The Potential for the Restoration of Marine Ornamental Fish Populations Through Hatchery Releases

Populations of tropical and subtropical marine fish are being depleted worldwide to supply increasing demands of the aquarium industry and fresh seafood market. Overfishing and destructive harvest techniques have left some marine fish populations virtually extirpated in a number of primarily underdeveloped countries. In situations where only small remnant populations and significantly degraded habitat remain, population recovery even under the complete absence of collection will be slow, with the high potential for population loss due to natural environmental and recruitment variability. Stock enhancement, supplementing natural recruitment with hatchery produced fry, has the potential to significantly increase the rate of population recovery while maintaining population vigor.Stock enhancement research on Pacific threadfin has demonstrated measurable positive impacts on recreational and commercial fisheries for this species in experimental scale releases; similar successes can be expected for enhancement efforts directed toward species of ornamental value. The major technological barrier to ornamental fish enhancement, the development of appropriate culture capabilities, is being addressed in research directed to the commercial production of fish for the aquarium trade.     

Evaluation of partial water reuse systems used for Atlantic salmon smolt production at the White River National Fish Hatchery

Eight of the existing 9.1 m (30 ft) diameter circular culture tanks at the White River National Fish Hatchery in Bethel, Vermont, were retrofitted and plumbed into two 8000 L/min partial water reuse systems to help meet the region's need for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolt production. The partial reuse systems were designed to increase fish production on a limited but biosecure water resource, maintain excellent water quality, and provide more optimum swimming speeds for salmonids than those provided in traditional single-pass or serial-reuse raceways. The two systems were stocked with a total of 147,840 Atlantic salmon parr in May of 2005 (mean size 89 mm and 8.5 g/fish) and operated with 87–89% water reuse on a flow basis. By the time that the smolt were removed from the systems between March 28 to April 12, 2006, the salmon smolt had reached a mean size of 24 cm and 137 g and hatchery staff considered the quality of the salmon to be exceptional. Overall feed conversion was <1:1. The Cornell-type dual-drain circular culture tanks were found to be self-cleaning and provided mean water rotational velocities that ranged from a low of 0.034 m/s (0.2 body length per second) near the center of the tank to a high of 39 cm/s (2.2 body length per second) near the perimeter of the tank. The fish swam at approximately the same speed as the water rotated. System water quality data were collected in mid-September when the systems were operated at near full loading, i.e., 24 kg/m³ maximum density and 52.1 and 44.1 kg/day of feed in system A and system B, respectively. During this evaluation, afternoon water temperatures, as well as dissolved oxygen (O₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations that exited the culture tank's sidewall drains averaged 14.8 and 15.9 °C, of 7.9 and 8.2 mg/L (O₂), 4.0 and 3.2 mg/L (CO₂), 0.72 and 0.67 mg/L (TAN), and 0.52 and 0.13 mg/L (TSS), respectively, in system A and system B. Dissolved O₂ was fairly uniform across each culture tank. In addition, water temperature varied diurnally and seasonally in a distinct pattern that corresponded to water temperature fluctuations in the nearby river water, as planned. This work demonstrates that partial reuse systems are an effective alternative to traditional single-pass systems and serial-reuse raceway systems for culture of fish intended for endangered species restoration programs and supplementation programs such as salmon smolt.     

Design and Cost Analysis of a Self‐contained Mobile Laboratory for Commercial‐scale Aquatic Species Cryopreservation

Although aquatic species cryopreservation protocols have been studied around the world over the past 60 yr., germplasm repository development efforts and commercialization have begun only recently. The goal of this project was to develop a self‐contained mobile laboratory for on‐site high‐throughput cryopreservation of aquatic species. The objectives of this study were to: (1) identify how a mobile laboratory would function in different operational scenarios, (2) customize an enclosed cargo trailer to function as a mobile laboratory, (3) evaluate the laboratory layout and ability of cryopreservation equipment to operate from generator power, and (4) document the investment costs for private and public groups to integrate a mobile laboratory into an existing cryopreservation facility at three levels of automation and estimate the total cost per trip based on hypothetical assumptions for two scenarios (aquaculture production and repository development). There were three operational designs identified for the mobile laboratory: (1) self‐contained work inside the unit using generator power, (2) work inside the unit using external facility power, and (3) using the equipment inside of a host facility. The investment costs for a base‐level mobile laboratory ranged between US$5670 and US$5787 for private groups and between US$5208 and US$5315 for public groups. With the addition of a range of automated processing equipment, total investment costs ranged from US$13,616 to US$103,529 for private groups and US$12,494 to US$94,891 for public groups. The total cost per trip to cryopreserve sperm of 59 blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus, males to produce 6300 0.5‐mL French straws was estimated to range from US$6089 to US$14,633 for private and between US$5703 and US$16,938 for public groups depending on the level of automation. Total cost per trip to cryopreserve sperm of 500 males of five different species in the genus Xiphophorus to produce 641 0.25‐mL French straws was estimated to range from US$6653 to US$7640 for private and US$7582 to US$8088 for public groups depending on level of automation. Overall, a commercial‐scale mobile laboratory was developed that can assist current germplasm activities and support future repository and industry development, and the layout information provided can help others to design and build comparable units.     

Integrating freshwater wetland science into planning for Great Barrier Reef sustainability

1. The paper ‘Biodiversity values of remnant freshwater floodplain lagoons in agricultural catchments: evidence for fish of the Wet Tropics bioregion, northern Australia’, published in Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems in 2015, has contributed in several ways to the integration of freshwater wetland science within new catchment management policies and practices for Great Barrier Reef (GBR) sustainability.
2. The Tully–Murray biodiversity study developed novel protocols to sample larval, juvenile, and adult fish life‐history stages in floodplain lagoons using a combination of boat‐based backpack electrofishing and fyke netting. In addition, hydrological and hydrodynamic models were applied in a completely new way to quantify the timing, extent, and duration of water connectivity across floodplain streams, cane drains, and wetlands. Combining the two novel approaches enabled an analysis of lagoon fish assemblage patterns in relation to environmental gradients, especially floodplain hydrology, connectivity patterns, and measures related to agricultural land use.
3. In demonstrating the importance of different levels of connectivity for different biodiversity outcomes in freshwater floodplain lagoons of the Tully–Murray catchment, the subject paper established that floodplain connectivity needs to be taken into consideration in wetland management practices.
4. The timing of the subject publication was fortuitous. It coincided with the preparation of the evidence‐based 2017 Scientific Consensus Statement on land‐based water quality impacts on the GBR. As one of the few freshwater wetland ecology publications for the catchments of the GBR at that time, this paper played an important role in demonstrating freshwater wetland values, fish conservation options, and management imperatives to sustain wetland ecological health and services in GBR catchments.
5. By advancing the understanding of factors driving biodiversity patterns, and the importance of connectivity and ecohydrological processes in freshwater floodplain wetlands of the GBR catchment, the Tully–Murray study helped to drive new policy directives for the protection and restoration of catchment, floodplain, and estuary functions, and connectivity, now embedded in the Reef 2050 Long‐Term Sustainability Plan 2018, an overarching strategy for managing the GBR over the next 35 years, and complementary Queensland environmental legislation.

     

渔获冷藏运输船主要参数分析

本文在收集了现有的渔获冷藏运输船实船资料的基础上，对其主要参数进行了分析，探索了它们之间的关系，得出了一些近似公式，可用于设计工作中，也可作为船型论证的基础。     

Evaluation of an Enclosure for Bath Treatment of Caged Fish

Caged channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, with external columnaris infections were treated with potassium permanganate. Permanganate solutions of 20 and 40 mg/L dissipated within 9 minutes from empty cagees. Treatments with aliquots of saturated permanganate solutions were ineffective when poured through cages containing infected fish. A collapsible, PVC framed, floating, plastic enclosure was designed to surround a cage. The enclosure retained 88 to 100% of permanganate solutions for 30 minutes and was effective in treating the disease.     

声音导鱼技术的分析与展望

声音导鱼技术对保护鱼类有重要的实际价值和深远意义,其研究重点是声音如何让鱼类产生趋避行为及如何准确的让鱼类产生趋或者避的行为。从生理学和行为学的角度对声音导鱼的生物学基础进行了分析;讨论了声音导鱼的关键技术,包括鱼类趋避行为对声音的响应关系、鱼类声域的确定、鱼类声音信号的采集、鱼类声波信号的数字化处理以及实际声场中声波的叠加技术等,并根据声音对鱼类诱驱作用的原理建立了一个声音导鱼的大坝模型,分析了大坝实现声音诱驱鱼的关键要素;展望了声音导鱼技术的发展前景和方向。     

Groundwater water treatment for iron and manganese reduction and fish rearing studies applied to the design of the Ruth Burnett Sport Fish Hatchery, Fairbanks, Alaska

Studies at the Fairbanks Experimental Fish Hatchery (FEFH) were conducted to investigate the operational characteristics of media filtration groundwater treatment for iron and manganese reduction, water reuse and recirculation technologies for fish rearing, and conditions of fish gill tissue during rearing. Results were used to aid in the design and planned operation of the Ruth Burnett Sport Fish Hatchery (RBSFH), currently under construction in Fairbanks, Alaska. Under a two-stage filtration scenario, with hydraulic loading rates of 0.39 and 0.43 cm/s for Stages 1 and 2, respectively, manganese dioxide media filtration typically removed dissolved iron from 5 to 6.5 mg/L down to 0.1 mg/L or less, and allowed for suitable fish rearing and health (based on gill condition) in treated groundwater. Poor water quality from filter equipment malfunction or improper operation typically manifested tissue damage (epithelial lifting, hypertrophy, degeneration, and in some cases iron adhesion) observed in fish gills. Design refinements from initial use, including changes in hydraulic loading rates and transition from single-stage to two-stage filtration, were required for long-term use of media filtration and were included in the design of the future hatchery. Dissolved manganese removal from groundwater (from 0.7 to <0.05 mg/L) was also implemented by continuous low-level potassium permanganate addition. Small-scale flow-through, fully recirculating, and partial reuse rearing systems were used to mimic planned future fish production, and resulted in 97% or greater survival and adequate growth (average specific growth rate between 1 and 2%) and health of rainbow trout during most rearing trials.     

An Analysis of Biological, Economic, and Engineering Factors Affecting the Cost of Fish Production in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems

Aquaculture production in recirculating systems has been the focus of research and development efforts for decades. Although considerable resources have been expended on these systems in the private sector, there is a scarcity of data on the economic or engineering performance of commercial scale recirculating production systems. This paper presents the results of a computer simulation of tilapia production in a small recirculating production system. Much of the performance data has been developed at a demonstration facility at North Carolina State University. Given the assumptions of the base case simulation, the cost of producing a kilogram of tilapia in the recirculating system described is estimated to be $2.79 ($1.27/lb). The results of a model sensitivity analysis indicate that while improvements in the performance efficiency of system components did not greatly affect fish production costs, reductions in feed costs and improvements in the feed conversion ratio caused the greatest reduction of production cost of all of the operational variables investigated. The analysis further indicates that the greatest gains to be realized in improving profitability are those associated with increasing the productive capacity or decreasing the investment cost of a recirculating fish production system.     

Integrating ecosystem services into conservation strategies for freshwater and marine habitats: a review

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远洋鱿鱼钓船营运成本分析

对远洋鱿鱼钓船的营运成本进行了分类，通过计算确定出中国作业于北太平洋渔场的远洋鱿鱼钓船营运成本中各部分费用所占的比例，提出应把降低燃油费和船员费用作为远洋鱿鱼钓船进行价值工程的重点以及降低营运成本的一些措施。     

黑水河鱼类优先保护次序的定量分析

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Integrating recreational fisheries data into stock assessment: implications for model performance and subsequent harvest strategies

Understanding the impacts of recreational fishing on commercially fished stocks is becoming increasingly relevant for fisheries managers. However, data from recreational fisheries are not commonly included in stock assessments of commercially fished stocks. Simulation models of two assessment methods employed in Australia's Commonwealth fisheries were used to explore how recreational fishery data can be included, and the likely consequences for management. In a data‐poor management strategy for blue eye trevalla, Hyperoglyphe antarctica (Carmichael), temporal trends in recreational catch most affected management outcomes. In a data‐rich age‐structured stock assessment for striped marlin, Kajikia audax (Philippi), estimates of stock status were biased when recreational catches were large or when the recreational fishery targeted different size classes than the commercial fishery and these data were not integrated into the assessment. Including data from recreational fishing can change perceptions of stock status and impact recommendations for harvest strategies and management action. An understanding of recreational fishery dynamics should be prioritised for some species.     

Freshwater Fish Burgers Made from Four Different Fish Species as a Valuable Strategy Appreciated by Consumers for Introducing EPA and DHA into a Human Diet

The nutritional profile and the consumer preference of fish burgers made from carp, goldfish, perch, and tench were investigated. Perch and goldfish burgers, which have the highest proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid (6.63% and 4.90%, respectively) and docosahexaenoic acid (20.28% and 11.99%, respectively), showed lower absolute amounts of these fatty acids (17.03 and 10.10 mg/100 g food, respectively) than tench and carp (31.16 and 49.63 mg/100 g food, respectively). The consumer evaluation established that differences in the perception of the fish burgers exist. The overall liking and taste were the main attributes that influenced both consumer’s acceptance and purchase intent.     

Incorporating cannibalism into an age-structured model for the Chilean hake

We incorporated predation equations from the multispecies virtual population analysis model MSVPA into an age-structured model for the Chilean hake (Merluccius gayi gayi) to estimate cannibalism. Two models, model I with constant natural mortality and the MSM, were fitted to the total annual catch, spawning biomass from acoustic surveys and length composition data from fishery and acoustic surveys. Model I fitted the data better than MSM. The majority of the MSM estimates of adult population and spawning biomass were larger than the model I estimates; probably due to the choice of residual mortality M1. High estimates of predation mortality were observed for age-0 hake. In spite of a decreasing fishing mortality, the spawning biomass decreased in the last years. Preliminary MSM results suggest that this might be due to an increase in cannibalism. A sensitivity analysis suggested all response variables were not sensible to the “other food” parameter but sensible to M1 and the predator annual ration. MSM is a promising approach that introduces the predation mortality equations into a statistical framework, allowing the incorporation of the uncertainty in the estimation of the parameters and the use of standard statistical tools in a multispecies context. This approach will contribute to provide useful information on the indirect effects of fishing on non-target species to fisheries managers.     

Meat and Bone Meal as an Alternative for Fish Meal in Soybean Meal‐Based Diets for Florida Pompano,Trachinotus carolinus L.

Alternative protein feedstuffs are potential surrogates for fish meal in the diet of Florida pompano. This study was designed to evaluate the replacement of fish meal with meat and bone meal in a soybean meal‐based diet for Florida pompano. In Trial I (10 wk), the basal diet (FM15, formulated to contain 40% crude protein and 10% lipid) containing 15% fish meal was modified by the isonitrogenous replacement of fish meal with meat and bone meal producing diets with 10 (FM10), 5 (FM05), and 0% (FM0) fish meal. In Trial II (8 wk), the FM0 served as the basal diet (Tau 0) and was modified by the additive supplementation of taurine to produce three test diets containing 0.25 (Tau 0.25), 0.5 (Tau 0.50), and 0.75% (Tau 0.75) taurine. In Trial I, reduced weight gain (220.1%), feed efficiency (0.31), and survival (84.5%) were observed in fish fed the FM0 diet (P < 0.05). In Trial II, the supplementation of taurine improved the growth performance, survival, and protein and energy retention efficiencies of Florida pompano (P < 0.05). These results indicate that the supplementation of taurine was required in these feed formulations and that meat and bone meal is a good alternative ingredient for fish meal in soybean meal‐based diets for Florida pompano.     

Effect of Alpha-Linolenic Acid Sources in Diets for Nile Tilapia on Fatty Acid Composition of Fish Fillet Using Principal Component Analysis

This study evaluated the effect of feed supplementation with chia and canola oils as a substitute for soybean oil on the composition of Nile tilapia muscle tissue using chemometrics. Diets were supplemented with 2.1% of each oil and were provided to fish for 15 and 30 days. Compared to soybean oil, supplementation with canola and chia oils significantly increased (P < 0.05) the contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5 n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) in Nile tilapia fillet. At 30 days, DHA content increased 97% in Nile tilapia fed chia oil and 91% in treatment with canola oil. The highest EPA content correlated to treatment with chia oil (7.33 mg 100 g^?1). The long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) precursors, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, were observed to increase according to treatment type and feed supplementation duration. The principal component analysis resulted in a two-principal-component model that described 92.07% of the total data variance. Also, it highlighted that the replacement of soybean oil with canola and chia oils in Nile tilapia diets contributed to increasing the n-3 LC-PUFA concentration in Nile tilapia fillets, improving its nutritional value.     

长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区干流段鱼类群落结构特征分析

长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区位于向家坝坝下江段，随着金沙江下游梯级水电站相继蓄水运行和“十年禁渔”政策的实施，保护区干流段鱼类群落可能会发生改变。为探究“十年禁渔”前保护区干流段鱼类群落结构特征，基于该江段2017—2019年渔获物监测数据，对鱼类种类组成、生态类型、群落相似度、物种优势度、生物多样性以及群落结构稳定性等特征进行分析。结果显示，本次调查共采集到鱼类134种，隶属于7目21科83属，其中长江上游特有鱼类有27种，外来物种有12种，分别占总种类数20.15%和8.96%。鱼类群落以底层、产沉性卵、杂食性鱼类为主。等级聚类分析(Cluster)和非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)显示，在一定的相似性水平上，保护区干流段鱼类的群落类型基本可分为3组，宜宾、泸州与合江可以聚为一组，巴南、江津分别独立成组。保护区干流优势种共有14种，其中瓦氏黄颡鱼是整个研究区域的优势种，在合江站点的优势度最高，IRI值为27.00%。Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数和Pielou指数变化范围分别为2.725～3.306、0.883～0.942、5.83...     

Development of an efficient bioreactor system for delivering foreign proteins secreted from liver into eggs with a vitellogenin signal in medaka Oryzias latipes

In this study, we developed a novel bioreactor system to deliver and accumulate foreign proteins in eggs using medaka fish Oryzias latipes with the aid of a partial sequence of vitellogenin (Vtg). In teleost fish, Vtg, the hepatically generated precursor of egg yolk proteins, is secreted into the bloodstream and then taken up into eggs. We predicted in silico a probable region (Vtg signal) of Vtg that mediates transportation of proteins from the liver into eggs. Then, we established two transgenic lines expressing the fused proteins including the Vtg signal and each reporter gene, enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or firefly luciferase (LUC)-fused EGFP, in the liver driven by a liver-specific choriogeninH (chgH) promoter. Each reporter signal was detected from the fertilized eggs spawned by the transgenic females, showing successful transportation of the proteins into the eggs with the Vtg signal. This is the first report demonstrating that the Vtg signal has capability to deliver exogenous proteins into eggs. Because Vtg is a highly conserved protein among most of oviparous organisms, our findings hold promise for establishing bioreactor systems viable in a wide range of organisms.