丁香酚对灰葡萄孢的抑制作用研究

丁香酚是从植物中提取的天然化合物。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了其对多种植物病原真菌的抑制作用以及田间分离得到的7株灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea对丁香酚的敏感性,同时测定了丁香酚对B.cinerea 03 孢子和菌核的抑制活性。结果显示,丁香酚对多种植物病原真菌均有不同程度的抑制作用;灰葡萄孢不同菌株对丁香酚的敏感性不同,EC50值在29.97 ~83.62 μg/mL之间;丁香酚可抑制灰葡萄孢产孢,但对孢子萌发无影响,可抑制其菌核的产生和萌发。荧光染色结果表明丁香酚能破坏灰葡萄孢菌丝细胞膜。利用原子吸收光谱法和紫外分光光度法分别测定丁香酚处理前后菌丝培养液中K+浓度和OD260值变化,结果显示处理后K+浓度和OD260值均升高。综上所述,细胞膜可能是丁香酚对灰葡萄孢菌丝的作用位点。     

异辛醇对灰葡萄孢的抑菌作用及转录组分析

为探究异辛醇对灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea的抑制机理,采用双皿对扣法测定了异辛醇对灰葡萄孢的抑菌效果,利用扫描电镜技术观察了异辛醇处理后灰葡萄孢菌丝的形态变化,测定异辛醇对灰葡萄孢细胞膜胞外电导率和麦角甾醇合成的影响,并基于转录组测序技术（RNA sequencing,RNA-Seq）分析了异辛醇处理对灰葡萄孢的影响。结果表明：异辛醇对灰葡萄孢菌丝的抑菌率为67.92%。经异辛醇处理后,灰葡萄孢菌丝出现大量畸形、不规则变形扭曲,细胞膜通透性增加。异辛醇处理4、5和6 d后,细胞膜麦角甾醇的含量分别降低44.35%、38.82%和42.43%;蛋白质浓度分别降低65.70%、77.93%和58.57%。转录组测序共得到577个差异表达基因（DEGs）,其中312个基因表达量上调,265个基因表达量下调。通过同源蛋白簇（COG）、基因本体论（GO）和京都基因与基因组百科全书（KEGG）功能分析,发现参与膜整体组分、麦角甾醇生物合成途径、氨基酸代谢和核糖体生物发生通路中的DEGs均显著下调,表明异辛醇可能通过影响灰葡萄孢的麦角甾醇含量、能量的产生和核糖体结构,从而起到对灰葡萄孢的...     

汉防己甲素对5种植物病原真菌的抑制作用及对灰葡萄孢的作用机制初探

为寻找环境友好型的农药先导化合物,利用菌丝生长速率法研究了粉防己中汉防己甲素对常见植物病原真菌的抑制活性,结果表明,汉防己甲素对5种常见植物病原真菌均有抑制作用,对立枯丝核菌的抑制作用最强,EC₅₀为33.49 mg/L;对串珠镰孢和瓜类黑腐球壳菌的EC₅₀分别为41.71 mg/L和43.97 mg/L,抑制活性优于对照植物源药剂蛇床子素;对灰葡萄孢的抑制活性与蛇床子素相当。接种蓝莓离体叶片的试验结果表明,汉防己甲素对蓝莓灰霉病具有治疗和保护作用且作用效果与对照药剂蛇床子素基本相当;激光共聚焦显微镜检测发现汉防己甲素可降低灰葡萄孢菌丝内钙离子浓度,汉防己甲素分别与CaCl₂及钙通道阻滞剂维拉帕米两者相互作用可降低灰葡萄孢对各药剂的敏感性,表明其作用机制与钙离子及钙离子通道有关。本文首次报道汉防己甲素对5种植物病原真菌的抑制作用及其作用机制,为其进一步的开发应用提供理论基础。     

香豆素对灰葡萄孢霉菌抑菌作用机理初探

为探究香豆素对灰葡萄孢霉菌Botrytis cinerea作用机理的影响，通过抑菌试验、酶活试验及电导率试验，分析香豆素对灰葡萄孢霉菌的抑菌活性，以及经香豆素处理后灰葡萄孢霉菌胞内外蛋白质含量、酶活性以及细胞膜透性的变化规律，揭示香豆素对灰葡萄孢霉菌的抑菌机理。结果表明:在PD液体培养基上香豆素对灰葡萄孢霉菌的EC₅₀值为101 mg/L；处理组胞内及胞外蛋白浓度均低于对照组蛋白浓度；香豆素浓度为101 mg/L时对灰葡萄孢霉菌三磷酸腺苷酶 (ATPase) 和过氧化氢酶 (CAT) 的抑制率分别为62.60%和76.5%，对纤维素酶 (CL)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶 (PG) 和果胶酶 (pectinase) 的抑制率分别为57.63%、64.51%和61.13%；香豆素处理可显著增强灰葡萄孢霉菌的细胞膜透性，经香豆素处理48 h，灰葡萄孢霉菌的电导率为17568.79 μS/cm，为对照组电导率的1.9倍。可见，香豆素可以抑制灰葡萄孢霉菌的生长，使其呼吸代谢受阻，干扰灰葡萄孢霉菌细胞膜的渗透，抑制灰葡萄孢霉菌细胞壁酶的活性。该结果可为以香豆素为主的新型植物源农药开发以及灰霉病的防治提供理论支撑。     

两种蚕豆赤斑病菌对常用杀菌剂的抗药性检测及比较

对采自浙江、湖北和安徽3省的蚕豆赤斑病样品进行了病原菌的分离和鉴定,采用菌丝生长速率法检测了引起赤斑病的2种病原菌——蚕豆葡萄孢Botrytis fabae和灰葡萄孢B.cinerea 的抗药性发生情况,并在离体条件下通过抗药性诱导试验比较了二者的抗药性风险。结果共分离得到153个菌株,其中蚕豆葡萄孢122株(占79.7%),灰葡萄孢31株(占20.3%)。共检测到37株多菌灵高水平抗药性菌株(其中蚕豆葡萄孢9株)和42株异菌脲低水平抗药性菌株(其中蚕豆葡萄孢17株);嘧霉胺对153个菌株的EC50值在0.01~5.13 μg/mL之间,平均EC50值为0.72±0.15 μg /mL;表明蚕豆赤斑病菌对常见杀菌剂已表现出一定的抗药性,且灰葡萄孢的抗药性问题比蚕豆葡萄孢要严重得多。抗药性诱导试验进一步证实,灰葡萄孢的抗药性风险明显高于蚕豆葡萄孢。     

致病杆菌CB43菌株对灰霉病菌的抑制作用

测定了致病杆菌CB43菌株代谢物对灰葡萄病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响。结果表明:CB43代谢物对灰葡萄孢菌丝生长有较强的抑制作用,500、250、125ml/L代谢物能完全抑制菌丝的生长,并具有杀死作用。62.5ml/L的发酵液处理灰葡萄病菌菌丝72h的抑制率仍达83.35%。20ml/L的发酵液处理灰葡萄孢菌丝能引起菌丝畸形,异常分支、粗短。CB43代谢物能杀死灰葡萄孢分生孢子或抑制其萌发,500~62.5ml/L的发酵液处理16h后,孢子萌发抑制率达88.1%~97.91%。温室试验表明,CB43代谢物对黄瓜灰霉病的控制效果达84.09%,化学农药40%施佳乐的效果为72.94%。     

N-(2,4,5-三氯苯基)-2-氧代环己烷基磺酰胺对灰葡萄孢的抑制作用

研究了新型环烷基磺酰胺类化合物N-(2,4,5-三氯苯基)-2-氧代环己烷基磺酰胺(简称化合物108)对灰葡萄孢菌丝生长、孢子形成和萌发以及菌核产生等不同生育阶段的抑制作用及其对菌丝致病力和形态结构的影响。结果表明:化合物108对灰葡萄孢菌丝生长和孢子形成及孢子萌发具有明显的抑制作用,其EC50值分别为6.90、4.70和4.11μg/mL;菌核形成受到明显抑制,当药剂质量浓度达20μg/mL时,无菌核产生。经化合物108处理后的灰葡萄孢菌丝致病力下降,40μg/mL处理的菌丝致病力显著低于对照。超微结构观察结果表明,化合物108能导致灰葡萄孢菌丝萎缩、塌陷和变形,菌体细胞壁增厚、皱缩及分层。     

淡紫紫孢菌防治采后番茄果实灰霉病

本文通过孢子萌发检测、平板生长抑制法和果实病害防治试验,测定了淡紫紫孢菌Purpureocillium lilacinus PL36-1防治储藏期番茄果实灰霉病的效果。结果表明,菌株PL36-1发酵滤液不仅能够抑制灰葡萄孢分生孢子萌发和芽管伸长,而且可以抑制灰葡萄孢菌丝生长。对峙培养的菌株PL36-1显著抑制灰葡萄孢的菌丝生长,菌丝生长抑制率可达到74.45%,菌株PL36-1产生的挥发性物质也对灰葡萄孢菌丝生长有一定的抑制作用。菌株PL36-1发酵液处理樱桃番茄果实后,能有效控制番茄果实灰霉病的发生,含有2×10~8孢子/m L的发酵液10 d的防治效果达70.64%。     

挥发性化合物2-甲基苯并噻唑对核盘菌和灰葡萄孢的抑制效应

为明确挥发性化合物2-甲基苯并噻唑（2-methylbenzothiazole,2-MBTH）对向日葵菌核病病原菌核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum和番茄灰霉病病原菌灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea的防治潜力,采用密封盘菌丝生长速率法测定其对2种病原菌的抑制作用,利用离体叶片接种试验分析其对2种病原菌致病力的影响。结果显示,2-MBTH对核盘菌和灰葡萄孢具有明显的抑制作用,2-MBTH对核盘菌菌丝的EC₅₀为0.87 μL/L,对灰葡萄孢菌丝的EC₅₀为4.49 μL/L。2-MBTH能够显著降低灰葡萄孢的致病力,受抑制程度与2-MBTH浓度呈正相关;扫描电镜观察发现,2-MBTH能够使灰葡萄孢菌丝形态异常,菌丝干瘪,分枝增多,表面塌陷;使核盘菌菌丝破损,表面塌陷。另外,随着2-MBTH熏蒸浓度的增大,核盘菌的菌核数量和质量都有所减少,且健康菌核在2-MBTH的熏蒸作用下失去了萌发能力。表明2-MBTH对核盘菌和灰葡萄孢均有较高的抑制作用,表现为菌丝生长、菌核萌发受到抑制,利用其熏蒸作用可以为向日葵菌核病和番茄灰霉病的有效防控提供新思路。     

蔬菜灰霉病的发生与防治(续)

３发生规律目前对灰霉病发生规律的研究，主要集中在灰葡萄孢上。因此，本文所述主要是灰葡萄孢引起的各种灰霉病的发生规律。但所有的灰霉菌具有相似的发生规律，在防治其他种引起的灰霉病时，可参考灰葡萄孢引起的灰霉病。３．１侵染循环灰霉病菌主要以病残体中的菌丝、菌核和分生孢子越夏。飞散出的游离孢子一般寿命较短，用玻片法测定灰葡萄孢的存活时间，一般不超过８h，因此不可能起到越夏的作用。而埋在土中的病果上的菌丝和菌核寿命可达７０～８０d，对越夏有一定的作用。目前有人对灰霉病菌在土中的越冬方式进行了研究。但笔者认为…     

Effects of calcium on permethrin-phosphatidylserine interactions in model membranes

The effects of permethrin on lipid packing order in liposomal membranes containing phosphatidylserine (PS) have been examined in the presence and absence of calcium. Steady-state fluorescence anisotropy and phase-modulation techniques were utilized with the fluorescent probes 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), trans-parinaric acid, and cis-parinaric acid to determine alterations in lipid packing by permethrin as a function of temperature. In general, permethrin exhibited disordering effects only in gel phase lipid. In pure PS membranes, permethrin had little effect on small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs). However, substantial reductions in lipid packing order were detected by decreases in DPH fluorescence anisotropy when these SUVs underwent isothermal fluid to gel phase transition upon exposure to Ca²⁺. Although Ca²⁺ increased the main PS phase transition temperature (T_c), a small residual phase transition was detectable by parinaric acid anisotropy and lifetimes within the temperature range corresponding to the SUV phase transition. Permethrin smoothed this residual transition, suggesting that this compound altered a process which was preventing a portion of PS from undergoing the Ca²⁺-mediated isothermal transition to the solid phase. In mixed liposomes containing dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) at a PS:DPPC ratio of 3:2, the T_c of the SUVs was increased while that of the Ca²⁺-treated vesicles was decreased. As in the pure PS system, permethrin had a greater disordering effect upon the lipid packing in the Ca²⁺-treated membranes. There was a slight disordering effect by permethrin in PS:DPPC SUVs at temperatures below the T_c, indicating the existence of DPPC enriched domains in the gel phase lipid which were sensitive to permethrin. The results demonstrate that Ca²⁺-mediated changes in membrane characteristics, such as isothermal fluid to gel phase transition, can influence membrane sensitivity to the lipid disordering effects of permethrin.     

DDT inhibition of Ca-ATPase of the peripheral nerves of the American lobster

A Ca-ATPase highly sensitive to DDT has been found in peripheral nerves of lobster, Homarus americanus. The observed I₅₀ for this Ca-ATPase toward DDT is on the order of 10^?9M and has a low temperature quotien. The ATPase seems to work over a wide range of ATP concentrations. It is stimulated by Ca²⁺ (optimum 0.1 mM) and shows sensitivity to Na⁺ (optimum 20 mM) and K⁺ (optimum 20 mM) ions. The fact that it is highly sensitive to ruthenium red (I₅₀ = 10 μM) suggests that the enzyme is a Ca-ATPase and not a Mg-ATPase. Furthermore the enzyme is not a CaMg-ATPase, since the presence of Mg²⁺ along with Ca²⁺ ion is not required for its activity. DDT is found to inhibit the process of Ca²⁺ binding in the axonic membrane only in the presence of ATP. The evidence suggests the important role of the Ca-ATPase in regulating Ca²⁺ concentrations in the membrane. The possible significance of DDT inhibition of the ATPase is discussed.     

Purification, characterization and inhibition studies of α-amylase of Rhyzopertha dominica

Rhyzopertha dominica causes extensive damage to stored wheat grains. α-Amylase, the major insect digestive enzyme, can be an attractive candidate to control the insect damage by inhibiting the enzyme through α-amylase inhibitors. R. dominica α-amylase (RDA) was purified to homogeneity by differential ammonium sulphate fractionation, Sephadex G-25 and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The homogenous α-amylase has a molecular weight of 52 kDa. The pH optima was 7.0 and temperature optima was 40 °C. Activation energy of RDA was 3.9 Kcal mol⁻¹. The enzyme showed high activity with starch, amylose and amylopectin whereas dextrins were the poor substrates. The purified enzyme was identified to be α-amylase on the basis of products formed from starch. The enzyme showed Km of 0.98 mg ml⁻¹ for starch as a substrate. Citric acid, oxalic acid, salicylic acid, HgCl₂, tannic acid and α-amylase inhibitors from wheat were inhibitors whereas; Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were the activators of RDA. Ki values calculated from Dixon graphs with salicylic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid and wheat α-amylase inhibitors were 6.9, 2.6-8.2, 3.2 mM and 0.013-0.018 μM, respectively. The Lineweaver-Burk plots with different inhibitors showed mixed type inhibition. Wheat α-amylase inhibitor showed mainly competitive inhibition with some non-competitive behaviour and other inhibitors showed mainly non-competitive inhibition with some un-competitive behaviour. Feeding trials with salicylic acid, citric acid, oxalic acid and wheat α-amylase inhibitor showed significant effect of salicylic acid and oxalic acid along with wheat α-amylase inhibitor in controlling the multiplication of R. dominica.     

DDT and pyrethroids: Receptor binding and mode of action in the house fly

The mode of action of DDT and pyrethroids was investigated in the house fly, Musca domestica L, using drug:receptor binding techniques. Both in vivo and in vitro binding studies demonstrated the existence of membrane receptors which bind specifically to [¹⁴C]DDT and [¹⁴C]cis-permethrin. The receptors show properties to be expected of a critical target site of these insecticides. These include negative temperature correlation with binding, relatively nonsensitivity to DDE, and sensitivity to Ca²⁺. The receptor sites are readily saturated at 45–90 nM [¹⁴C]DDT and have an apparent disassociation constant (K_d) of 12.2 nM. The maximum number of binding sites was estimated to be 17 pmol DDT/mg membrane protein (0.34 pmol/house fly head). Competition studies showed DDT, cis-permethrin, and cypermethrin bind to the same receptor but not at precisely the same site. The addition of Ca²⁺ to the incubation buffer significantly inhibited the binding of both [¹⁴C]DDT and [¹⁴C]cis-permethrin, suggesting the receptor binding is Ca²⁺ sensitive and may have a role in ion conductance.     

PKC-dependent phosphorylations modify the action of deltamethrin on rat brain N-type (CaV2.2) voltage-sensitive calcium channel

Voltage clamp electrophysiological studies using wild type Ca_V2.2 and its β₃ subunit coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes revealed that deltamethrin increased the rate of activation, prolonged inactivation and reduced peak current. Site-directed mutagenesis of threonine 422 to glutamic acid (T422E, one of five protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent phosphorylation sites) resulted in a channel that acted as if it were permanently phosphorylated. This resulted in an increased probability of opening during depolarization and a reduced inhibition by the βγ subunit of heterotrimeric G-protein. Deltamethrin treatment of T422E Ca_V2.2 enhanced peak current ∼50% over ethanol-treated controls with an EC₅₀ of 9.8 × 10⁻¹¹ M.Phosphorylation of wild type Ca_V2.2 is evoked by the phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristrate, 13 acetate (PMA), by activating endogenous protein kinase C (PKC) in oocytes. PKC-dependent phosphorylation activated by PMA of wild type Ca_V2.2 has been previously shown to slow channel deactivation and increased Ca²⁺ influx and subsequent neurotransmitter release. Following PMA-activated phosphorylation, deltamethrin significantly increased peak current and slowed deactivation of the phosphorylated channel, which would be consistent with slower channel closure, greater Ca²⁺ influx and enhanced neurotransmitter release seen in vivo. Deltamethrin treatment in the absence of PMA-activated phosphorylation resulted in no effect on the deactivation kinetics of unphosphorylated Ca_V2.2 or the T422E mutant. Thus, Ca_V2.2 is modified by deltamethrin but the resulting perturbations are dependent upon its PKC-dependent phosphorylation state.     

Promotion of norepinephrine release and inhibition of calcium uptake by pyrethroids in rat brain synaptosomes

A series of 25 pyrethroids were assessed for their effects on Na⁺-dependent norepinephrine release and on Ca²⁺ uptake in vitro using a crude rat brain synaptosomal preparation. The most effective pyrethroids required a concentration of 3–10 μM to promote norepinephrine release. Plotting release data versus lipophilicity (as log P) for each compound resulted in a parabolic curve with log P_opt being 5.4 for maximal release. The release promoted by most of the compounds assessed at 30 μM could not be or was only partially reversed by either tetrodotoxin or substituting choline for Na⁺ conditions which readily reversed the release promoting effects of veratridine. Thus, many pyrethroids, particularly those without the α-cyano group, did not display their expected effects on the Na⁺ channel in rat brain. When assessed at 5 μM, pyrethroids inhibited, had no effect, or caused increases in the amount of Ca²⁺ incorporated in the presence of ATP. The effectiveness of the various pyrethroids to inhibit Ca²⁺ uptake again displayed a parabolic relationship with log P_opt being 6.4. It was concluded that the variations in pyrethroid effects on norepinephrine release and Ca²⁺ uptake are not solely related to their particular chemical structures, but to lipophilicity. The effects of many pyrethroids on Ca²⁺ metabolism, particularly displacement of bound Ca²⁺, better explain the transmitter release promoting properties in vitro rather than a direct effect on the Na⁺ channel. No direct relationship between known toxicity to mammals and Ca²⁺ inhibition by pyrethroids was established.     

Inhibition of calmodulin-dependent enzymes in rat brain by hexachlorocyclohexane

Ca²⁺ homeostasis is one of the major regulatory mechanisms operating in the nervous system, with calmodulin translating the Ca²⁺ message into cellular response. To check if hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) acts as a calmodulin antagonist in the nervous system of rats, the in-vitro effect of HCH on calmodulin-dependent Ca²⁺-ATPase and cAMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE) in rat brain has been studied. In the membrane fraction from rat brain, a basal activity of Ca²⁺-ATPase was obtained in the absence of Ca²⁺. Inclusion of Ca²⁺ (1 mM) increased the enzyme activity by 70%. Further, addition of fluphenazine, a potent calmodulin antagonist, inhibited the Ca²⁺-dependent enzyme activity (IC₅₀ = 85 μM), demonstrating the calmodulin dependence of the enzyme activity. The Ca²⁺- and calmodulin-dependent Ca²⁺-ATPase was inhibited by HCH in a dose-dependent manner (IC₅₀ = 80–90 μM). Ca²⁺- and calmodulin-dependent cAMP-PDE from the cytosolic fraction of rat brain was inhibited by HCH (340 μM) by 79%. Addition of excess calmodulin reversed the inhibitory effects of HCH or fluphenazine on Ca²⁺-ATPase and cAMP-PDE, suggesting their direct interaction with calmodulin. By fluorescence interaction studies it has been shown that HCH interacts directly with calmodulin. These studies show that HCH may modulate the intracellular concentration of Ca²⁺ and cAMP, by decreasing the effectiveness of calmodulin towards its effector enzymes, resulting in an altered signal transduction in the nervous system.     

Effect of temperature on toxicity of pyrethroids and endosulfan, activity of mitochondrial Na-K-ATPase and Ca-Mg-ATPase in Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The toxicity of deltamethrin, bifenthrin, and endosulfan to the fourth-instar larvae of rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker), was measured at 17, 27, and 37 °C. The three insecticides all displayed a positive temperature coefficient between 17 and 37 °C. The temperature coefficients of deltamethrin, bifenthrin, and endosulfan were 5.59, 1.68, and 2.85, respectively. However, temperature coefficients of deltamethrin and bifenthrin between 17 and 27 °C and between 27 and 37 °C varied. The inhibition of the above three insecticides to mitochondrial Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase from the fourth-instar larvae of rice stem borer was determined at 17, 27, and 37 °C. The inhibition of deltamethrin to the specific activities of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase showed a negative temperature coefficient, but endosulfan exhibited a positive temperature coefficient. Inhibition of bifenthrin exhibited the contrary temperature coefficients between Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase and Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATPase and a negative temperature coefficient for the former and a positive temperature coefficient for the later.     

Quantitative structure-activity studies of substituted benzyl chrysanthemates: 9. Calcium uptake inhibition in crayfish nerve cord and lobster axon homogenates in vitro by sunthetic pyrethroids

Twenty-five synthetic pyrethroids and related chemicals were assessed for their effects on the uptake of Ca²⁺ (as ⁴⁵Ca²⁺) by crude homogenates prepared from crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) nerve cords and 20 were assessed on the uptake by homogenates prepared from lobster (Panulirus japonicus) axons. A parabolic relationship was demonstrated between inhibition of Ca²⁺ uptake for this series of chemicals and lipophilicity (log P) in both species when tested at 5 μM. Optimal log P for maximal inhibition was located at about 6.6 and 84(±6)% inhibition was obtained with resmethrin. Compounds of higher or lower log P were either weaker inhibitors, not inhibitors or occasionally resulted in slightly increased levels of Ca²⁺ uptake. No direct correlations between the potential for the pyrethroids to inhibit Ca²⁺ uptake and the potential for these agents to increase the frequency of spontaneous discharges in crayfish nerve cords, to induce repetitive firing in American cockroaches, or the lethality to cockroaches or to any other neurophysiological or toxicity parameter could be established. It was concluded that although some synthetic pyrethroids are moderately potent inhibitors of Ca²⁺ uptake into nerve cord and axonic preparations (i.e., I₅₀ for trans-resmethrin equals 1 μM) this inhibition alone does not relate to the neurophysiological changes in isolated nerve preparations or to the toxicity of these agents in insects.     

Action of deltamethrin on N-type (Cav2.2) voltage-sensitive calcium channels in rat brain

Isolated presynaptic nerve terminals prepared from whole rat brain were used to evaluate the action of deltamethrin on voltage-sensitive calcium channels by measuring calcium influx and endogenous glutamate release. Deltamethrin-enhanced K⁺-stimulated calcium influx and subsequent Ca²⁺-dependent glutamate release. The effect of deltamethrin was concentration-dependent, stereospecific, blocked by ω-conotoxin MVIIC but unaltered in the presence of tetrodotoxin. These results suggest that N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels are a site of action at the presynaptic nerve terminal. Electrophysiological studies were carried out using rat brain Ca_v2.2 and β₃ subunits coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes to validate such action. Deltamethrin reduced barium peak current in a concentraion-dependent and stereospecific manner, increased the rate of activation, and prolonged the inactivation rate of this channel. These experiments support the conclusion that N-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel operation is altered by deltamethrin.