Plasma observations near saturn: initial results from voyager 2

Results of measurements of plasma electrons and poitive ions made during the Voyager 2 encounter with Saturn have been combined with measurements from Voyager 1 and Pioneer 11 to define more clearly the configuration of plasma in the Saturnian magnetosphere. The general morphology is well represented by four regions: (i) the shocked solar wind plasma in the magnetosheath, observed between about 30 and 22 Saturn radii (RS) near the noon meridian; (ii) a variable density region between approximately 17 RS and the magnetopause; (iii) an extended thick plasma sheet between approximately 17 and approximately 7 RS symmetrical with respect to Saturn's equatorial plane and rotation axis; and (iv) an inner plasma torus that probably originates from local sources and extends inward from L approximately 7 to less than L approximately 2.7 (L is the magnetic shell parameter). In general, the heavy ions, probably O(+), are more closely confined to the equatorial plane than H(+), so that the ratio of heavy to light ions varies along the trajectory according to the distance of the spacecraft from the equatorial plane. The general configuration of the plasma sheet at Saturn found by Voyager 1 is confirmed, with some notable differences and additions. The "extended plasma sheet," observed between L approximately 7 and L approximately 15 by Voyager 1 is considerably thicker as observed by Voyager 2. Inward of L approximately 4, the plasma sheet collapses to a thin region about the equatorial plane. At the ring plane crossing, L approximately 2.7, the observations are consistent with a density of O(+) of approximately 100 per cubic centimeter, with a temperature of approximately 10 electron volts. The location of the bow shock and magnetopause crossings were consistent with those previously observed. The entire magnetosphere was larger during the outbound passage of Voyager 2 than had been previously observed; however, a magnetosphere of this size or larger is expected approximately 3 percent of the time.     

Ionosphere of venus: first observations of the dayside ion composition near dawn and dusk

The first in situ measurements of the composition of the ionosphere of Venus are provided by independent Bennett radio-frequency ion mass spectrometers on the Pioneer Venus bits and orbiter spacecraft, exploring the dawn and duskside regions, respectively. An extensive composition of ion species, rich in oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon chemistry is idenitified. The dominant topside ion is O(+), with C(+), N(+), H(+), and He(+) as prominent secondary ions. In the lower ionosphere, the ionzization peak or F(1) layer near 150 kilometers reaches a concentration of about 5 x l0(3) ions per cubic centimeter, and is composed of the dominant molecular ion, O(2)(+), with NO(+), CO(+), and CO(2)(+), constituting less than 10 percent of the total. Below the O(+) peak near 200 kilometers, the ions exhibit scale heights consistent with a neutral gas temperature of about 180 K near the terminator. In the upper ionosphere, scale heights of all species reflect the effects of plasma transport, which lifts the composition upward to the often abrupt ionopause, or thermal ion boundary, which is observed to vary in height between 250 to 1800 kilometers, in response to solar wind dynamics.     

MESSENGER observations of the composition of Mercury's ionized exosphere and plasma environment

The region around Mercury is filled with ions that originate from interactions of the solar wind with Mercury's space environment and through ionization of its exosphere. The MESSENGER spacecraft's observations of Mercury's ionized exosphere during its first flyby yielded Na+, O+, and K+ abundances, consistent with expectations from observations of neutral species. There are increases in ions at a mass per charge (m/q) = 32 to 35, which we interpret to be S+ and H2S+, with (S+ + H2S+)/(Na+ + Mg+) = 0.67 +/- 0.06, and from water-group ions around m/q = 18, at an abundance of 0.20 +/- 0.03 relative to Na+ plus Mg+. The fluxes of Na+, O+, and heavier ions are largest near the planet, but these Mercury-derived ions fill the magnetosphere. Doubly ionized ions originating from Mercury imply that electrons with energies less than 1 kiloelectron volt are substantially energized in Mercury's magnetosphere.     

PbO-Bi2O3-B2O3系统玻璃中B3+离子的配位状态

利用红外光谱和喇曼光谱研究了ＰｂＯ－Ｂｉ２Ｏ３－Ｂ２Ｏ３系统玻璃结构中Ｂ＾３＋离子的配位状态，研究结果表明：当Ｂ２Ｏ３含量较低时，获得的重金属氧化物玻璃结构中的Ｂ＾３＋离子以单个［ＢＯ３］三角体形式存在，随Ｂ２Ｏ３含量增加，部分［ＢＯ３］三角体转变成［ＢＯ３］三角体转变成［ＢＯ４］四面体；当Ｂ２Ｏ３含量增加到一定程度时，通过［ＢＯ３］三角体与［ＢＯ４］四面体之间的桥氧离子的联接而形成含［ＢＯ３］三     

Dynamics of Saturn's magnetosphere from MIMI during Cassini's orbital insertion

The Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI) onboard the Cassini spacecraft observed the saturnian magnetosphere from January 2004 until Saturn orbit insertion (SOI) on 1 July 2004. The MIMI sensors observed frequent energetic particle activity in interplanetary space for several months before SOI. When the imaging sensor was switched to its energetic neutral atom (ENA) operating mode on 20 February 2004, at approximately 10(3) times Saturn's radius RS (0.43 astronomical units), a weak but persistent signal was observed from the magnetosphere. About 10 days before SOI, the magnetosphere exhibited a day-night asymmetry that varied with an approximately 11-hour periodicity. Once Cassini entered the magnetosphere, in situ measurements showed high concentrations of H+, H2+, O+, OH+, and H2O+ and low concentrations of N+. The radial dependence of ion intensity profiles implies neutral gas densities sufficient to produce high loss rates of trapped ions from the middle and inner magnetosphere. ENA imaging has revealed a radiation belt that resides inward of the D ring and is probably the result of double charge exchange between the main radiation belt and the upper layers of Saturn's exosphere.     

Kinetic evidence for five-coordination in AlOH(aq)2+ ion

Trivalent aluminum ions are important in natural bodies of water, but the structure of their coordination shell is a complex unsolved problem. In strong acid (pH < 3.0), Al(III) exists almost entirely as the octahedral Al(H2O)6(3+) ion, whereas in basic conditions (pH > 7), a tetrahedral Al(OH)(4- structure prevails. In the biochemically and geochemically critical pH range of 4.3 to 7.0, the ion structures are less clear. Other hydrolytic species, such as AlOH(aq)2+, exist and are traditionally assumed to be hexacoordinate. We show, however, that the kinetics of proton and water exchange on aqueous Al(III), coupled with Car-Parrinello simulations, support a five-coordinate Al(H2O)4OH2+ ion as the predominant form of AlOH(aq)2+ under ambient conditions. This result contrasts Al(III) with other trivalent metal aqua ions, for which there is no evidence for stable pentacoordinate hydrolysis products.     

土壤矿物与生物炭可溶性组分的交互作用及机制

为探究生物炭可溶性组分与土壤矿物的交互作用,进而从矿物角度揭示生物炭在土壤中的稳定机制,以水稻秸秆为生物质原料制备不同炭化温度的生物炭(RS300、RS500和RS700),选用高岭石、蒙脱石和伊利石3种土壤矿物,开展土壤矿物与生物炭可溶性组分的吸附结合实验。结果表明:随生物炭可溶性组分碳浓度的升高,土壤矿物对其吸附量逐渐增加,3种土壤矿物的吸附量顺序总体为蒙脱石>伊利石>高岭石,这与土壤矿物的自身结构直接相关。高岭石、蒙脱石对生物炭可溶性组分的结合机制以范德华力为主,其贡献比例分别为3.4%~87.0%和32.0%~82.0%;而伊利石与RS300可溶性组分的吸附结合作用以Ca²⁺架桥为主(贡献比例为60.4%~70.6%),与RS500和RS700可溶性组分的结合以范德华力为主(贡献比例分别为18.7%~65.0%和53.0%~67.6%)。经综合对比分析,RS500通过与蒙脱石的交互结合,最大程度上抑制了可溶性组分的溶解,有利于更好地发挥生物炭的固碳减排优势。     

猪源致病性大肠杆菌的血清型、毒力基因及抗菌药耐药性的调查

【目的】探讨猪大肠杆菌病分离的E.coli的优势血清型与毒力基因和耐药性的相关性。【方法】采用玻片凝集法测定了猪大肠杆菌病有关的血清型分布,PCR方法调查7种毒力相关基因,用微量稀释法测定了所有菌株对18种抗菌药的敏感性。【结果】超过一半的菌株含有astA,Stx2e和eaeA基因,且毒力基因组合Stx2e+astA和Stx2e+eaeA较为流行。定型菌株53株,分别属于15个不同的血清型,其中O8和O64为主要流行的血清型。O8型菌株中,所有均携带astA基因,多数耐四环素、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、氯霉素和磺胺甲噁唑,但对安普霉素,阿米卡星和多黏菌素E敏感;而O64型菌株中,多数携带astA和Stx2e基因,所有对环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、氯霉素和磺胺甲噁唑耐药,但对多黏菌素E和卡那霉素敏感。【结论】O8和O64为主要流行的血清型,两种血清型菌株拥有相似的毒力基因谱和耐药表型,但有不同的敏感表型。     

胞外ATP、H2O2、Ca2+与NO调控木榄根系离子平衡机理研究

运用非损伤微测技术(NMT),研究了短期盐胁迫下胞外ATP(eATP)、H2 O2 、Ca2 + 与NO 对非泌盐红树木榄根 系K+/Na+ 平衡的调控作用。NaCl(100 mmol/L,24 h)与等渗甘露醇处理的实验表明,木榄根尖对盐胁迫的响应具 有高度的离子特异性。盐胁迫增强了木榄根尖的Na+ 外流,但Na+ 外流被Na+ /H+ 逆向转运蛋白抑制剂Amiloride 和质膜H+ -ATPase 抑制剂Vanadate 抑制,表明Na+ 外流源于根尖表皮细胞质膜Na+ /H+ 逆向转运系统驱动的Na+ 外排。短期盐胁迫处理能诱导木榄根尖K+ 外流,但被氯化四乙胺(TEA,外向K+ 通道抑制剂)明显抑制,证明K+ 外流是由激活的去极化外向型离子通道KORCs 介导。胞外ATP(300 mol/L)、H2 O2 (10 mmol/L)、Ca2 + (10 mmol/ L)与SNP(NO 供体,100 mol/L)均能增加短期盐胁迫下的Na+ 外流,同时抑制K+ 外流。其中,促进Na+ 外流效果 较强的是H2 O2 和Ca2 + ,而Ca2 + 和NO 抑制K+ 外流的效果突出。这些实验结果表明,胞外ATP、H2 O2 、Ca2 + 与NO 这4 种盐胁迫信使是通过上调木榄根系细胞质膜Na+ /H+ 逆向转运体系(Na+ /H+ 逆向转运体和H+ 泵)活性,在促 进Na+ 和H+ 逆向跨膜转运的同时,抑制去极化激活的K+ 离子通道来减少盐诱导的K+ 外流。      

Voyager 2 plasma wave observations at saturn

The first inbound Voyager 2 crossing of Saturn's bow shock [at 31.7 Saturn radii (RS), near local noon] and the last outbound crossing (at 87.4 RS, near local dawn) had similar plasma wave signatures. However, many other aspects of the plasma wave measurements differed considerably during the inbound and outbound passes, suggesting the presence of effects associated with significant north-south or noon-dawn asymmetries, or temporal variations. Within Saturn's magnetosphere, the plasma wave instrument detected electron plasma oscillations, upper hybrid resonance emissions, half-gyrofrequency harmonics, hiss and chorus, narrowband electromagnetic emissions and broadband Saturn radio noise, and noise bursts with characteristics of static. At the ring plane crossing, the plasma wave instrument also detected a large number of intense impulses that we interpret in terms of ring particle impacts on Voyager 2.     

Detection of SO in Io's exosphere

The Galileo orbiter's close pass by Io in 1995 produced evidence for extensive mass loading of the plasma torus through the ionization of SO2. On 11 October 1999, Galileo passed even closer to Io, this time across the upstream side relative to the flow of magnetospheric plasma that corotates with Jupiter. On the first flyby, ion cyclotron waves gave direct evidence for the production of SO2+ ions. On the second flyby, ion cyclotron waves associated with SO+ were stronger and more persistent. Moreover, SO+ emissions were seen closer to Io than SO2+ emissions, suggesting that the exosphere was spatially inhomogeneous. The location of the waves suggests a fan-shaped region of ion pickup extending in the anti-Jupiter direction. Because the wave spectra were different even where the 1995 and 1999 trajectories crossed, we infer that Io's exosphere is temporally variable.     

Mass-independent oxygen isotope fractionation in atmospheric CO as a result of the reaction CO + OH

Atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) exhibits mass-independent fractionation in the oxygen isotopes. An 17O excess up to 7.5 per mil was observed in summer at high northern latitudes. The major source of this puzzling fractionation in this important trace gas is its dominant atmospheric removal reaction, CO + OH --> CO2 + H, in which the surviving CO gains excess 17O. The occurrence of mass-independent fractionation in the reaction of CO with OH raises fundamental questions about kinetic processes. At the same time the effect is a useful marker for the degree to which CO in the atmosphere has been reacting with OH.     

A general synthetic procedure for heteropolyniobates

The heteropolyanions of W, Mo, and V, which have found numerous applications, are formed simply by acidification of solutions of their oxoanions. Under similar conditions, these oxoanion precursors are not available for Nb, and Nb-oxo chemistry is dominated by formation of the Lindquist ion [Nb6O19]8- only. However, heteropolyniobate formation is favored in hydrothermal reactions of aqueous, alkaline precursor mixtures. Here we give two examples of heteropolyniobates formed by this general reaction type: K12[Ti2O2][SiNb12O40].16H2O [1], which contains chains of silicododecaniobate Keggin ions, and Na14[H2Si4Nb16O56].45.5H2O [2], a new heteropolyanion structure type.     

几个高抗条锈病的优质四川小麦品系选育研究

运用A PAGE及SDS PAGE技术 ,对 6个杂交组合入选的F4～F8世代的高抗条锈病株系进行品质优化筛选。从 14 0个高抗条锈病株系中筛除了 4 2个 (30 % )具有Gli B1l位点的 1RS/ 1BL易位系 ;在 89个无 1RS/ 1BL染色体的株系中 ,选出了 32个 (35 96 % )HMW GS组成为 1或 2 或N(Glu A1)、7+8或 17+18(Glu B1)、5 +10 (Glu D1)株系 ;SDS沉淀值采用CIMMYT微量法测试 ,受检 9个材料中的 4个达到了 12 0～ 14 5mL。结果证明 ,在可以鉴别杂种后代抗条锈性的世代才开始运用A PAGE和SDS PAGE技术进行品质性状选择 ,是提高四川小麦抗病及品质育种选择效率的方法。     

金属离子-质膜相互作用的分子动力学模拟研究

为研究植物根表质膜与土壤溶液界面上的双电层结构对金属离子在质膜上吸附以及吸收的影响,从分子水平探讨质膜表面电势下金属离子与质膜的相互作用,建立了质膜与金属溶液的界面模型,采用分子动力学方法模拟了质膜界面K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)等碱/碱土金属阳离子与Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)等重金属离子的结合与分布过程。通过对吸附构型、浓度分布等统计分析,发现阳离子在质膜表面主要与质膜头部的羰基和磷酸基团等极性基团结合;二价阳离子吸附作用比一价阳离子更为强烈,并造成质膜表面电势的反转,直接控制着扩散层中离子的分布特征。分子动力学模拟结果与描述界面双电层结构的Gouy-Chapman-Stern(GCS)经典理论很好地吻合,可以从分子水平预测和解释金属阳离子与质膜相互作用的动态过程。     

烤烟田间生长过程中叶片主要品质指数的变化

对田间状况下烤烟下、中、上3个部位叶片生长发育过程中主要品质指数的变化进行了分析。结果表明:在烤烟田间生长发育过程中,随着烟叶部位的上升,叶片中氮/碱比值表现为“V”型变化;叶片还原糖/总糖比值表现为逐渐升高的变化规律;叶片钾/氯比值表现为“∧”型变化;不同烟叶部位之间氮/碱、还原糖/总糖、钾/氯比值的差异均不显著。随着叶龄的增大,叶片氮/碱比值呈现出下降并趋于稳定的变化规律,叶片还原糖/总糖比值和叶片钾/氯比值的变化无明显规律;不同叶龄之间氮/碱比值的差异极显著,而叶片还原糖/总糖比值、叶片钾/氯比值的差异均不显著。相关分析表明,叶龄与叶片氮/碱比值之间呈极显著负相关,而与叶片还原糖/总糖比值、叶片钾/氯比值之间呈不显著正相关;烟叶中钾/氯比值与氮/碱比值、还原糖/总糖比值之间相关性不显著,还原糖/总糖比值与氮/碱比值之间相关性也不显著。     

A New Strain of Entomopathogenic Bacillus of the Tea Pest,Eterusia magnifica （Butl.） （Zyganiidae： Lepidoptera） from Darjeeling Foothill Region of India

An entomopathogenic strain of Bacillus sp. was isolated from diseased red slug caterpillars of the leaf-feediug pest of tea, Eterusia magnifica, from the Darjeeling foothill region. Analysis of the bacterimn based on polyphasic approach such as growth phase, biochemical tests, whole body＂ protein, crystal protein profiles along with bioassay （i.e. LC50 and LT50 values） established it as a different strain but close to Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki （Btk）, the commercial microbial pesticides of lepidopterans. Among biochemical parameters differences were noted between the new strain and Btk in ONPG, lysine decarboxylase, omithin decarboxylase, urease, nitrate reduction, V-P and glucose utilization tests. PAGE analysis of the whole body protein for the new strain recorded a 34 kDa band which was absent in Btk （used as reference）. Crystal protein profile of the newly isolated bacterial strain showed 53 and 49 kDa bands whereas in Btk only 52 kDa band was evident. Although the LC50 values of the new strain and Btk were close, their LT50 values were much different, the new strain showing a lower value than Btk. In light of the above differences and in absence of any report of entomopathogenic bacterial strain of E. magnifica, the isolated strain of Bacillus appeared to be new to science and hence was designated as RS01. The new strain opens up the possibility of its futttre use as microbial pesticide after standardizing its formulation and checking its safety aspects.     

Superconductivity-induced transfer of in-plane spectral weight in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta

Optical data are reported on a spectral weight transfer over a broad frequency range of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta, when this material became superconducting. Using spectroscopic ellipsometry, we observed the removal of a small amount of spectral weight in a broad frequency band from 10(4) cm(-1) to at least 2 x 10(4) cm(-1), due to the onset of superconductivity. We observed a blue shift of the ab-plane plasma frequency when the material became superconducting, indicating that the spectral weight was transferred to the infrared range. Our observations are in agreement with models in which superconductivity is accompanied by an increased charge carrier spectral weight. The measured spectral weight transfer is large enough to account for the condensation energy in these compounds.     

红壤,黄棕壤吸附磷酸根后对Cu^2＋次级吸附动力学

用流动法研究黄棕壤、红壤吸附磷酸根后对Ｃｕ＾２＋次级吸附的动力学。结果表明Ｃｕ＾２＋的次级吸附可用一级速率方程描述。黄棕壤吸附磷酸根后对Ｃｕ＾２＋吸附反应的速率下降；红壤吸附磷酸根后对Ｃｕ＾２＋吸附的快反应速率下降，而慢反应速率增加。升高Ｃｕ＾２＋浓度可能造成吸附反应机理的改变。竞争性阳离子Ｃｄ＾２＋和Ｚｎ＾２＋的存在降低了Ｃｕ＾２＋次级吸附反应速率。升高温度，Ｃｕ＾２＋次级吸附反应速率增加。土壤     

Long-term effect of fertilizer application on rice yield,potassium uptake in plants,and potassium balance in double rice cropping system

A 27 years field experiment was conducted on a Fe-Accumli Stagnic Anthrosol to evaluate the effects of long-term application of fertilizer, pig manure (PM), and rice straw (RS) on rice yield, uptake, and usage efficiency of potassium, soil K pools, and the nonexchangeable K release under the double rice cropping system in South Central China. Common cropping pattern in the study was early rice-late rice-fallow (winter). The field treatments included CK (no fertilizer applied), NP, NK, NPK, and NK + PM, NP + RS, NPK + RS. The pig manure and rice straw was applied in both the early rice and late rice cropping season. The ranking order of 27 years average annual grain yield were the CK<NK<NP<NK + PM<NP + RS<NPK<NPK + RS treatments. The negative yield change trends were observed in the CK and NP and NK treatments of unbalanced nutrient application in the case of omitted-K and P-omitted. The positive yield change trends were observed in balanced applications of NPK and combined application of fertilizer (NPK) with pig manure (NK + PM) or rice straw (NP + RS and NPK + RS). The application of K fertilizer (NPK) increased grain yield by 56.7 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹ over that obtained with no K application (NP). The combined application of pig manure with fertilizer (NK + PM) increased by 82.2 kg·hm⁻² per year compared with fertilizer application alone (NK). The combined application of rice straw with fertilizer (NP + RS and NPK + RS) increased on the average of 34.4 kg·hm⁻² per year compared with fertilizer application alone (NP and NPK). In all fertilizer, pig manure and rice straw combinations, K uptake change trends in rice plants of the early rice was positive except for CK and NP treatments. The results showed that the total removal of K by the rice plants exceeded the amounts of total K applied to the soil in all treatments, which showed a negative K balance. This ranged from 106.3 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹ in CK treatment to 289.6 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹ in the NPK + RS treatment. Continuous annual application of 199.2 K kg·hm⁻² to rice resulted in an accumulation (58 kg·hm⁻²) of exchangeable K (1 mol NH₄OAc extractable K) in 0–45 cm soil depth over the study period, despite the higher average annual uptake of K by the system (225.7 kg·hm⁻²). However, nonexchangeable K increased substantially from 1090 kg·hm⁻² to 1113 kg·hm⁻² and 1140 kg·hm⁻² in the 0–45 cm soil layer in NPK + RS and NPK treatments after 27 years of the continuous double rice cropping system, respectively. Thus, long-term rational application of K fertilizer may increase sustainable K fertility of the continuous double rice cropped system.