光皮树不同无性系苗木气孔及光合特性比较

为给光皮树无性系的选择提供科学依据,采用盆栽试验研究了光皮树不同无性系苗木的气孔特性及光合参数.结果表明:无性系之间气孔长度、宽度和密度存在显著差异,气孔密度变化幅度显著大于气孔长度与宽度;无性系之间气孔长度和宽度的变化呈正相关,与气孔密度呈负相关;不同无性系的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度存在显著差异,但胞间CO<,...     

光皮树无性系幼苗整形修剪技术

光皮树是一种分布广、果实产量高、含油率高的木本油料植物。本文介绍了光皮树生物学特性和树体结构特征,根据光皮树无性系幼苗的生长特点,将其模式树型总结归纳为自然开心形、主杆疏层形、多主枝丛状开心形,并介绍了相应的修剪技术要点。     

油料树种光皮树优良无性系选育研究

根据光皮树生物学特性、农艺性状特征和制定选优标准,对湖南、江西和湖北3个主要产区自然分布的野生光皮树群落进行调查,初选出112株优株。制定复选标准,复选得到35株优株材料。将复选优株12个农艺性状指标进行主成分分析和优株选择综合评判决选出16个光皮树优株,其中15株实现无性化并培育出无性系嫁接苗。以15个优株的无性嫁接苗进行无性系测定试验、选育出经济性状优良可以在生产中推广应用的6个优良无性系。优良无性系2007年通过国家林业局林木良种审(认)定委员会认定,获得良种证书编号。     

光皮树无性系光响应特性研究

对光皮树(Cornus wilsoniana)3个无性系GY8040、JX3、JX7的6 a生植株开展光响应测定,利用直角双曲线修正模型及非直角双曲线模型分别进行模拟.结果表明,两种模型模拟符合度高,直角双曲线修正模型参数与实测值误差较小,且能直接模拟饱和光强,具较强的适用性.3个光皮树无性系光补偿点分别为24.98,17.27,20.21μmol·m-2·s-1,光饱和点分别为1 649.02,2 692.32,1 533.69 μmol·m-2·s-1,最大净光合速率分别为15.43,21.70,14.21 μmol·m-2·s-1,JX3光补偿点最低,光饱和点最高,具有较高的光能利用效率.     

光皮树采穗圃建园技术

光皮树是一种果实含油率高的木本油料树种。本文探讨了光皮树在优树选择的基础上定植幼树,截干后在萌发枝条上高枝嫁接优良无性系,建立优良采穗圃的建园、嫁接、管理等技术措施,以促进采穗圃穗条产量的增长,为生物质能源林的发展提供良种保障。     

15个光皮树无性系早实丰产试验

15个光皮树无性系对比试验在湖南省龙山县可立坡林场和湖南省林业科学院试验林场进行。通过对15个无性系的生物性状和经济性状进行遗传测定、方差分析、主成分析和综合评分。结果表明：无性系早实性和丰产性受环境与遗传的作用存在着明显的差异;无性系主要性状遗传特性表现突出,尤其单株果穗数遗传力高达75．82％,单株鲜果产量遗传增益高达5．54％,无性系综合评分由高到低排序：G-15〉G-13〉G-5〉G—11〉G-14〉G-2〉G-1〉G-3〉G-10〉G-9〉G-12〉G-6〉G-8G-7〉G-4。     

光皮树优良无性系组织培养的无菌体系建立

以光皮树优良无性系的嫩枝茎段为试验材料,研究不同时期的外植体、灭菌处理与植物激素对接种污染率和无菌外植体得率的影响。结果表明,秋季带顶芽的嫩茎为接种培养的适宜外植体,外植体最佳消毒方法为75%酒精浸泡10 s后,用2~3滴吐温80的0.1%升汞溶液消毒7~9 min。试验获得了光皮树适宜的初代培养基:MS+6-BA 2.0 mg.L-1+NAA 0.05 mg.L-1+PVP 300 mg.L-1+蔗糖30 g.L-1。     

光皮树无性系ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立

以光皮树基因组DNA为材料,采用单因素实验,测试了退火温度、模板用量、dNTP浓度、Taq酶用量、Primer浓度、Buffer用量和Mg2+浓度等因素对ISSR-PCR的影响.优化的反应体系和条件:总体系为25 μL,引物0.2 μmol/L,模板20 ng、Mg2+2.5 mmol/L、Taq酶0.5 U、dNTP为0.1 mmol/L和Buffer为2.5 μL.扩增程序:94 C预变性5 min,1个循环;94 C变性50s,52 C退火1 min,72 C延伸1.5 min,40个循环;72C后延伸10min,1个循环.该体系的建立为今后利用ISSR进一步研究光皮树遗传连锁图谱构建、遗传多样性、种质资源鉴定与和基因定位奠定了技术基础.     

杉木无性系与实生苗造林对比试验

杉木无性纱与实生苗造林对比试验，经测验．方差分析；无性系与对照的幼林高生长差异极显著．无性系之间的差异也十分显著；这将为筛选和推广适宜当地同类立地条件的优良无性系提供科学根据。     

植物燃料油原料树种光皮树繁殖技术的研究

通过对光皮树嫁接繁殖技术的研究,首次提出了光皮树嫁接繁殖育苗方法。试验分别对光皮树嫁接方法、嫁接时间及留砧对嫁接成活率的影响进行了试验,解决了光皮树嫁接繁殖的技术问题。试验结果表明,光皮树秋季三刀法露芽腹接成活率高达95．7％;光皮树春季三刀法腹接成活率也可达86％,采用三刀法腹接及留砧10cm为春接最佳技术组合;春接宜在2月底至3月中旬。     

光皮树叶片解剖结构与树体生长势的相关性

为给光皮树矮化砧木的预选和鉴定提供参考依据,以光皮树实生砧木为试材,采用田间调查法和石蜡切片法,对砧木树体生长量和叶片解剖结构指标的相关性进行了分析研究.结果表明:砧木的株高和地径呈显著正相关关系;地径与海绵组织呈显著的正相关关系;节间长度与叶片组织结构紧密度(CTR)呈显著的负相关关系,与叶片组织结构疏松度(SR)呈...     

Ni/HZSM 5催化裂解光皮梾木油制备生物烃基燃料试验

光皮梾木(Cornus wisoniana)是一种优良的能源树种,适种面积广泛,其油脂成分主要包含油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸等。笔者以光皮梾木油为原料,采用等体积浸渍法自制Ni/HZSM 5固体催化剂进行催化裂解制备生物烃基燃料。分别考察了反应时间、反应温度和催化剂用量等因素对催化裂解反应的影响,得出最佳单因素工艺参数为反应时间60 min,反应温度440℃,催化剂用量为2.0%(质量分数),在该反应条件下液体产物产率高达79.53%;在单因素试验基础上进行响应面试验条件优化,探讨了各因素之间交互作用对产品转化率的影响,结果表明,各因素的一次项对转化率影响呈现显著水平,其中反应温度对转化率影响最为显著,最佳条件为反应时间59.1 min、反应温度443.7℃、催化剂用量2.3%(质量分数)。产品经气质联用仪(GC MS)分析可知,其主要组成成分为烷烃类、烯烃类、羧酸类、醛类和醇类物质。对所制烃基燃料经燃料性能测定,结果表明,产品接近石化燃料且具有良好的燃料性能,热值为42.720 kJ/g,密度和运动黏度等均达到0#柴油标准,值得进一步深入开展相关研究。     

不同灌木柳的扦插成活率和光合特性比较

编织柳品种单一,柳条产量和质量低下是沿淮地区柳编产业发展的瓶颈。引进11个灌木柳新无性系,在沿淮低湿地上进行栽培试验,并对其成活率和光合性状进行调查比较。结果表明,引进的无性系P716、2344、2372的扦插成活率均在90%以上,可以作为淮河低湿地杞柳栽培的后备资源或育种材料加以选择。在光合特性方面,无性系1050、51-3、9-6和P716的净光合速率均达到45μmol/(m2.s)以上,明显高于本地种,具有较高的生长潜力。通过初步的综合判断,无性系P716和51-3在沿淮低湿地具有极好的适应性和生长表现。     

幼树阶段杉木不同无性系生长与形态性状分析

杉木是我国南方最重要的造林树种之一,在木材安全重大战略中具有举足轻重的地位。株型是决定杉木产量的核心要素,掌握理想株型的性状组成对提高杉木产量具有重要的意义。本研究对来自福建省洋口国有林场的14个杉木组培无性系造林后3 a内生长量和造林后第2年的形态指标进行比较与分析,研究试验林分郁闭前幼树阶段的形态与和生长特点以及它们之间的关系,为杉木理想型无性系的选择和不同株型的定向培育方法提供理论依据。结果表明:1)造林后1至3年林分树高的平均值分别为1.00、2.52和3.87 m,第3年的胸径平均值为4.76 cm,无性系的树高生长变异系数随着生长时间的增长呈下降的趋势,不同无性系的生长量之间存在极显著的差异;其中除020在高生长上优势明显外,054、061、063和023在3 a内的树高和胸径生长均具有较大的优势。2)造林后第2年坐生密度、冠幅、枝盘数、当年生节间距离、一级侧枝数和年盘二级分枝数的平均值分别为63.58片、176.1 cm、6.11、21.76 cm、21.02和19.88,且不同无性系之间存在极显著的差异;说明杉木株型之间的差异较大。3)通过聚类分析将无性系063、054及061归为浓密型杉木,无性系047、148、023及049归为稀疏型。4)生长与形态之间的相关性分析表明浓密型杉木的生长量更大,根据以上的分析初步认定,在生长初期,杉木的理想株型具有枝条浓密和冠幅宽大的特点。     

美洲黑杨无性系的苗期生长比较

从美国田纳西州、路易斯安那州引进599个无性系,通过3年苗期试验,对苗期生长表现较好的13个无性系进行生长量测定,结果表明：一根一干苗各无性系之间地径生长存在显著性差异,二根一干苗和三根一干苗各无性系之间地径生长存在着极显著性差异;苗高生长在各无性系之间均存在着极显著性差异;参试无性系的地径、苗高表型变异系数分别为12.638%和5.570%,广义遗传力分别为0.835和0.860,遗传变异系数分别为11.562%和5.150%。说明各性状遗传潜力较大,存在着广泛的遗传变异,具有获得较大遗传增益选择的潜力。     

大叶榉不同无性系嫁接效果比较

以大叶榉2年生容器苗为砧木,采用芽接法嫁接,研究大叶榉不同无性系嫁接苗的嫁接成活率及其生长情况。结果表明:大叶榉嫁接成活率平均达64.90%,且不同无性系间嫁接成活率差异明显;嫁接苗的苗高生长量在不同无性系间差异显著,地径生长量在不同无性系间差异不显著;除母树枝下高与嫁接成活率呈极显著负相关外,母树其他生长性状对其嫁接成活率均无显著影响;嫁接成活率与嫁接苗的生长呈正相关,且嫁接苗的苗高与地径生长呈极显著正相关。     

Comparison of fractal characteristics of species richness patterns among different plant taxonomic groups along an altitudinal gradient

This study was done using the non brown fractal model to quantify and compare the variations in the species richness of trees, shrubs, herbs and all plants along an altitudinal gradient and to characterize the dominating ecological processes that determine the variations. Two transects were sampled far away from any anthropogenic disturbances along the shady slopes of the Dongling mountains in Beijing, China. Both transects were continuous and 2 m wide, and every individual tree and shrub was recorded in each of them. Discrete quadrats of 1 m × 1 m were located along the transects A and B for estimation of the herb species richness along the altitudinal gradients. The level interval between the quadrats was 10 m and 25 m respectively. In this study, transects A and B were combined into one transect AB, and 40 m was selected as the optimal quadrat length along the altitudinal gradients for measuring the plant species richness patterns. Species richness in each quadrat was calculated using a program written in Matlab 6.0. Direct gradient analysis was used to describe the overall trends in the species richness of trees, shrubs, herbs and other plants with change in altitude, while the non-brown fractal model was used to detect more accurately their variations at various scales along the gradient. The model assumed that each class of ecological processes affecting the distribution of a variable could be represented by an independent spatial random function. Generally, ecological phenomena are determined not by a single ecological process but by multiple ones. These processes act on ecological patterns within their own spatial scales. In the non-brown fractal model, the spatial random functions are nested within a larger range of spatial scales. The relative contribution of the spatial random functions to the spatial variation of a variable is indicated by a weighting parameter that has to be greater than or equal to zero. In this paper, we reached the following results and conclusions. Firstly, the direct gradient method describes the general trends of trees, shrubs, herbs and all plants along the altitudinal gradient but is unable to provide further details on the altitudinal variations in the species richness. The non-brown fractal model brought out the altitudinal variations in the species richness of trees, shrubs and herbs at various scales and related them to the ecological processes. The sharp changes in the double-log variograms suggest that the non-brown fractal model is suitable for characterizing the altitudinal patterns in the species richness of trees, shrubs and herbs at various scales but is not appropriate for explaining the variations in the plant species richness, since no significant changes were found in the double-log variograms in this case. Secondly, for the trees, the double-log variogram was divided into two scale ranges (0–245 m and 245–570 m), with a fractal dimension of 1.83 and 1.10, respectively, implying that changes in the tree species richness were random at small scales (0–245 m) and almost linear at large scales (245–570 m) along the altitudinal gradients. This suggests that altitudinal variations in the tree species richness are dominated by short-range processes at small scales and by long-range processes at large scales. Thirdly, for shrubs and herbs, the double-log variograms exhibited three ranges (0–101 m, 125–298 m and 325–570 m), and the fractal dimensions were 1.78 and 1.97, 1.56 and 1.43, and 1.08 and 1.25, respectively. The results indicate that, as in the case of trees, species richness of shrubs and herbs are distributed randomly at small scales and change in a linear manner at large scales although variations in the herb species richness is less heterogeneous than shrub species richness at large scales. These results also indicate that species richness of shrubs and herbs change approximately like brown movement at middle scales. The results also suggest that altitudinal variations in the specie richness of shrubs and herbs are dominated by three ecological processes, short-range ecological processes at small scales, long-range ecological processes at large scales, and brown fractal processes at middle scales. Interestingly, comparisons of the variations in the species richness of shrubs and herbs reveal that shrubs and herbs present the same scale range in spatial variation in species richness but display different trends in species richness along the altitudinal gradient, i.e. the shrub species richness decreased with increasing elevation whereas the herb species richness peaked at the mid-high elevation. These patterns suggest that although the scales at which the main processes affect patterns in species richness are the same, the processes are completely different, or the processes are similar but the responses of the shrubs and herbs to the ecological processes are different. Finally, the plant species richness did not show any obvious pattern along the altitude gradient and maintained a constant fractal dimension across all scales, this is perhaps because the processes defining the patterns of plant species richness had similar weights and acted over closely related scales. __________ Translated from Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 2005, 29(6): 901–909 [译自: 植物生态学报]     

光皮树优良无性系光合生理特性对光强的响应

采用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统对光皮树优良无性系光合生理特性对光强的响应进行了研究。结果表明：①13个光皮树优良无性系具有较高的LCP（20．7～64．7μmol&#183;m^-2&#183;s^-1）、较低的LSP（349．7～563．9μmol&#183;m^-2&#183;s^-1）和较弱的最大光合作用能力,对弱光的利用能力较弱,对多种光照环境的适应性较差。光皮树优良无性系对弱光的利用能力大为G-13〉G-14〉G-3〉G-10〉G-2〉G-8〉G-15〉G-7〉G-9〉G-11〉G-6〉G-4〉G-5,对强光利用能力的大小为G-14〉G-6〉G-10〉G-9〉G-15〉G-4〉G-13〉G-2〉G-11〉G-7〉G-5〉G-8〉G-3：②13个光皮树优良元性系的表观量子效率在5月份的变化范围为0．0194～0．0317,比-般植物的小（0．03～0．05）;③影响光皮树不同无性系净光合速率的主要生理生态因子为胞间C02浓度（Ci）、光照强度（PaR）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（白）等。Ci为光皮树无性系净光合速率的第-影响因子,PAR、Tr、Gs的影响在其次,PAR对Pn起主要调节作用。