草鱼脂多糖结合蛋白的分离纯化(英文)

脂多糖结合蛋白(lipopolysaccharide binding proteins ,LBP)是机体对革兰氏阴性菌感染产生的可溶性急性期蛋白,结合并提呈LPS给细胞表面的模式识别受体,激发免疫反应。在本试验中,用低浓度嗜水气单胞菌( Aeromonas hydrophila)感染草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)24 h后,抽取全血,离心,获得血浆。结合LBP活性检测,经硫酸铵沉淀、CMSephadex C-50阳离子交换层析和DEAE Sephadex A-25阴离子交换层析后,分离纯化得到LBP。该蛋白对异硫氰酸荧光素标记的脂多糖(Fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled li-popolysaccharide ,FITC-LPS)有较强的结合能力。在SDS-PAGE电泳后,考马斯亮蓝染色可见3条明显的带,分子量大约为68、53和48 kDa。同时探索一条简便分离纯化脂多糖结合蛋白的方法,为进一步研究LBP的功能奠定了基础。     

益生菌对载鸭水体和产蛋性能的影响及其分子机制

【目的】研究饲粮添加芽孢杆菌和载鸭水体应用光合细菌对载鸭水体和鸭产蛋性能的影响及其分子机制。【方法】采用“地面平养＋水池”养殖模式,以2×2因子试验设计,选择同批次连城白鸭和樱桃谷鸭杂交后代蛋鸭240只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只,每个重复独立一栏。两处理因子分别为饲粮添加有效活菌含量为8×10⁷ cfu/kg的枯草芽孢杆菌和载鸭水体应用光合细菌至水体有效活菌含量为1.8×10¹² cfu/m³。对照组为不应用芽孢杆菌和光合细菌,光合组为只应用光合细菌,芽孢组为只添加芽孢杆菌,联合组为既添加芽孢杆菌又应用光合细菌。预饲7 d,试验期120 d。试验期间统计每10 d的平均产蛋率、平均采食量和平均料蛋比;每10 d采集水样用于检测大肠杆菌和沙门+志贺氏菌数量;每15 d采集水样和血样用于检测内毒素浓度。试验结束时,采集新鲜粪样用于检测大肠杆菌和沙门+志贺氏菌数量;取十二指肠、空肠和回肠黏膜用于检测内毒素水平;取空肠、回肠和脾脏组织用于炎症和凋亡相关基因表达。试验鸭自由饮用池水、自由采食、自然光照。水体和血液内毒素、采食量、产蛋率、料蛋比、水体大肠杆菌和沙门+志贺氏菌数据采用重复测量的线性混合模型分析,LSD修正法多重比较。粪便微生物数量、肠道黏膜内毒素水平和组织基因表达数据采用单因子方差分析,Duncan法多重比较。【结果】芽孢杆菌和光合细菌不显著影响鸭采食量（P＞0.05）、空肠Caspase-3和Bcl-2 mRNA表达（P＞0.05）、回肠Bcl-2 mRNA表达（P＞0.05）、以及脾脏IL-1β mRNA表达（P＞0.05）,但芽孢杆菌和光合细菌显著提高蛋鸭产蛋率（P ＜0.001）,显著降低蛋鸭料蛋比（P＜0.001）、载鸭水体（P＜0.001）、十二指肠（P＜0.01）和回肠（P＜0.01）内毒素浓度、粪便大肠杆菌数（P＜0.001）、空肠TLR4（P＜0.05）和回肠Caspase-3（P＜0.05）mRNA表达水平。采食量、产蛋率、料蛋比、水体大肠杆菌、沙门+志贺氏菌和内毒素水平存在显著的时间效应（P＜0.001）。与芽孢组和联合组相比,对照组和光合组血液内毒素和粪便沙门+志贺氏菌数量显著提高,对照组空肠粘膜内毒素水平、载鸭水体沙门+志贺氏菌数量以及脾脏TNF-α mRNA表达水平显著提高。联合组水体大肠杆菌数量显著低于对照组、光合组和芽孢组。仅联合组回肠TLR4 mRNA表达水平显著低于对照组,脾脏IL-10 mRNA表达水平显著高于对照组。【结论】芽孢杆菌和光合细菌可能通过降低载鸭水体革兰氏阴性菌数量和内毒素水平、降低肠道和血液内毒素浓度、降低炎症反应和肠道细胞凋亡,提高蛋鸭产蛋性能。     

水稻白叶枯病菌致病性分子遗传学基础

 水稻-白叶枯病原菌互作符合基因对基因关系，是研究禾本科植物-病原菌互作的理想模式系统。目前已鉴定和克隆出许多白叶枯病菌致病相关基因。其它革兰氏阴性植物病原细菌致病性分子遗传学和基因组学研究，为揭示水稻白叶枯病菌致病性分子机理提供了丰富的背景知识，其中以发掘TTSS效应分子的研究备受关注。本文将对白叶枯病菌致病性分子机理进行综述，以期为研究水稻-白叶枯病菌互作的功能基因组学提供科学线索。     

3种鱼类致病菌粗脂多糖(LPS)对斑点叉尾鮰的免疫原性

用温酚法分别从柱状嗜纤维菌(Cytophaga columnaris)、嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)和叉尾鮰爱德华菌(Edwardsiella ictaluri)3种鱼类致病菌中提取粗脂多糖(LPS)作为免疫原,分别接种斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatusRafinsque)后,通过测定受免鱼的交叉凝集抗体效价、头肾和血液中吞噬细胞的吞噬活性以及对A.hydrophila活菌细胞内的杀菌活性,探讨了3种致病菌的粗LPS对斑点叉尾鮰的免疫原性。结果表明,从3种致病菌中提取的粗LPS对斑点叉尾鮰均具有较强的免疫原性,受免鱼的血清中存在对3种致病菌的交叉凝集抗体,与对照鱼相比,头肾和血液中吞噬细胞对吞噬原的吞噬活性和对A.hy-drophila活菌杀菌活性明显上升。说明在3种供试菌的粗LPS上不同程度地存在3种致病菌的共同保护性抗原。     

Structure and function of lipopolysaccharide binding protein

The primary structure of lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), a trace plasma protein that binds to the lipid A moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), was deduced by sequencing cloned complementary DNA. LBP shares sequence identity with another LPS binding protein found in granulocytes, bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein, and with cholesterol ester transport protein of the plasma. LBP may control the response to LPS under physiologic conditions by forming high-affinity complexes with LPS that bind to monocytes and macrophages, which then secrete tumor necrosis factor. The identification of this pathway for LPS-induced monocyte stimulation may aid in the development of treatments for diseases in which Gram-negative sepsis or endotoxemia are involved.     

Structural insights into the assembly of the type III secretion needle complex

Type III secretion systems (TTSSs) mediate translocation of virulence factors into host cells. We report the 17-angstrom resolution structures of a central component of Salmonella typhimurium TTSS, the needle complex, and its assembly precursor, the bacterial envelope-anchored base. Both the base and the fully assembled needle complex adopted multiple oligomeric states in vivo, and needle assembly was accompanied by recruitment of the protein PrgJ as a structural component of the base. Moreover, conformational changes during needle assembly created scaffolds for anchoring both PrgJ and the needle substructure and may provide the basis for substrate-specificity switching during type III secretion.     

梨火疫病病原菌（Erwinia amylovora）三型分泌系统的鉴别及Erwinia spp. HrpA的分析

 【目的】明确梨火疫病病原菌（Erwinia amylovora ）三型分泌系统（type Ⅲ secretion system,TTSS）的所在区域、相关基因及Erwinia spp.的HrpA（hypersensitive response and pathogenicity gene A）选择压水平。【方法】利用生物信息学方法,通过BLAST程序对梨火疫病菌基因组的核苷酸数据库进行同源比对,同时对Erwinia spp.与宿主互作的表面蛋白HrpA进行选择压分析。【结果】TTSS分析结果显示在40 kb大小的毒力岛上有27个TTSS相关基因。通过与看家基因及毒力岛上的致病性相关的重要基因HrpN的比较、选择压分析、多序列比较,发现HrpA基因处于较强的选择压作用下,且HrpA蛋白N端主要受正向选择,C端主要受净化选择。NJ法构建的HrpA系统发育树显示Erwinia spp.形成两个明显的分支,表明HrpA基因可能在种间分化后产生了不同的选择压变化。【结论】梨火疫病病原菌基因组3.14－3.18 Mb为其TTSS分布区域。该病原菌通过TTSS侵染寄主植物,在其病原菌表面有一种类鞭毛结构的TTSS蛋白HrpA,HrpA作为传输者起着将效应分子输送到宿主内部的功能,在进化上受到了较强的选择压影响。     

食蟹猴肠道志贺氏菌的分离和鉴定

[目的]为志贺氏菌流行病学的调查和相关疾病的防治提供依据。[方法]从2~3岁的健康食蟹猴的230份新鲜粪便样品中分离可疑菌株,并对分离到的菌株进行氧化酶实验、血清型分型和生化实验。[结果]从230份食蟹猴新鲜粪便样品中分离出3株可疑菌株,阳性检出率为1.3%。通过形态学观察、生化实验和血清学检测,3株可疑菌株均被鉴定为志贺氏菌B群,其中2株血清型为2α型,1株血清型为Y变种,属于主要流行菌群。3株可疑菌株的生化反应结果符合志贺氏菌的生化反应特点。[结论]该研究可保证出口试验猴无感染志贺氏菌的要求。     

苏钟猪TLR4多态性及编码区C1027A功能分析

【目的】研究苏钟猪TLR4的多态性及其编码区第1 027 bp处突变对TLR4蛋白功能的影响。【方法】采用PCR-SSCP的方法检测TLR4在苏钟猪中的多态性并利用real-time PCR方法检测不同基因型（CC型和AC型）的猪肺泡巨噬细胞经脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）诱导后,TLR4及促炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β表达量的变化情况,探讨该处突变对TLR4识别LPS的影响。【结果】①共检测到3个突变：G962A、C1027A、G960A,其中前两个为有义突变,且C1027A突变可引起编码氨基酸性质的改变;②LPS能快速诱导猪肺泡巨噬细胞中TLR4及促炎症因子TNF-α和IL-1β表达水平上调且TLR4编码区C1027A不同基因型（CC型和AC型）的猪肺泡巨噬细胞（pulmonary alveolar macrophages,PAMs）对LPS的敏感性及反应强度存在显著性差异。【结论】苏钟猪TLR4编码区的序列相对保守、多态含量较低,群体遗传变异程度较小。TLR4编码区C1027A突变能影响TLR4识别LPS的能力,等位基因C为苏钟猪抗革兰阴性菌感染的优势基因。     

斑点叉尾鮰对3种致病菌外膜蛋白(OMP)的免疫应答

利用从嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)、柱状嗜纤维菌(Cytophaga columnaris)和叉尾鮰爱德华菌(Edwardsiella ictaluri)中提取的外膜蛋白(outer membrane protein,OMP)作为免疫原,注射接种斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus Rafinsque)后,通过测定受免鱼的交叉凝集抗体效价、肾脏和血液中吞噬细胞的吞噬活性和采用A. hydrophila活菌攻毒方法,比较了3种致病菌OMP对斑点叉尾鮰的免疫原性。试验结果表明:从3种致病菌中提取的OMP对斑点叉尾鮰均具有较强的免疫原性,受免鱼的血清中存在对3种致病菌的交叉凝集抗体,与对照鱼相比,肾脏和血液中吞噬细胞对吞噬原的吞噬活性和对A. hydrophila活菌攻毒的相对免疫保护率(relative percent survival,RPS)明显上升。说明在3种供试菌的OMP上不同程度地存在共同保护性抗原。     

Crystal structure of the malaria vaccine candidate apical membrane antigen 1

Apical membrane antigen 1 from Plasmodium is a leading malaria vaccine candidate. The protein is essential for host-cell invasion, but its molecular function is unknown. The crystal structure of the three domains comprising the ectoplasmic region of the antigen from P. vivax, solved at 1.8 angstrom resolution, shows that domains I and II belong to the PAN motif, which defines a superfamily of protein folds implicated in receptor binding. We also mapped the epitope of an invasion-inhibitory monoclonal antibody specific for the P. falciparum ortholog and modeled this to the structure. The location of the epitope and current knowledge on structure-function correlations for PAN domains together suggest a receptor-binding role during invasion in which domain II plays a critical part. These results are likely to aid vaccine and drug design.     

Improving Geese Production Performance in “Goose-Fish” Production System by Competitive Reduction of Pathogenic Bacteria in Pond Water

This study investigated whether competitive reduction of pathogenic bacteria growth in pond water alleviates lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contamination and improves geese production performances in the “goose-fish” production system, thereby providing the potential for an improved technique for ecological water fowl production. In the first experiment, 240 Magang goslings of 15-d age were randomly and equally allocated into 16 “yard and pond” pens using a 2×2 factorial design with 4 replications per treatment. In the 55-d experimental period, the goslings received 2 main treatments: supplementation of Bacillus subtilis spores in the feed and addition of photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) to the pond water. Both B. subtilis spores and PSB treatments significantly suppressed water counts of Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Shigella, and LPS concentrations in pond water and in gosling blood (P<0.05). As the result, the two treatments significantly improved gosling weight gain and carcass quality, marked by enhanced breast and leg muscle percentages and reduced subcutaneous fat proportions (P<0.05). Moreover, the improved effects of B. subtilis spores and PSB treatments were additive. In the second experiment, 1 160 adult geese were induced to start egg laying from May throughout the summer months. The geese were separated equally into control and experimental flocks to fit into 2 integration production units, with a density of 1 bird m-2 meter on pond water. Experimental flock geese were treated with B. subtilis spores in feed and PSB in the pond water for the duration of the study. Such treatment combination significantly depressed the growth of E. coli, Salmonella and Shigella in the pond water and reduced LPS concentrations both in pond water and in geese blood (P<0.01). As a result, egg fertility, fertile and set egg hatchabilities were all improved in the treated flock. Results from both growing goslings and breeding geese demonstrated that water bacteria pollution can be competitively reduced by supplementation with B. subtilis spores via the feed and addition of PSB in pond water, each of which reduces LPS contamination to geese and improves production performances. Microecological agents such as B. subtilis spores and PSB improve water quality and provide a simple ecological technique for the “water fowl-fish” integrative production system.     

An immunogenic Onchocerca volvulus antigen: a specific and early marker of infection

Onchocerciasis (river blindness) is a serious health problem and a severe obstacle to social and economic development, especially in Africa. A complementary DNA fragment coding for an Onchocerca volvulus antigen (OV-16) was cloned and expressed in the plasmid vector pCG808fx. Immune responses to this O. volvulus-specific recombinant antigen were detectable in patients with documented onchocerciasis; the antibody response was also detectable at 3 months and at more than 1 year before infection could otherwise be detected in humans and in chimpanzees experimentally infected with O. volvulus third-stage larvae.     

阴外动脉灌注脂多糖对泌乳奶牛动脉血液中脂肪酸组成、摄取及血液脂质指标的影响

研究阴外动脉灌注脂多糖(LPS)对泌乳奶牛动脉血液中脂肪酸组成、摄取及血液脂质指标的影响.选用6头经产的荷斯坦奶牛(BW=(576.33±36.67)kg,DIM=(185.67±30.11)d),随机分成2组.采用交叉试验设计,每期试验7d,间隔期14d;试验组阴外动脉灌注LPS(Escherichia coli 0...     

Evidence for antibody-catalyzed ozone formation in bacterial killing and inflammation

Recently, we showed that antibodies catalyze the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from singlet molecular oxygen (1O2*) and water. Here, we show that this process can lead to efficient killing of bacteria, regardless of the antigen specificity of the antibody. H2O2 production by antibodies alone was found to be not sufficient for bacterial killing. Our studies suggested that the antibody-catalyzed water-oxidation pathway produced an additional molecular species with a chemical signature similar to that of ozone. This species is also generated during the oxidative burst of activated human neutrophils and during inflammation. These observations suggest that alternative pathways may exist for biological killing of bacteria that are mediated by potent oxidants previously unknown to biology.     

饮用水中添加脂多糖对小鼠能量代谢及行为的影响

【目的】研究长期饮水添加不同细菌来源脂多糖对小鼠采食、能量代谢以及行为变化的影响。【方法】选用48只5周龄C57/BL小鼠,随机分为8组,腹腔注射不同浓度脂多糖,观察采食量。进一步选用24只5周龄C57/BL小鼠,随机分为3组,分别饮用水中添加5μg·mL~(–1)大肠埃希菌Escherichia coil O128:B12脂多糖组、5μg·mL~(–1)大肠埃希菌O55:B5脂多糖组和不添加的对照组,试验周期为12周。试验结束前采用旷场和高空十字迷宫分析小鼠的运动和焦虑行为。试验结束后测定体组成,并采集皮下脂肪和脑核团样本分析相关基因表达。【结果】腹腔注射高剂量脂多糖抑制了小鼠采食,而饮用水中添加5μg·mL~(–1)不同细菌脂多糖均显著提高了小鼠采食量(P0.05),且上调了下丘脑弓状核中AgRP的mRNA表达量,而对POMC的mRNA的表达量无影响;饮用水中添加5μg·mL~(–1)不同细菌脂多糖显著降低了小鼠饲料利用率和体脂沉积水平,同时显著促进了褐色脂肪UCP-1和PGC-1ɑ的表达;饮用水中添加5μg·mL~(–1)脂多糖对小鼠焦虑行为无影响,但显著促进了小鼠的自发运动。脂多糖显著促进了海马体中c-fos和DRD2 mRNA的表达。【结论】饮用水中添加大肠埃希菌脂多糖能提高小鼠食欲、促进脂肪代谢和自主运动,这可能与海马体多巴胺神经元系统活性增强有关。     

Functional adaptation of BabA, the H. pylori ABO blood group antigen binding adhesin

Adherence by Helicobacter pylori increases the risk of gastric disease. Here, we report that more than 95% of strains that bind fucosylated blood group antigen bind A, B, and O antigens (generalists), whereas 60% of adherent South American Amerindian strains bind blood group O antigens best (specialists). This specialization coincides with the unique predominance of blood group O in these Amerindians. Strains differed about 1500-fold in binding affinities, and diversifying selection was evident in babA sequences. We propose that cycles of selection for increased and decreased bacterial adherence contribute to babA diversity and that these cycles have led to gradual replacement of generalist binding by specialist binding in blood group O-dominant human populations.     

A Plasmodium falciparum antigen that binds to host erythrocytes and merozoites

Antigens that bind to erythrocytes were identified in the supernatant fluids of a cultured human malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum). A 175-kilodalton (175K) antigen bound only to erythrocytes susceptible to invasion. The 175K antigen from the Camp or the FCR-3 strain also bound to merozoites. However, the antigen did not bind to merozoites when merozoites and supernatant antigens were from different strains unless proteinase inhibitors were present. Moreover, erythrocytes coated with supernatant antigens from the Camp or FCR-3 strain were invaded normally by merozoites of the homologous strain but were partially resistant to invasion by merozoites of the heterologous strain. The 175K antigen may be a receptor acting as a "bridge" between erythrocytes and merozoites.     

对猪流行性腹泻病毒灭活疫苗的佐剂作用

E515-A是一种含人参茎叶皂苷(GSLS)的白油佐剂。将E515-A和含猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)抗原的水相在低剪切力(转速200 r·min^-1)下混合,形成油乳剂疫苗。为观察E515-A对PEDV灭活疫苗的免疫增强作用,将72只ICR小鼠随机分成6组,分别进行2次(间隔2周)皮下注射:(1)0.9% NaCl溶液,(2)PEDV抗原+0.9% NaCl溶液,(3)PEDV抗原+GSLS,(4)PEDV抗原+白油佐剂,(5)PEDV抗原+E515-A和(6)PEDV抗原+氢氧化铝铝胶。于一免后24 h采血检测血清IFN-γ水平和NK细胞杀伤活性;于二免后检测血清特异性IgG及IgG1和IgG2a水平,制备脾淋巴细胞检测细胞增殖能力。结果表明,E515-A对于PEDV疫苗诱导的免疫反应具有显著的促进作用,免疫增强效果优于铝胶佐剂。和对照组比较,E515-A油佐剂可以显著促进免疫小鼠的NK细胞杀伤活性,促进细胞因子IFN-γ的产生,增强脾淋巴细胞对刀豆蛋白A(Con A)和脂多糖(LPS)刺激的增殖应答能力,提高血清IgG及其亚类IgG1和IgG2a水平。为增强猪的疫苗免疫效果,E515-A作为猪疫苗的佐剂值得进一步研究。     

Polysaccharide Nucleic Acid of Bacillus Calmette Guerin Modulates Th1/Th2 Cytokine Gene Expression in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mastitis in Rats

The aim of this study was to evaluate, in rats, the changes in the T helper type 1 (Th 1)/Th2 radio in mammary glands after an intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and to characterize the moderating effects of the polysaecharide nucleic acid of Bacillus Calraette Guerin (BCG-PSN) on the mammary gland. In the control group, the levels of IL-2 and INF-γ, mRNA expression increased, whereas IL-4 mRNA expression decreased after LPS challenge. As a consequence, the INF-γ/IL-4 mRNA ratio was significantly higher at 3, 6, and 9 h post-infusion (PI) compared to the control value (O h; P<0.01).BCG-PSN increased mRNA expression of both INF-γ' and IL-4 before infusion of LPS. LPS challenge significantly the reduced Th1/Th2 eytokine ratio due to Th1 cytokine IFN-γ suppression and Th2 cytokine IL-4 upregulation compared with the control group. A significant reduction ofN-acety1-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase) was observed at 24 h PI in the BCG-PSN treatment group compared to the control group (P<0.05). Thus, it was demonstrated that level of BCG-PSN might change the Th1/Th2 ratio mainly by enhancing the Th2 immune response. This is the first report of a Th1/Th2 change induced by coliform mastitis and characterization of the effect of BCG-PSN on mammary gland inflammation. This study makes a better understanding of the mechanisms of coliform mastitis and provides a putative novel strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of mastitis.