锡盟多伦县典型草原植物群落类型与土壤因子关系

为了阐明浑善达克沙地东南段植物群落类型与土壤因子关系,采用实地调查和室内分析的研究方法,将调查区域植被划分为5个群丛。不同群落类型土壤因子的主成分分析的结果表明:提取3个主分量能够解释98.8%的群落间土壤因子差异,第一主分量主要与有机质含量及土壤含水量相关;第二主分量主要与地下水埋深相关;第三主分量主要与土壤容重相关。     

锐齿栎林土壤呼吸对土壤水热变化的响应

按照5个土壤含水量(0.20、0.25、0.30、0.35、0.40 kg·kg-1)和5个温度(15、20、25、30、35 ℃)梯度设计试验,对取自北亚热带-暖温带过渡区锐齿栎(Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata)天然林中0～20 cm的原状土柱进行恒温培养和呼吸速率测定.结果表明:土壤温度、含水量及二者的交互作用都对土壤呼吸速率产生显著影响(P＜0.01); 土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈正相关,随土壤含水量增高的变化规律为单峰曲线,含水量为0.20～0.35 kg·kg-1 时土壤呼吸速率随含水量的增加而增加,0.35 kg·kg-1时土壤呼吸速率最高,0.35～0.40 kg·kg-1时随含水量的增加土壤呼吸速率下降,是对土壤呼吸产生抑制的土壤含水量临界点;锐齿栎林土壤呼吸Q10值的变化范围为1.36～3.10,平均为2.13,Q10随土壤温度的升高而下降,随含水量增加的变化趋势与土壤呼吸速率一致;土壤含水量0.35 kg·kg-1和土壤温度35 ℃结合下的土壤呼吸速率最高; 回归关系表明土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈显著的指数函数关系(P＜0.01),与土壤含水量呈二次函数关系(P＜0.10),土壤温度与含水量可以分别解释呼吸速率变化的73.26%与21.85%,共同解释能力为86.40%,土壤温度对呼吸速率的影响大于土壤含水量.     

皆伐对杉木林土壤物理性质的短期影响

用环刀采集皆伐半年后的杉木林皆伐迹地土壤剖面0～5、5～10、10～15、15～20、20～25、25～30、30～35、35～40、40～45、45～50、65～70和90～95 cm土层的土样,测定其土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度和毛管持水量等。结果表明:随着土层深度的增加,皆伐迹地的土壤容重和毛管孔隙度增加,非毛管孔隙度波动性下降,总孔隙度和毛管持水量下降后微升;与杉木林地表土层的土壤相比,皆伐迹地表土层土壤的容重、孔隙度和毛管持水量均有所下降。     

地膜覆盖边缘效应对土壤水分及杨树苗生长的影响

针对杨树地膜覆盖扦插苗在苗床不同部位的生长差异现象,应用美洲黑杨湘林-75无性系1年生苗,采取不同苗木及苗床部位双因子试验设计方法,进行扦插育苗试验.结果显示:种苗不同部位扦插育苗的保存率、地径和苗高年生长量均无显著差异.在地膜仅覆盖苗床上面而裸露侧面情况下,由于地膜的边缘效应,边行土壤在8月中旬的土壤含水率比苗床中部...     

落叶松林地土壤含水量和土壤养分特征分析

落叶松为松科落叶松属的落叶乔木,是我国东北、内蒙古林区以及华北、西南高山针叶林的主要森林组成树种。试验采用混合采样法,采集金沟屯林场不同林班的土样,对其土壤水分及土壤养分的含量进行分析。研究结果表明：落叶松有林地的土壤含水量（14．98％～18．75％）、有机质（19．0234～22．6999g／kg）、全氮（0．8350～0．9558g／kg）、全磷（0．3618～0．3988g／kg）、全钾（13．4389～14．0865g／kg）、碱解氮（82．2826～86．3147mg／kg）、速效磷（8．841O～9．7346mg／kg）、速效钾（170．0350-303．5020mg／kg）的含量均高于无林地的土壤含水量（10．20％～12．13％）、有机质（13．6614～16．8208g／kg）、全氮（0．4480～0．5040g／kg）、全磷（0．3388～0．3753g／kg）、全钾（11．9508～12．9810g／kg）、碱解氮（69．4000～72．0350mg／kg）、速效磷（5．839O～6．2873mg／kg）、速效钾（100．1399～206．9860mg／kg）的含量,这说明落叶松对土壤有着较好的涵养水源、保持水土的作用。     

Effects of compaction and water content on lodgepole pine seedling growth

Soil disturbance by heavy machinery usually causes a decrease in porosity and an increase in soil strength, which may limit access to nutrients and compromise seedling survival and growth. This study used a soil strength and a greenhouse experiment to assess the impact of compaction on lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. Ex. Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) seedling growth and the degree to which soil water influences the effects of compaction. A silt loam soil was collected from a forest landing in the central interior of British Columbia (BC) in the Sub-Boreal Spruce Biogeoclimatic zone. The silt loam soil was used in a soil strength experiment where soil with four water content levels (0.10, 0.18, 0.27, and 0.36 cm³ cm⁻³) was packed into 0.21 cm³ cores with three levels of compaction (74, 79, and 84% of maximum bulk density (MBD)). Soil strength was strongly affected by compaction and water content. In the greenhouse experiment, three water content levels (0.10–0.15, 0.20–0.30, and 0.30–0.35 cm³ cm⁻³) and three levels of compaction (67, 72, and 76% of MBD) were applied to soil in pots and 1-year old lodgepole pine seedlings were grown in the pots. Soil strength was highest (1275 kPa) for the high compaction and dry water content treatment in the greenhouse experiment. Though the soil strength for this treatment did not exceed 2500 kPa, the effect of compaction on growth was noticeable, with a decrease in diameter growth, total shoot mass, and new root mass as compaction increased at the dry water content. At dry water content and high compaction, foliar nutrient concentrations were greatest. Generally, water content had a greater impact on seedling growth than did compaction, at the levels of compaction used in this study. This study indicates that if there is a critical value for mechanical impedance of the conifer roots, it likely occurs below 2500 kPa. Our results are consistent with the explanation that soil strength incrementally affects root growth below 2500 kPa for this soil type. Expensive rehabilitation techniques may not be needed on lightly disturbed soils similar to that used in this study if soil water content is high enough throughout the conifer growing season to alleviate the effects of compaction on soil strength.     

Prescribed burning and mechanical thinning effects on belowground conditions and soil respiration in a mixed-conifer forest,California

Soil respiration (R_S) is a major carbon pathway from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere and is sensitive to environmental changes. Although commonly used mechanical thinning and prescribed burning can significantly alter the soil environment, the effect of these practices on R_S and on the interactions between R_S and belowground characteristics in managed forests is not sufficiently understood. We: (1) examined the effects of burning and thinning treatments on soil conditions, (2) identified any changes in the effects of soil chemical and physical properties on R_S under burning and thinning treatments, and (3) indirectly estimated the changes in the autotrophic soil respiration (R_A) and heterotrophic soil respiration (R_H) contribution to R_S under burning and thinning treatments. We conducted our study in the Teakettle Experimental Forest where a full factorial design was implemented with three levels of thinning, none (N), understory thinning (U), and overstory thinning (O; September to October 2000 for thin burn combination and June and July 2001 for thin only treatments) and two levels of burning, none (U) and prescribed burning (B; fall of 2001). R_S, soil temperature, soil moisture, litter depth, soil total nitrogen and carbon content, soil pH, root biomass, and root nitrogen (N) concentration were measured between June 15 and July 15, 2002 at each plot. During this period, soil respiration was measured three times at each point and averaged by point. When we assumed the uniform and even contribution of R_A and R_H to R_S in the studied ecosystem without disturbances and a linear relationship of root N content and R_A, we calculated the contributions of R_A to R_S as 22, 45, 53, 48, and 45% in UU, UO, BN, BU, and BO, respectively. The results suggested that after thinning, R_S was controlled more by R_H while after burning R_S was more influenced by R_A. The least amount of R_S variation was explained by studied factors under the most severe treatment (BO treatment). Overall, root biomass, root N concentration, and root N content were significantly (p < 0.01) correlated with soil respiration with correlation coefficients of 0.37, −0.28, and 0.29, respectively. This study contributes to our understanding of how common forestry management practices might affect soil carbon sequestration, as soil respiration is a major component of ecosystem respiration.     

稻草覆盖对果园土壤温度与含水量的影响

在洮南市北部半山区的果树试验场,按果树树冠垂直投影筑树盘,对树盘进行稻草覆盖处理,研究其对土壤温度与含水量的影响。结果表明：覆草处理能够有效地提高土壤含水量,年平均含水量比清耕地高出16．0％;经覆草处理的土壤,生长前期土温上升缓慢,后期土温下降缓慢,越冬前,土温高于清耕地2．00℃,可减少低温对根系的危害。     

间伐对华北落叶松人工林凋落物和土壤理化性质的影响研究

为了了解间伐对华北落叶松人工林凋落物和土壤理化性质的影响,利用试验测定和定量统计的方法,分析比较了河北省塞罕坝机械林场间伐和未间伐华北落叶松人工林凋落物层和土壤层(0~10cm、10~20cm)的理化性质,结果显示:与未间伐林分相比,50%强度间伐6a后林分内凋落物层生物量、质量含水量、有机质含量和全氮含量分别提高了17.25%、6.05%、9.08%、31.94%;土壤层的质量含水量、土壤容重和有机质含量有所上升(0~10cm土壤层分别增加4.84%、11.11%、15.67%;10~20cm土壤层分别增加10.25%、12.50%、28.97%),而全氮含量呈下降趋势(0~10cm土壤层减少20.83%;10~20cm土壤层减少16.67%);土壤pH值亦有所下降。研究进一步证实,通过间伐能够增加地表凋落物生物量,改变有机质分解速率,从而在一定程度上影响土壤的理化特性。     

不同密度樟子松人工林土壤水分变化规律

通过对新江实验林场不同密度、不同年龄阶段的樟子松人工林土壤水分进行测定,分析与探讨了樟子松人工森对土壤水分的影响以及涵养水分的能力;不同密度的樟子松人工林土壤水分的垂直分布,生长季节变化规律、历年变化情况、贮水量的差别,樟子松的林分密度。研究结果表明,樟子松人工林土壤水变化受密度制约,适宜的密度为６２５－８３０株／ｈｍ＾２。     

滇中高原云南松天然林和人工林土壤呼吸特征的比较

以云南磨盘山国家森林公园云南松天然林和人工林为研究对象,采用LI-6400-09便携式土壤呼吸室对土壤呼吸速率进行连续定位观测。结果表明:(1)两种林分的土壤呼吸速率具有明显的季节变化,均呈单峰曲线趋势;云南松天然林土壤呼吸速率在1.58~4.23μmol·m-2s-1之间,变异幅度为2.68;人工林土壤呼吸速率在1.13~3.34μmol·m-2s-1之间,变异幅度为2.96。(2)土壤呼吸速率的季节变化与不同层次土壤含水量均显著正相关(p0.05),而与不同层次土壤温度的相关性仅在云南松人工林达到显著水平。(3)双因素关系模型拟合结果表明,土壤温度和含水量共同解释了云南松天然林和人工林土壤呼吸速率的80.8%~93.0%和84.2%~85.9%。(4)两种林分土壤呼吸速率与土壤有机质含量相关性不显著(p0.05),土壤全氮含量仅与云南松天然林土壤呼吸相关性显著(R2=0.712,p0.05),而土壤水解氮含量对两林分土壤呼吸的影响均达到显著水平(p0.05),土壤C/N则与两林分呈极显著(p0.01)的负相关关系。因此,与天然林相比,人工林土壤温度、湿度及土壤C、N养分含量等土壤环境因子都存在变化,从而导致云南松天然林和人工林土壤呼吸速率时空变化的差异性。     

不同土壤、立地类型对土壤含水率和苹果果实生长的影响

为弄清不同土壤、立地类型对土壤含水率和苹果果实生长的影响,以‘长富2’苹果为试材,选取了粘壤土平地、粘壤土梯田、壤土平地、壤土梯田、沙土平地、沙土梯田、上层壤土下层尾矿砂平地7种不同土壤、立地类型苹果园,研究其对土壤含水率及苹果果实生长的影响。结果表明:粘壤土类型土壤含水率最高,壤土类型、上层壤土下层尾矿砂类型次之,沙土类型最低;上层壤土下层尾矿砂平地果实纵径、横径及体积均为最大,分别为6.858cm、8.092cm、301.82cm3,粘壤土和壤土果实纵径、横径及体积次之,沙土果实纵径、横径及体积最小;粘壤土含水量与果实纵径、横径及体积多呈负相关关系,其中5月1日至5月15日粘壤土平地土壤含水率与果实纵径、横径及体积均呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.754、-0.827、-0.690;其他土壤、立地类型多呈正相关,其中5月16日至5月31日壤土梯田土壤含水率与果实纵径、横径及体积均呈显著或极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.685、0.610、0.723;6月1日至6月28日上层壤土下层尾矿砂平地土壤含水率与果实纵径、横径及体积均呈显著或极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.819、0.541、0.616。     

The influence of soil conditions on regeneration establishment for degraded secondary forest restoration, Southern China

To assess the impact of soil conditions on regeneration establishment we chose three diversity indexes as quantitative indicators of the understory of degraded secondary tropical forest, and selected two different function groups of species for subsequent restoration management. By applying redundancy analysis (RDA) the factors affecting understory diversity and species richness and number of different function groups were investigated. RDA showed that soil conditions had a positive effect (all contribution rates exceeded 55%) in explaining regeneration diversity, grouped species richness and number. Soil available P were the main factors affecting understory diversity and species richness, while pH value and available K were the main factors affecting species number and target species. The response of regeneration to pH value, available P and available K were different. This analysis could be used to determine suitable soil conditions for different restoration purposes. The results should be useful for effective and scientific management of regeneration restoration in the future.     

Effect of moisture on physical parameters of timber from Turkey oak (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus cerris</Emphasis> L.) coppice in Central Italy

This study aims to investigate wood density at different levels of moisture, basic density and shrinkage of timber from Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) coppice forests growing in Central Italy. We also studied the variability in density in the trees within and among sites. Density shows no significant statistical differences in the tested population. A higher variability in the shrinkage than in the density was found. Wood moisture is referred to as dry mass and fresh mass, which is related to many performance characteristics of wood, i.e., energy production. Trends in moisture and water content were studied because these physical parameters play an important role in the specific area of firewood which requires an accurate estimation of mass, volume and energy content. This work is a contribution to improve xylo-energy estimates of small and medium forestry issues.     

Appropriate density of water and soil conservation of Pinus tabulaeformis and Robinia pseudoacacia forests in loess area, North China

In this paper, based on a long-term monitoring of water cycle in the water and soil conservation forest stands of Pinus tabulaeformis and Robinia pseudoacacia, the soil moisture deficit is calculated. Following the principles of runoff-collecting forestry and applying the forest structure investigation results, the authors developed a formula to calculate appropriate density for forests on the basis of different diameters at breast height (DBH). Using this method to manage forests, the natural water requirement of forests can be met and soil drought can be avoided. In addition, with long-term monitoring of soil moisture in stands, the authors also give an appropriate managing density specifically for the water and soil conservation forests of P. tabulaeformis and R. pseudoacacia in the loess area which is according to soil moisture content, or with the lowest soil moisture content and invalid moisture frequency as the indexes. __________ Translated from Science of Water and Soil Conservation, 2007, 5(2): 55–59 [译自: 中国水土保持科学]     

不同立地、土壤类型对土壤含水量和苹果新梢生长的影响

为了给苹果园土壤水分管理提供依据,以‘长富2’苹果为试材,选取粘壤土平地、粘壤土梯田、壤土平地、壤土梯田、沙土平地、沙土梯田、上层壤土、下层尾矿砂平地7种不同立地、土壤类型苹果园,研究其对土壤含水量及苹果新梢生长的影响。结果表明:不同时期粘壤土平地的土壤含水量均极显著高于沙土平地、沙土梯田、上层壤土下层尾矿砂平地的土壤含水量,沙土平地、沙土梯田的土壤含水量均极显著低于其他立地、土壤类型。各立地、土壤类型长、中、短新梢均只有一次生长,迅速生长期基本一致,在4月初到5月底;除沙土平地和沙土梯田类型外,其他5种立地、土壤类型徒长新梢均出现了二次生长,第1次迅速生长期与其他新梢一致,第2次生长期在7月至8月。不同立地、土壤类型土壤含水量与苹果各类新梢长度均呈正相关,达到显著相关水平的时期多出现在新梢生长高峰期,其中,4月22日至5月13日,壤土梯田、沙土平地的土壤含水量与长梢长度的相关系数分别为0.968、0.966,5月14日至5月31日,壤土梯田的土壤含水量与徒长新梢长度的相关系数为0.986,壤土平地的土壤含水量与长梢长度的相关系数为0.980。     

永嘉早香柚授粉及保水措施试验

为探索永嘉早香柚的低产原因和降低内裂果措施。进行了授粉和保水措施试验，结果表明，通过授粉能有效提高永嘉早香柚的座果率；授粉配合保水措施能有效降低永嘉早香柚的内裂果和裂瓣率。     

覆盖对毛竹林土壤物理性质及养分含量的影响

【目的】了解覆盖对毛竹Phyllostachys edulis林土壤物理性质及养分含量的影响,为毛竹笋用林覆盖经营提供理论依据。【方法】以湖北省咸宁市毛竹林为研究对象,采用不同覆盖措施连续覆盖3 a,分析比较不同土壤层次间物理性质及养分含量的差异。【结果】覆盖可改善表层(0~10 cm)土壤的物理性质,使该层土壤容重显著降低,毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量和最大持水量等显著提高(P<0.05)。覆盖对土壤全钾、有效磷和速效钾含量有显著影响,覆盖能显著提高表层土壤全氮、全磷、有效磷和速效钾含量及较深层(10~20 cm和20~40 cm)土壤有效磷和速效钾含量。总体来说,随着土壤层次的加深,覆盖对土壤养分的影响程度逐渐减小。毛竹林覆盖后,不同土层间土壤物理性质及养分含量存在显著差异,主要表现为随着土壤层次的加深,土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量、毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度等显著降低,土壤容重则表现出相反的趋势;除全钾外,其他土壤养分含量均在0~10 cm层最高。【结论】在不考虑其他因素的情况下,以稻草20 cm+谷壳10 cm方式覆盖对毛竹林土壤物理性质及养分含量的影响较好。     

冀北山地华北落叶松、桦木林土壤水分物理性质研究

华北落叶松和桦木是冀北山区最主要的造林树种。为探讨二者的纯林或混交林对土壤水分物理性质的影响,以冀北山地华北落叶松林、落叶松白桦混交林、桦木林、黑桦林为研究对象,对其土壤水分物理性质进行比较,结果表明:土层越深,土壤容重越大,由大到小依次为华北落叶松林(1.14g/cm~3)、黑桦林(1.03g/cm~3)、落叶松白桦混交林(1.01g/cm~3)、桦木林(0.98g/cm~3),土壤总孔隙度由大到小排序为落叶松白桦混交林(53.04%)、华北落叶松林(51.84%)、桦木林(51.40%)、黑桦林(51.14%);土壤最大持水量由大到小排序为落叶松白桦混交林(55.53%)、桦木林(52.81%)、黑桦林(51.33%)、华北落叶松林(48.22%);土壤稳渗速率由大到小排序为落叶松白桦混交林、桦木林、黑桦林、华北落叶松林。营造华北落叶松和桦木混交林有利于土壤涵养水源和保持水土。     

喜玛拉雅嘎瓦耳地区的坡向对温带自然森林的森林成分,群落结构和土壤特性的影响

在喜玛拉雅嘎瓦耳（Garhwal Himalaya）地区,选择7种温带（1500 to 3100 m,a.s.l.）森林类型,研究不同坡面（东北,西北,东南,西南）对自然森林的森林成分、群落结构和土壤特性的影响。在每种森林中自由采样。为了阐明研究不同坡面（东北、西北、东南、西南）对天然森林的森林成分、群落结构和土壤特性的影响,利用标准统计软件计算多种指标,如,重要价值指标、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、优势辛普森浓度、辛普森多样性指数、种均匀度和物种丰富度指数。在每种森林中采集复合土壤样品,分析土壤的物理化学特性、水分含量、持水量、pH、有机碳、磷、钾和有效氮含量。结果表明,北坡森林的总基盖度（高山栎林Quercus semecarpifolia为74.4 m2&#183;ha-1）、优势度（长叶松林Pinus roxburghii为0.85）和树种多样（石斛蟹Quercus floribunda为1.81）均高于其他坡位森林,北坡森林土壤中的水分含量（白橡树Quercusleucotrichophora为40.8%）、持水量（藏柏Cupressus torulos为48.9%）、有机碳（雪松Cedrus deodara为3.8%）、磷（白橡树Quercus leucotrichophora为31.9 kg&#183;ha-1）和氮（西藏长叶松林Pinus roxburghii为1.0%）均比其他坡位土壤值高。因此,北坡森林的生产力较高。