气候变化下三裂叶豚草在新疆的潜在地理分布

明确有害入侵种在区域尺度上的潜在分布及其对气候变化的响应对入侵种的预警和具体防控意义重大。三裂叶豚草是全球公认的恶性入侵杂草,目前已经大面积入侵“一带一路”中亚枢纽—新疆伊犁河谷。为有效防控三裂叶豚草在新疆的扩散蔓延,本研究基于最大熵模型,预测了当前及未来两种气候情景（RCP4.5, RCP8.5）下2050s和2070s时期三裂叶豚草在新疆的潜在分布及变化趋势。结果表明：当前气候下三裂叶豚草在新疆的总适生面积达24.01万km²,约占全疆面积的14%,在RCP4.5情景下,至2050s、2070s时期将分别增至37.36万和39.23万km²;在RCP8.5情景下,将分别增至39.45万和42.94万km²。在未来两种气候情景下,随着时间的推移,潜在适生区总体均呈现向北增加转移的趋势,减少区域主要集中在准噶尔盆地。所有环境因子中,与降水相关的因子总贡献率为40.1%,与温度相关的因子总贡献率56.0%,其中最干月降水（36.2%）、温度季节性变化标准差（29.1%）是对三裂叶豚草分布贡献率较高的环境因子。耕地和建设用地是三裂叶豚草入侵风险最高的区域。建议管理的重点除了放在已预测到的适生区内,还应特别关注农田、草场、道路两侧这些人畜扰动大、水分充足的区域。     

三裂叶蟛蜞菊光合生理特性对光合有效辐射增强的响应

三裂叶蟛蜞菊是华南地区重要的园林绿化植物。在人工控制光合有效辐射(PAR)条件下,测量了三裂叶蟛蜞菊在深秋和冬季的净光合速率(Pn),蒸腾速率(Tr),胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和气孔导度(Gs)等光合生理特性对连续光照强度增强的响应。结果表明:Tr、Pn均随PAR的增强而增大,且增幅稳定;Gs在PAR增强的起始阶段先下降,从200μmol/(m2·s)后,逐渐上升,尤其11 月较明显;Ci随着PAR的增强而逐渐减少,在PAR为2 000μmol/(m2·s)后趋于平衡。温度对三裂叶蟛蜞菊光合生理特性的影响较显著,但若光照充分,其光合速率也能提高。三裂叶蟛蜞菊有较高的水分利用率,表明它比较耐干旱。     

怀化三县山羊捻转血矛线虫感染情况调查

用剖检法对怀化溆浦、通道、会同三县的山羊捻转血矛线虫的感染情况进行了调查。结果显示,64头被检测的山羊中有42头被感染捻转血矛线虫,感染率为65.6%,其中溆浦县、会同县、通道县的山羊捻转血矛线虫感染率分别为56.5%、66.7%、75%。     

裂叶荨麻提取物对2型糖尿病小鼠模型糖脂代谢影响的研究

研究裂叶荨麻提取物对高脂高糖饮食联合链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导2型糖尿病小鼠模型糖脂代谢的影响。将造模成功的糖尿病小鼠随机分为空白组,模型组,阳性组,荨麻提取物低、中、高剂量组(0.5、1、2 g/kg)。各组小鼠灌胃给药35 d,期间测定小鼠的体重、饮食量、饮水量、空腹血糖(FBG),末次给药结束后,测定血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)含量。连续灌胃治疗35 d后,小鼠的体重下降、多饮多食症状得到改善,荨麻提取物低、中、高剂量组FBG值分别下降了4.29、7.41、7.16 mmoL/L。与模型组相比,荨麻提取物各组小鼠TC值分别下降了1.17、0.76、1.77 mmoL/L,TG值分别下降了0.53、0.60、0.71 mmoL/L,LDL-C值分别下降了0.50、0.39、0.65 mmoL/L,HDL-C值分别升高了0.66、1.13、1.24 mmoL/L,其中高剂量组效果最为显著(P<0.01)。结果表明,裂叶荨麻提取物对2型糖尿病小鼠的高血糖及高血脂症状有一定的缓解作用。     

寄生醉马草的孢囊线虫种类鉴定

为了解孢囊线虫在禾本科牧草上的寄生情况,2017年8月中旬采集甘肃省天祝高寒草原禾本科牧草根及根际土样,通过简易漂浮法分离孢囊线虫。结果发现,在醉马草(Achnathernm inebrians)根部观察到白色孢囊线虫,并从根际土样中分离到褐色孢囊。通过对该线虫群体阴门膜孔、阴门裂、阴门下桥、泡状突等形态特征进行观察和测量,初步将其鉴定为禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenaeWollenweber)。用最大似然法对该群体的ITS1-rDNA和28S rDNA序列在软件MEGA 6.0构建系统发育树,结果显示:其ITS1序列与中国的H. avenae群体聚为一支,其相似性为99%;28S序列与捷克的H. avenae群体聚为一支,其相似性为99%。通过形态学和系统发育学综合分析,将醉马草上寄生的线虫群体鉴定为禾谷孢囊线虫,这是首次发现醉马草可被禾谷孢囊线虫寄生。该研究结果为醉马草的防治提供了理论依据。     

放牧对羊草根际土壤线虫群落及区系的影响

为了探索放牧干扰对羊草（Leymus chinensis Tzvel）根际土壤小型动物-土壤线虫群落的影响规律,本试验以土壤线虫为生物指标对典型草原放牧区及围栏区羊草根际土壤线虫群落特征及区系进行了研究,结果表明：羊草根际共捕获34属线虫,放牧影响羊草根际线虫总数量及优势类群,不同土层土壤线虫总数量的分布规律为：围栏区>放牧区,放牧区优势及次优势类群中植物寄生线虫类所占比例明显高于围栏区。放牧区羊草根际土壤线虫Shannon多样性指数显著高于围栏区。放牧区瓦斯乐斯卡指数及自由生活线虫成熟度指数低于围栏区,说明放牧区土壤健康状况较差。放牧影响羊草根际土壤线虫区系的分布,放牧区0~10 cm,10~20 cm羊草根际土壤线虫区系分布在B区和D区,表明放牧区土壤线虫食物网相对于围栏区受干扰大、土壤线虫食物网不稳定,且退化。     

裂叶荨麻根总黄酮提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性评价

通过单因素及正交试验考察裂叶荨麻根总黄酮的最佳提取工艺,采用分光光度法测定根提取物石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相和水相的总黄酮含量,以DPPH自由基清除率、羟基自由基清除率和总还原力为指标评价裂叶荨麻根各萃取相的抗氧化活性。结果表明,裂叶荨麻根中总黄酮最佳提取工艺为料液比1∶15,乙醇浓度700mL/L,提取温度60℃,提取时间2h,提取物中总黄酮含量为50.53mg/g;各萃取相总黄酮含量为乙酸乙酯相(70.62 mg/g)>正丁醇相(45.48 mg/g)>水相(18.76 mg/g)>石油醚相(10.23mg/g),抗氧化活性为乙酸乙酯相>正丁醇相>水相>石油醚相,各萃取相抗氧化活性与总黄酮含量呈正相关。说明裂叶荨麻根具有抗氧化活性,乙酸乙酯相及正丁醇相的抗氧化活性作用较好,为将裂叶荨麻开发为抗氧化食品及药品提供了理论依据。     

恒温条件下紫茎泽兰花、叶提取液对马圆线虫虫卵的孵化试验

本试验用紫茎泽兰的花、叶,分别配制成0.125%、0.25%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%5个梯度的冷、热浸泡液,在26℃下作用于含有马圆线虫虫卵的粪样,隔天取样5g用漂浮法观察记录虫卵孵化情况。结果表明,在26℃时作用8d,高浓度浸泡液中的虫卵（或幼虫/卵壳）的检出数比低浓度高浸泡液中的检出数少,孵出的幼虫不能正常发育。说明紫茎泽兰花、叶浸泡液对马圆线虫卵孵化有抑制作,可作为马粪中马圆线虫幼虫的防治药剂。     

蛇寄生线虫的种类、分布与危害

目前对蛇寄生线虫的报道显示共有14个科、分属于9个目,分布于东亚、东南亚、澳洲、欧美、非洲等地区,对蛇甚至人类造成很大的危害。本文对蛇寄生线虫的种类、分布与危害进行综述,以期对相关研究有所启发或提供参考。     

１5种大型真菌对香蕉根结线虫的毒杀作用测定*

以华南地区常见的15种可食用真菌为研究对象,通过培养物的浸提液处理二龄线虫及培养物与病土混合处理的盆栽防效试验,初步测定了15种大型可食用真菌菌丝培养对香蕉根结线虫（Meloidogyne incongnita）的毒杀作用。研究结果表明,15种大型可食用真菌的培养物对香蕉根结线虫存在毒杀作用,但毒杀作用大小因不同真菌差异显著,盆栽试验防治效果为5.6~67.8%。其中,漏斗大孔菌Favolus arcularius,肺型侧耳Pleurotus pulmonarius和粗皮侧耳Pleurotus ostreatus对香蕉根结线虫的毒杀作用强,培养物的浸提液处理线虫24 hr的校正死亡率达到66~67.8%,含2%真菌培养物病土的盆栽试验防治效果达到64.1~67.8%,而鲍鱼菇Pleurotus　abalones、粉褶菌 Rhodophyllus omiensis和草菇Volvariella volvacea对香蕉根结线虫的毒杀作用很小。盆栽试验还表明多数真菌培养物对香蕉幼苗生长具有一定的促进作用,说明,一些常见的食用菌培养物除对线虫病具有一定的防治作用外,还可作为菌肥用于香蕉的栽培。     

宁夏羊胃肠道线虫对现行驱虫药的抗药性调查

采用粪便虫卵减少试验对宁夏地区所属灵武、贺兰、盐池、吴忠、中宁、中卫、永宁和银川市郊8个县（市）的12个绵羊场、6个山羊场进行了丙硫苯咪唑和阿维菌素抗药性的随机调查。结果表明：在用丙硫苯咪唑调查的10个绵羊场和6个山羊场中，虫卵减少率在95％以下和95％的置信域下限在90％以下的有山羊场2个、绵羊场2个，证明对丙硫苯咪唑有抗药性；1个绵羊场和1个山羊场的虫卵减少率是96．3％、95．9％，但95％置信域的下限在90％以下，具有抗药性可疑；山羊群中丙硫苯咪唑的抗药性为33．3％，绵羊群为20．0％。用同样的方法调查了1个山羊场和5个绵羊场（其中有4个羊场曾执行了丙硫苯咪唑的试验），查出1个山羊场和1个绵羊场对阿维菌素具有抗药性可疑，其虫卵减少率分别为97．3％和95．5％，置信域下限在90％以下。揭示了宁夏地区羊消化道线虫对现行驱虫药的抗药状态，为今后防治提供了依据。     

Persistent efficacy of abamectin and doramectin against gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle

Objective To assess the persistent activity of injectable formulations of abamectin and doramectin against gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle.
Design Controlled slaughter study assessing residual efficacy.
Procedure Nematode-free calves were treated with abamectin or doramectin (each at a dose of 200 μg/kg) and infections then induced with repeated doses of infective larvae of Trichostrongylus axei, Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia species. The duration of challenge ranged from 14 to 28 days. The calves were slaughtered at either 38/39 or 45/46 days after the treatments and nematodes recovered from the gastro-intestinal tract.
Results Significant reductions in numbers of O ostertagi occurred for both abamectin and doramectin treatments (> 93%) relative to counts in untreated calves, when challenge was administered up to 21 days after treatment. For T axei and Cooperia spp significant reductions occurred when the challenge occurred for 14 days after treatment (99%). Although differences from untreated animals were not significant, the results for H placei suggested high efficacy (> 85%) for up to 21 days for doramectin and up to 28 days for abamectin.
Conclusion There was no significant difference between abamectin and doramectin for any parasite at any challenge point, indicating that there is equivalent persistent activity of doramectin and abamectin against important gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle.     

阿维菌素对藏猪胃肠道寄生线虫的驱杀试验

将自然感染的藏仔猪12头随机分为2组,第1组用阿维菌素注射液治疗,第2组用盐酸左旋咪唑治疗作为对照.结果表明：注射阿维菌素试验藏仔猪用药5 d后对线虫虫卵减少率为84.6%,10 d后对线虫虫卵减少率为100%;注射左旋咪唑试验组用药5 d后对线虫虫卵减少率为8 3.7%,10 d后对线虫虫卵减少率为98.0%.二者差异不显著（P＞0.05）。     

Parasitic nematodes - from genomes to control

The diseases caused by parasitic nematodes in domestic and companion animals are major factors that decrease production and quality of the agricultural products. Methods available for the control of the parasitic nematode infections are mainly based on chemical treatment, non-chemical management practices, immune modulation and biological control. However, even with integrated pest management that frequently combines these approaches, the effective and long-lasting control strategies are hampered by the persistent exposure of host animals to environmental stages of parasites, the incomplete protective response of the host and acquisition of anthelmintic resistance by an increasing number of parasitic nematodes. Therefore, the challenges to improve control of parasitic nematode infections are multi-fold and no single category of information will meet them all. However, new information, such as nematode genomics, functional genomics and proteomics, can strengthen basic and applied biological research aimed to develop improvements. In this review we will, summarize existing control strategies of nematode infections and discuss ongoing developments in nematode genomics. Genomics approaches offer a growing and fundamental base of information, which when coupled with downstream functional genomics and proteomics can accelerate progress towards developing more efficient and sustainable control programs.     

黑龙江省松花江地区绵羊胃肠道线虫虫卵排出与成虫寄生的季节动态

采用粪便检查法、幼虫培养法和蠕虫学剖检法对黑龙江省松花江地区羊胃肠道线虫虫卵排出与成虫寄生的季节动态进行了研究。结果表明，成年羊胃肠道线虫的虫卵排出量和成虫寄生量于5月出现一次明显的春季高潮，8月又出现一次较小的高峰，而一年的其他时期，虫卵排出量和成虫寄生量很低。羊胃肠道线虫的优势虫种是捻转血矛线虫、哥伦比亚食道口线虫、羊仰口线虫、毛圆线虫和毛首线虫。羔羊粪便中最早检获虫卵的时间是6月下旬，一年内虫卵排出量只在7月下旬出现一次高峰。研究结果对控制黑龙江省羊消化道线虫病有十分重要的意义。     

Economic evaluation of three anthelmintic strategies for lamb flocks affected by benzimidazole-resistant nematodes

OBJECTIVE: To compare the profitability of three anthelmintic strategies in growing lambs in flocks with nematodes resistant to benzimidazole anthelmintics. METHOD: A partial-budgeting analysis was carried out by means of a stochastic simulation model, which allows inputs to be described as distributions rather than as fixed values, and hence permits variation between farms to be considered in the analysis. RESULTS: The results show that control of nematode parasites by use of an effective anthelmintic provides the highest net returns, yielding a margin over ineffectively treated lambs of A$114 per 100 lambs on average. Suppressive treatment based on the administration of two controlled-release capsules and monthly with moxidectin resulted in an average loss of A$131 per 100 lambs in comparison with animals treated with an ineffective anthelmintic. Analysis of the results from capsule-treated lambs did not take into account the unmeasured benefits associated with less contamination of pastures. Sensitivity analysis using a stochastic model indicates that apart from the effect of treatment on weight gain variation in carcase price greatly influences the profitability of all the parasite control programs examined. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that it is economically important for farmers to adjust their strategy in the presence of anthelmintic resistance. But as a result of uncertainty in the factors influencing economic return, the expected economic benefit is likely to vary substantially.     

Garlic and papaya lack control over gastrointestinal nematodes in goats and lambs

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) continue to hinder small ruminant production because of anthelmintic resistance and lack of effective products for GIN control in organic production. The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a commercially available certified organic garlic product, fresh garlic juice, or garlic bulbs as an anthelmintic to control GIN in goats and papaya seeds for GIN control in lambs. In the first experiment, weaned meat goat kids were administered water or a commercial garlic juice product (n = 7/treatment). In the second experiment, kids were administered water, fresh garlic juice, or fed garlic bulbs (n = 9 or 10/treatment). In a third experiment, lambs were administered nothing or papaya seed in water (n = 12/treatment). Naturally infected goats were supplemented with bermudagrass hay and corn/soybean supplement in the first experiment or maintained on bermudagrass pasture in the second experiment or lambs grazed mixed grasses in the third. Blood and fecal samples were collected on Days 0, 7, and 14 after administration of treatment to examine changes in blood packed cell volume (PCV) and fecal egg counts (FEC). PCV and FEC were similar by Day 14 between kids treated with a commercial garlic juice and water in the first experiment. Similarly, PCV was not different among treatment groups in the second experiment. FEC of the garlic juice group was lower than the other two groups on Day 0, but was similar among groups by Day 14. Deworming was required in one goat within each treatment group by Day 7 and in three kids in the garlic juice group and two in the garlic bulb group by Day 14. No changes in PCV or FEC were apparent in response to papaya seed compared with untreated lambs. Based on the alternative plant products used in this study, garlic or papaya seed is not recommended as an aid to control GIN in goats or lambs.