20年来中国冬油菜新品种产量和抗病性状分析

应用近20年中国冬油菜区域试验的汇总资料,对长江上、中、下游及黄淮4组油菜新品种产量性状及抗病性状进行分析,结果表明,冬油菜新品种平均产量整体呈上升趋势,且黄淮组产量水平高于其他组;各组平均单株有效角果数变化不明显,而平均每果粒数和千粒重呈上升趋势,长江流域每果粒数增量高于黄淮组,但千粒重增量低于黄淮组;冬油菜新品种菌核病和病毒病发病率下降明显,菌核病发病率最低时降到5%以下。今后一段时间内增加新品种每角粒数和千粒重是冬油菜遗传改良的重点,预计中国冬油菜新品种区域试验各组新品种产量水平仍将继续提高。     

IP3敏感的钙离子通透性通道参与茉莉酸诱导的钙动员

以低温导入法将钙离子荧光探针Fluo-3/AM导入拟南芥叶片细胞中,利用LAS AF（Leica Application Suite-Advanced Fluorescence）软件记录肝素对茉莉酸（JA）诱导的胞内钙离子荧光强度的变化。结果显示,经不同浓度的肝素预处理后,拟南芥叶细胞中胞内钙离子的荧光强度降低,再用100 μmol/L JA处理时,其荧光强度升高,但仅与未经肝素处理的荧光强度相当。实验证明,肝素预处理可抑制JA诱导的胞内钙离子浓度的升高。     

近10年我国冬油菜区试品种品质及产量性状的演变分析

油菜是我国最重要的食用油料作物。本文综合分析了2000年～2009年10个年度国家冬油菜区域试验参试品种的品质及产量性状。分析表明：2002年是我国油菜品种品质（低芥酸、低硫苷）和产量的转折点,此后双低油菜品种比例在80%以上,产量也逐步提高,到目前基本达到双高品种的产量水平。分析表明双低油菜产量的提高,主要归因于单株结角数和千粒重的增加;此外,双低油菜品种含油量有了较大的突破,尤其是近3年含油量有了显著提高。这表明在我国油菜品种双低化过程中,品质和产量得到了协同发展。目前在双低品质达标的情况下,提高产量和含油量仍是我国油菜育种的主攻目标。     

日光温室黄瓜新品种生长发育和产量性状分析

为了筛选出喀什温室专用高产优质黄瓜品种,本研究选取了4个黄瓜品种,对其生长发育和产量性状进行了试验研究和动态分析。结果表明,4个黄瓜品种的株高、茎粗、主茎叶片数、单株瓜数,以及单瓜重和产量都存在着较大差异。处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅳ株型较高,处理Ⅱ主蔓较粗,主蔓叶片数依次表现为处理Ⅳ＞处理Ⅱ＞处理Ⅲ＞处理Ⅰ,单株瓜数依次表现为处理Ⅲ＞处理Ⅳ＞处理Ⅰ＞处理Ⅱ。单瓜重差异最大,处理Ⅰ高达225g,处理Ⅳ却只有138g,产量也因此而出现很大差异。综合分析,处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅲ生长发育和产量表现较好,处理Ⅳ瓜型较小但生长状况较好,可以密植或多蔓整枝取得高产。     

响应面优化超声辅助法提取杜仲叶中绿原酸的工艺研究

采用超声波辅助技术对杜仲叶中的绿原酸进行提取,研究不同提取条件对杜仲叶中绿原酸提取率的影响。结果表明,响应面试验优化杜仲叶绿原酸提取最佳工艺为:液料比16∶1(mL/g),乙醇浓度50%,浸提时间20 min,溶剂pH为5,浸提3次,在此条件下绿原酸提取率为6.338%。     

太和县夏玉米新品种的产量性状和适应性分析

在大田条件下,研究了5个夏玉米新品种在太和县的产量性状和生态适应性。结果表明：安隆4号和鲁单981较对照郑单958植株高大,各生育时期叶面积指数较高,叶片的功能期较长,籽粒灌浆期较对照延长5～7d,单穗重增加56.0～76.8g,籽粒产量增加13.11～20.58%。安隆4号对玉米大、小叶斑病、锈病和螟虫等抗性优势明显;蠡玉16号和鲁单981适应性和抗病性较强,对玉米锈病具有显著抗性;中科11号轻感锈病,滑单986严重感染锈病,影响籽粒产量。因此,在太和县生态环境条件下,安隆4号和鲁单981的综合抗性较好,增产潜力较大,应大面积推广种植。     

黄淮海甜玉米新品种主要农艺和产量性状的通径分析

以2016年中鲜玉联合体黄淮海甜玉米组试验品种为材料,总结分析了参试品种的主要农艺性状、产量和品尝品质。结果表明,华耐甜玉302、BM488综合性状表现较好,具有鲜果穗外观性状好、色泽优、子粒排列整齐、食味感好等特点,产量比对照种增产显著,金甜679产量最高,但品质表现一般,综合特性次之。通径分析结果表明,穗长、穗粗、子粒产量对鲜穗产量的直接效应为正,秃尖长对鲜穗产量的直接效应为负,且4个性状对鲜穗产量的综合作用大小依次为子粒产量穗长穗粗秃尖长。以上结果为黄淮海地区糯玉米品种选育和推广提供了重要信息。     

黄淮海糯玉米新品种主要农艺和产量性状通径分析

以2016年中鲜玉联合体黄淮海糯玉米组区域试验品种为材料,总结分析了参试品种的主要农艺性状、产量和品尝品质.结果表明:HS1601品质最好、风味最佳,同时产量最高,表现最为优秀;香糯8号次之,HS1602表现第三.通径分析结果表明,主要性状对鲜穗产量的综合作用大小依次为子粒产量＞穗长＞穗行数＞株高＞鲜百粒重＞行粒数＞秃尖长,子粒产量、穗长、株高、穗行数、行粒数是决定鲜穗产量的重要促进指标.以上结果为黄淮海地区糯玉米品种选育和推广提供了重要信息.     

黄淮海糯玉米新品种主要农艺和产量性状的通径分析

以2016年中鲜玉联合体黄淮海糯玉米组区域试验品种为材料,总结分析了参试品种的主要农艺性状、产量和品尝品质。结果表明:HS1601品质最好、风味最佳,同时产量最高,表现最为优秀;香糯8号次之,HS1602表现第三。通径分析结果表明,主要性状对鲜穗产量的综合作用大小依次为子粒产量穗长穗行数株高鲜百粒重行粒数秃尖长,子粒产量、穗长、株高、穗行数、行粒数是决定鲜穗产量的重要促进指标。以上结果为黄淮海地区糯玉米品种选育和推广提供了重要信息。     

生物质炭对土壤性状和作物产量的影响

摘要： 秸秆还田产生了很好的经济效益,但仍存在问题。因此,提出秸秆炭化还田或利用,以提高秸秆综合利用率。为此,本文综述了秸秆炭化形成的生物量炭（biomass charcoal）对土壤性状和作物产量的影响。生物量炭化后与木炭相似,耐降解,可提高土壤碳库容量,减少温室气体排放。同时炭具有很大的表面积,持水性、吸附性均较强。在一定量下,施炭可增加土壤阴、阳离子交换量、吸附氮、磷及矿物离子,减少养分损失,在一定范围内,普遍能增加作物生物量和产量,因此认为秸秆炭化还田或利用是秸秆综合利用的优势途径。     

黄淮区试试验点油菜主要农艺性状分析

解析黄淮区试各试验点油菜主要农艺性状的基因与环境互作关系,并对各试验点进行评价。本研究用GGE双标图方法对2010—2015 年油菜黄淮区试农艺性状数据进行分析,用油菜产量三因素的基因与环境互作结果对试验点进行分类,并按照区分能力和代表性对各试验点进行评价。结果显示,富平试点的产量、单株角果数、株高和分枝部位表现最好。淮安试点的千粒重、单株产量、分枝数和主花序角果数表现最好,成县试点的每果粒数和主花序结角密度表现最好。按单株角果数和千粒重分析,宿州试点都单独聚为1 类;杨凌试点的区分能力和代表性最高。宿州试点被划分为另外一个品种生态区,杨凌试点是最理想的试验点     

陇东地区冬小麦产量构成因素的分析

本文分析了冬小麦产量主要是由每穗籽粒数、每穗籽粒重、单株成穗数和不孕小穗率构成。同时分析了产量构成各要素与气候因子之间的关系表明：每穗籽粒数主要由拔节至孕穗期的积温所决定,而降水、日照等因子此期均能满足其生长需求,对其影响较小;穗籽粒重的高低主要由灌浆速度、乳熟期叶面积指数及乳熟至成熟期的日平均气温所决定;单株成穗数的多少与越冬至返青期的降水量和越冬开始期测定的分蘖数、大蘖数成较高的正相关,而与三叶期测定的总株数成负相关;不孕小穗率只与开花至乳熟期的日照时数成较高的负相关,而与其它各因子相关性较小     

南通近四年冬小麦种植的气象条件分析

本文利用2003～2007年南通气象局的气象资料和南通市农业局的冬小麦试验资料,分析了南通市近四年冬小麦各生育阶段的气象条件。然后采用综合对比的方法,分析了南通市气象变化特点对冬小麦产量及其构成因素的影响。     

Effects of a photoperiod-response gene Ppd-D1 on yield potential and drought resistance in UK winter wheat

Using a pair of near-isogenic lines(NILs) of winter wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) contrasting for the Ppd-D1 and ppd-D1 alleles, in eachof Mercia and Cappelle-Desprez, experimentsin two seasons (1997/8 and 1998/9) on aloamy medium sand examined differences inflowering date, resource capture, biomassproduction and grain yield responses toirrigation. Drought did not occur for anysustained period in unirrigated conditionsin 1998 due to high seasonal rainfall. In1999, drought developed post-floweringunder unirrigated conditions. Ppd-D1on average advanced flowering by 12 days inMercia and 9 days in Cappelle-Desprez.Earlier flowering with Ppd-D1 was dueto a shorter thermal duration from cropemergence to GS31, with no effect on thethermal duration from GS31 to GS61. In bothgenetic backgrounds, Ppd-D1 decreasedabove-ground dry matter (AGDM) at harvestin irrigated conditions by 0.3–0.9 tha^-1 (p< 0.05), but thiswas compensated for by increases inharvest index (HI), so that grain yield wasconserved. Although Ppd-D1 decreasedmaximum green area index (GAI) by 0.8–1.9this was countered by greater maintenanceof green area after flowering, so thatradiation interception during grain fillingwas conserved. The Ppd-D1 alleledecreased season-long crop water uptake inthe Mercia NILs in irrigated conditions by39 mm. Effects of drought in 1999,averaging across NILs, were todecrease machine-harvested grain yield by 0.6 t ha^-1 in Mercia and by 1.8 tha^-1 in Cappelle-Desprez (p<0.05). The Ppd-D1 and ppd-D1NILs, though, responded similarly todrought in both genetic backgrounds. Earlyflowering with Ppd-D1 decreasedpre-flowering water uptake underunirrigated conditions by ca. 25 mm,but increased post-flowering uptake by only10 mm, compared to ppd-D1. This was aresult of smaller season-long water uptakefor Ppd-D1 compared to ppd-D1.Ppd-D1 decreased stem solublecarbohydrate measured shortly afterflowering under drought by ca. 0.3 tha^-1. Effects of Ppd-D1 onother drought-resistance traits, such aswater-use efficiency (WUE; AGDM per unitcrop evapotranspiration) and maximumrooting depth, appeared to be neutral. Itis concluded that the effects of the Ppd-D1 allele appeared to be largelyneutral on yield potential and late-seasondrought resistance in the UK's temperateenvironment in these genetic backgrounds.However, there were indications that Ppd-D1 may offer scope for breeding winterwheat cultivars with more efficientproduction of grain DM per unit seasonalcrop evapotranspiration, associated withimproved HI, compared to currentlycommercial UK genotypes.     

Association between resistance to Cercospora and yield in commercial sugarbeet hybrids

This report documents the difficulty breeders have experienced in combining resistance to Cercospora leaf spot (causal agent Cercospora beticola Sacc.) with high yield in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.). Forty commercial hybrids, all recommended for Cercospora-threat areas, were grown in a Cercospora-free and a diseased (inoculated) environment in 1991 and 1992. A 2.9 Mg/ha decrease in root yield associated with each increment increase in susceptibility confirmed that under a severe epiphytotic (1991) Cercospora resistance provided substantial protection. Under less-severe disease conditions (1992) there was no apparent relationship between yield and resistance, suggesting that the benefits of resistance were similar to the yield potential sacrificed to obtain the resistance. In the absence of the disease, root yields increased 2.7 Mg/ha for each increment of increased susceptibility. There was no evidence of association between sucrose concentration and resistance in the Cercospora-free environment. Despite the limited efforts and/or success in developing resistant commercial hybrids, the demonstrated ability of Cercospora to produce fungicide-resistant strains and the possibility that effective fungicides will not be available provide incentives to seek genetic resistance through breeding efforts.     

Comparison of two crossing and four selection schemes for yield, yield traits, and slow rusting resistance to leaf rust in wheat

The most important breeding objectives in crop improvement are improving grain yield, grain quality, and resistances to various biotic and abiotic stresses. The objectives of our study were to compare two crossing and four selection schemes for grain yield, yield traits, and slow rusting resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) based on additive genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum), and to identify the most efficient crossing and selection methodologies in terms of genetic gains and cost efficiency. Segregating populations were derived from 18 simple crosses and the same number of top (three-way) crosses. Half of the crosses were derived from Yecora 70 and the other half from Veery #10 as the common leaf rust susceptible parents. The four selection schemes were: pedigree, modified bulk (F₂ and F₁-top as pedigree, selected lines in F₃, F₄, F₂-top, F₃-top as bulk; and pedigree in F₅ and F₄-top populations), selected bulk (selected plants in F₂, F₃, F₄, F₁-top, F₂-top and F₃-top as bulk; and pedigree in F₅ and F₄-top populations), and nonselected bulk (bulk in F₂, F₃, F₄, F₁-top, F₂-top and F₃-top; and pedigree in F₅ and F₄-top populations). A total of 320 progeny lines, parents and checks were tested for grain yield, other agronomic traits and leaf rust resistance during the 1992/93 and 1993/94 seasons in Ciudad Obregon (Sonora State, Mexico) which represents a typical high yielding irrigated site. The influence of the type of cross and the selection scheme on the mean grain yield and other traits of the progenies was minimal. The selection of parents was the most important feature in imparting yield potential and other favourable agronomic traits. Moreover, the highest yielding lines were distributed equally. Progeny lines derived from Veery #10 crosses had significantly higher mean grain yield compared to those derived from the Yecora 70 crosses. Furthermore, a large proportion of the highest yielding lines also originated from Veery #10 crosses. Mean leaf rust severity of the top cross progenies was lower than that of the simple cross progenies possibly because two parents contributed resistance to top cross progenies. Mean leaf rust severity of the nonselected bulk derivatives was twice that of lines derived from the other three schemes. Selected bulk appears to be the most attractive selection scheme in terms of genetic gains and cost efficiency. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

种植密度对贵州春玉米茎秆抗倒伏性能及籽粒产量的影响

为了明确密植条件下春玉米茎秆特性和产量的变化及其相互关系,为贵州春玉米密植高产提供理论依据和实践指导。以贵州广泛种植的玉米品种先玉1171和新中玉801为材料,设置3.0、4.5、6.0、7.5、9.0和10.5万株hm-26个密度,于2018—2019年开展田间试验,研究种植密度对春玉米茎秆形态特征和力学特性、空秆率、倒伏率和产量的影响。结果表明:(1)春玉米株高和穗位高随密度增加先增高后降低;增密后第3节长增幅最大,第3节单位茎长干重、穿刺强度和抗折力,第7节茎粗、干重和横截面积下降幅度最大;密度对茎秆横截面扁率影响不显著。品种之间比较,先玉1171节间长,第3、5节的节间干重和第3节穿刺强度显著高于新中玉801,第7节干重、节间粗、单位茎长干重、节间横截面积、横截面扁率和抗折力显著低于新中玉801。(2)倒伏率和空秆率随密度增加而增大,增密后先玉1171倒伏率显著高于新中玉801,空秆率显著低于新中玉801。(3)产量随密度增加先增加后降低,先玉1171和新中玉801分别在9.3万株hm^-2和8.6万株hm^-2时产量最高。增密后先玉1171比新中玉801增产10.28%,有效穗数和穗粒数更高。(4)相关和多元回归分析表明,株高、穗位高与倒伏率显著正相关,节间粗和单位茎长干物质对玉米茎秆抗折力的正向影响显著。产量与茎秆性状密切相关,株高对产量的正向影响最大。可见,不同春玉米茎秆抗倒伏性能和籽粒产量对密度的响应有差异,新中玉801增密后茎秆节间短而粗,单位茎长干重较大,抗倒伏能力较强。而先玉1171由于在高密度下空秆率比新中玉801低,有较高的有效穗数和穗粒数,因此高密度下产量更高。综合考虑茎秆性状和产量,先玉1171和新中玉801在贵州适宜密度分别为9.0万株hm^-2和8.5万株hm^-2。     

Leaf carbohydrates assimilation and metabolism affect seed yield of rapeseed with different waterlogging tolerance under the interactive effects of nitrogen and waterlogging

Waterlogging is a main factor causing rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) yield loss, and reasonable nitrogen (N) applications can compensate for this loss. To investigate the effects of N rates on seed yield of waterlogged rapeseed, the waterlogging-tolerant rapeseed variety ZS 9 and sensitive variety GH01 were waterlogged for 0 and 10 days with five leaves at the seedling stage under four N rates (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg/ha). Waterlogging significantly decreased seed yield, while N application can alleviate the yield loss. The yield decrease rate of waterlogged GH01 was greater than that of ZS 9 under the same N rate. During the seedling and bolting stage, the leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity increased, while activities of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), sucrose synthase (SuSy) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) decreased with more N under the same watering conditions. Compared to the plants without waterlogging, the leaf Pn and Rubisco activity, starch and sucrose contents of waterlogged rapeseed decreased at the two stages; activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS of waterlogged rapeseed decreased at the seedling while increased at the bolting stage for both the two varieties. At the flowering stage, the Pn, the activities of Rubisco, AGPase, SuSy, SPS and contents of sucrose, starch increased with more N application for both ZS 9 and GH01. Compared to the plants without waterlogging, the Pn and Rubisco activity for waterlogged plants of the two varieties increased; the waterlogged plants of tolerant variety had higher activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS, while those of sensitive variety was significantly lower. However, the decreased starch and sucrose content were found in both tolerant and sensitive varieties. The activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS at flowering were highly positively correlated with yield under the interactive effects of N and waterlogging. These results suggested that the flowering stage is the most important stage that N had the positive regulation on waterlogged rapeseed growth. The carbohydrates translocation from leaves to seeds of the tolerant variety were enhanced after waterlogging, while that of the sensitive variety was still inhibited. This was the main reason for the difference in yield between the two waterlogged varieties.     

感抗油菜近等基因系混播对根肿病发病率的影响

近年来,根肿病的迅速蔓延已对我国油菜生产造成严重威胁。课题组前期多年多点大田试验发现,感病、抗病品种混播可显著降低感病油菜品种根肿病发病率。为进一步探究感病、抗病品种播种间距对根肿病的防控效果,本试验采用穴盘栽培,设置感、抗根肿病油菜近等基因系不同播种间距(0、2、4、6 cm),出苗后7 d接种根肿菌,接种42 d后调查幼苗发病率、病情指数,并测定根系主要成分。结果表明:(1)与单播相比,感病、抗病品种同播时,抗病品种苗期发病率无明显变化,而感病品种苗期发病率显著下降,其发病率与感病、抗病品种播种间距密切相关,二者距离为0 cm时的发病率及病情指数均显著(P<0.05)低于其他处理;(2)与单播相比,感病、抗病品种同播时,抗病品种和感病品种根中可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白质含量均显著降低,酸不溶木质素含量在感病品种中显著增加,而在抗病品种中呈现先增加后降低的趋势;(3)发病率和病情指数均与根系可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量显著正相关(P<0.01),发病率与可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量的相关系数分别为0.797、0.403,病情指数与可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量的相关系数分别为0.822...