period of months or years depending on the cultivation season. When seaweeds are harvested, nutrients are removed from the sea area. An investigation was carried out for inorganic nitrogen and inorganic phosphorus concentration at Lusi Coast, Qidong County, Jiangsu Province in China, where there were about 270 hm2 for Porphyra yezoensis cultivation with eutrophic sea water in recent years. While during Porphyra yezoensis cultivation, from Sep 2003 to May 2004, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen declined form 0.511-0.778 mg·L^-1 to 0.006-0.057 mg·L^-1, nitrite nitrogen concentration declined from 0.010-0.040 mg·L^-1 to 0.001-0.009 mg·L^-1, and nitrate nitrogen concentration declined from 0.466-0.549 mg·L^-1 to 0.286-0.0568 mg·L^-1, the average concentration of inorganic phosphorus declined from 0.024 mg·L^-1 to 0.019 mg·L^-1. Furthermore, during five hours, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in the seawater declined form 220.88 μmol·L^-1 to 8.59 μmol·L^-1 by cultivated Gracilaria lemanaiformis, and the concentration of ammonium nitrogen declined form 213.84 μmol·L^-1 to zero by cultivated Enteromorpha clathrata. Other bioremediation mechanisms of seaweed inhibiting the red tide microalgae such as nutrients competition and allelopathic effects were also discussed.     

海藻在海洋生态修复和海水综合养殖中的应用研究简况

主要介绍我国海洋水质富营养化及赤潮发生与水产养殖之间的相互影响,介绍了国外在综合水产养殖系统中应用海藻生物技术和生态修复技术最新研究进展,并阐述在我国建立综合水产养殖循环系统的必要性。     

大型海藻生境的生态功能及其在海洋牧场应用中的探讨

大型海藻是近岸海洋生态系统生态过程的重要驱动者之一,由大型海藻所形成的海藻场栖息地在维持海洋生物摄食、生长和繁殖等生命活动中扮演着极为重要的角色。然而,近年来受环境变化和人类活动等因素的影响,全球范围内许多沿海国家都出现了海藻场快速退化的现象,且对以海藻场为关键栖息地的海洋生物造成了不可忽略的影响,这一状况在我国尤为严重。为保障海洋生物资源可持续利用,海藻场修复已成为我国近岸海域生态环境保护的重要工作之一。但由于对海藻及其构造生境的生态功能认识不足,有关海藻场修复的目标定位、实现路径等存在较大的盲目性。本文从海藻场修复的角度出发,先分别对海藻及其构造生境的生态功能进行了阐述,而后对海藻养殖区是否可替代天然藻场被纳入到海洋牧场的建设中以及海藻生境生态功能的量化测定提出了几点思考,以期为今后海藻场修复工作合理、高效地开展和海藻养殖产业的可持续发展提供参考。     

关于齐齐哈尔市劳动湖水域发展生态渔业改善水域环境的意见

劳动湖是五十年代齐齐哈尔市人民通过义务劳动挖掘而成的人工湖,长7.5km,占地面积320ha,水域面积165.75ha,其进排水口与嫩江相通。从1999年开始,齐齐哈尔市累计投资近3亿元治理劳动湖水体污染。经过多年的努力,如今的劳动湖河道通畅,水清岸洁,拥有游览区、绿化观赏区、体育健身区、文化娱乐区、花鸟观赏区,建立了大、中型广场5座、大型雕塑3座、大型音乐喷泉1座和各式新颖灯具数万件,成为鹤城最迷人的风景区之一。     

凤眼莲对污染水环境的生态修复作用

凤眼莲是重要的污染水体修复水生植物．在修复污染水体过程中根际微生物等植物修复功能性微生物发挥了重要作用。本文介绍了植物修复功能性微生物在凤眼莲生态修复中的作用并展望了凤眼莲的应用前景。指出．植物修复功能性微生物是凤眼莲进行有效生态修复的重要组成部分．进一步加强植物修复功能性策生物研究是今后凤眼莲生态修复工作取得进展的重要因素;对凤眼莲进行生物调控是解决凤眼莲生物入侵这一不利因素的有效途径;凤眼莲的克藻作用在富营养化水域生态修复中将发挥越来越重要的作用。     

Antioxidant Properties of Seven Cultivated and Natural Edible Seaweed Extracts from Taiwan

Seven species of cultivated and edible seaweeds found in Southern Taiwan—including Enteromorpha intestinalis, Monostorma nitidum, Ulva lactuca, Dictyopteris undulata, Sargassum hemiphyllum var. chinense, Laurencia intermedia, and Porphyra dentate—were used to determine their antioxidant activity by different extraction methods. All seaweeds were extracted using water at 90°C, sterilization at 121°C, homogenization, or enzymatic hydrolysis. Extracts were evaluated for their free radical-scavenging capacity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-pricrylhydrazyl (DPPH), their reducing power, and their superoxide anion scavenging activity. The DPPH-scavenging capacity of S. hemiphyllum var. chinense extracts produced by sterilization (98.59%), homogenization (94.72%), and carbohydrate-degrading enzyme treatment was higher than that of protease extracts, except for U. lactuca. The reducing power of S. hemiphyllum var. chinense water extracts and M. nitidum Viscozyme extracts was better than that of a commercial antioxidant. S. hemiphyllum var. chinense exhibited higher superoxide anion scavenging activity than the other species. The results demonstrate that different extracts of some of the seaweeds showed remarkable antioxidant activity in different assays. The results also provide important information for the marine food industry and suggest that seaweed might be a valuable source of natural antioxidants.     

海参(Sea cucumber)养殖水体生物修复(Bioremediation)功能藻(Function macro-algae)的选择

通过分析海参养殖的现状，结合鼠尾藻的生物和生态特点，阐述了鼠尾藻是海参养殖水体理想的生物修复藻类。并对功能藻的概念及其应用前景进行了叙述。     

渤海沿岸多盐水池塘限制性营养盐的研究

研究结果表明,渤海沿岸河口氯化物型的多盐水池塘普遍少氮多磷,氮、磷比(总氮/总磷)为3.785～6.733,表现不同程度的氮限制。施肥则使营养盐的限制性作用大为减弱,在施肥后期表现出不很明显的氮磷协同限制。探讨了施肥情况下多盐水水体营养盐限制作用的影响因素,认为施肥后浮游植物的种类组成、种群密度等都产生了变化,从而导致营养盐限制性作用的变化。     

沿海地区渔业现代化水平评价指标体系研究

渔业现代化是农业现代化建设的重要组成部分,是构建和谐社会、推进新农（渔）村建设的关键环节。文章在借鉴国内外学者相关研究的基础上,构建了包括8项主体指标及29项群体指标的渔业现代化水平评价指标体系,以期为客观地评价我国沿海地区渔业现代化的发展现状,进而制订可行的现代渔业发展战略提供参考。     

碳酸氢铵对龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneaformis)污损生物多棘麦杆虫(Caprella acanthogaster)的防除效果

2012年夏季在爱莲湾,对采用碳酸氢铵防除养殖龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneaformis)上的污损生物多棘麦秆虫(Caprella acanthogaster)的效果进行了研究,探讨了碳酸氢铵浓度及处理时间对多棘麦秆虫脱落率和死亡率的影响。实验的3个处理时间分别为5、10、15 min,碳酸氢铵浓度分别为0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8、0.9、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0 g/L。结果表明,碳酸氢铵浓度、处理时间对多棘麦杆虫脱落率或死亡率均有显著影响(P0.05)。随着浓度的升高、处理时间的延长,多棘麦杆虫脱落率及死亡率都呈逐渐增加的趋势。多棘麦杆虫脱落率(D)或死亡率(M)与浓度(C)之间的关系均符合S型曲线模型lnD=a+(b/C)或lnM=c+(d/C)。在5、10、15 min时,碳酸氢铵对麦杆虫的致死浓度分别为7.36、6.17、3.68 g/L,对应的非离子氨浓度分别为37.72、21.32、14.25 mg/L。     

冬、春季黄海南部沿岸水域浮游动物

采用2005年1月和4月在31°54′～32°06′N、121°42′～121°57′E海域2个航次的调查资料,运用定量、定性方法,分析了浮游动物季节变化,优势种对总丰度的贡献等生态学特征。结果表明:该区浮游动物以桡足类为主,冬春两季分别占总种数的92.79%和93.40%。两季各有优势种5种,其中真刺唇角水蚤(Labidocera euchaeta)和双毛纺锤水蚤(Acartia bifilosa)是冬、春季共有的优势种,优势度分别高达0.82、0.19和0.03、0.32。冬季真刺唇角水蚤对总丰度的贡献率最高,β达0.75,春季小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)对总丰度的贡献率最高,β为0.32。春季涨落潮的多样性明显高于冬季。优势种丰度的变化是决定涨落潮总生物量变化的主要因素。     

养殖刺参溃疡病病原学研究

自2002年冬季以来,山东、辽宁等省的养殖刺参几乎每年冬天都大规模爆发溃疡病。本文研究了刺参溃疡病的特征和症状,从病参体表和体内分离出优势菌,经回归感染证实其就是引发本次刺参溃疡病的病原菌。对病原菌进行鉴定发现,该菌革兰氏染色呈阴性,电镜下观察呈短杆状,极端单鞭毛,综合研究该菌在形态、生理生化等方面的特性,确认分离到的病原菌为交替假单胞菌,交替假单胞菌作为养殖刺参的病原菌在国内外属首次报道。     

辽宁省黄海北部沿岸夏季和秋季浮游动物群落结构

2014年8月(夏季)和10月(秋季)对辽宁省黄海北部沿岸海域进行了2个航次的浮游生物调查,共检测出浮游动物35种,其中夏季30种,秋季34种。浮游动物以小型桡足类和浮游幼虫为主。洪氏纺锤水蚤、短角长腹剑水蚤、小拟哲水蚤、近缘大眼剑水蚤、强壮箭虫、异体柱囊虫和双壳类幼体为夏季优势种;洪氏纺锤水蚤、短角长腹剑水蚤、近缘大眼剑水蚤、强壮箭虫、异体柱囊虫、桡足类幼虫、沃氏纺锤水蚤为秋季优势种。夏季浮游动物生物量高于秋季,生物量则低于秋季。季节变化会影响浮游动物的丰度和生物量。辽宁省黄海北部沿岸浮游动物丰度、生物量较高,小型桡足类在黄海北部沿岸浮游动物群落结构中具有重要的作用。     

海域空间三维多层产权研究

我国现行海域使用管理制度中,关注重点主要是海域使用的平面性问题,忽视了海域资源布局的立体性,存在着很多交叉用海和重叠用海的冲突问题,造成海域资源配置的低效率,也导致海域资源产权的流失现象严重。文章从海域空间资源的产权入手,对海域空间三维多层产权界定的必要性和可行性进行研究,并将海域空间资源性资产的产权从立体三维角度界定为海域水面资源产权、海域水体资源产权、海域海床资源产权和海域底土资源产权四个部分,以期对海域空间资源的立体应用提供理论支持。     

闽南沿海牡蛎、花蛤、缢蛏体内重金属的检测与评价

本文利用1998-1999年福建闽南沿海养殖贝类体的重金属检测资料,分析了3种主要养殖贝类体的重金属含量及分布。结果表明:厦门杏林宝珠屿、马銮湾海域养殖的褶牡蛎体内的重金属含量明显高于其他养殖区。不同养殖区之间养殖贝类的Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、Hg含量,以及这些元素在各种贝类中都存在较大的差异。文中还根据全国海岸带污染综合调查专业组制定的海洋生物污染评价标准,对养殖贝类的重金属污染程度进行了评价,结果闽南沿海的养殖贝类基本未受重金属污染或污染程度较轻。