水稻的光温反应型及其在育种上的应用

我国水稻产区一年多熟制的发展,要求有早熟高产的品种,但生产实践中,在甲地表现早熟高产的品种,到乙地未必早熟高产,或者早而不高。因此,育成早熟高产而又适应性广的品种,是育种家共同关心的问题。不同地区和不同栽培季节的差异,首先反应在日长和温度上。从光温关系上看,一个品种的早迟是品种特性对当地光温条件的反应,品种的适应性也首先是一个品种对光温条件适应范围大小的问题。     

中国大豆资源异黄酮含量及其组分的遗传变异和演化特征

【目的】中国拥有丰富的栽培大豆和野生大豆资源,研究不同生态区大豆种质异黄酮含量的遗传变异和演化特征为专用型品种的选育奠定基础。【方法】以来自中国各生态区的580份地方品种、106份育成品种、209份野生大豆组成的895份大豆种质为材料,88份国外品种为参照,采用快速高效液相色谱法测定12种大豆籽粒异黄酮,分析其遗传变异和演化特征。【结果】全国野生大豆、地方品种与育成品种大豆异黄酮总含量(TISF)及其组分均存在很大变异。TISF变幅分别为927.29—7932.94、259.38—7725.45和489.67—5968.90μg·g-1,平均分别为2994.51、3241.33和2704.83μg·g-1。从野生种到地方品种再到育成品种,长期人工育种使染料木苷类总含量(尤其是丙二酰基染料木苷)与黄豆苷类总含量(尤其是乙酰基黄豆苷和丙二酰基黄豆苷)增加,大豆苷类总含量(尤其是乙酰基大豆苷)却明显降低,从而导致育成品种平均TISF低于野生种。各生态区的野生和栽培种质的TISF及其组分均有大量变异。野生种TISF与种质来源地经、纬度无显著性相关,栽培种则由于各地人工进化的差异形成了与地理经、纬度均有极显著负相关(r=-0.264和-0.380)的特点。从983份材料中优选出ZYD3621(TISF7932.94μg·g-1)、N3188(TISF7725.45μg·g-1)、N20793(TGL5122.21μg·g-1)等一批高TISF与高组分特异种质可供异黄酮育种利用。【结论】中国从野生种到地方品种再到育成品种,异黄酮含量及其组分的演化特点为栽培大豆平均异黄酮总含量、染料木苷类与黄豆苷类总含量均高于野生种,大豆苷类总含量低于野生种。中国各生态区域内大豆异黄酮及其组分均有丰富变异,从中筛选出一批高含量、高组分种质可供异黄酮育种利用。     

不同大豆品种对光温反应特性的鉴定试验

大豆生育期受品种遗传因素和环境条件的共同制约,是作物光温反应的综合体现,而光温因素是环境条件中两个最重要的因素。鉴定大豆品种对光温反应特性的表现,对大豆品种分类、生育期分组和调整大豆生产布局,实现我国大豆产业科学化与标准化具有重要意义。     

野生大豆与栽培大豆种子营养成分比较

以野生大豆(Glycine soja)和栽培大豆(Glycine max)为试验材料,分析了其种子营养成分。结果表明,野生大豆子粒中粗蛋白含量高于栽培大豆,粗脂肪、总糖、总异黄酮及粗纤维含量低于栽培大豆。野生大豆和栽培大豆中均检出10种脂肪酸,其中亚油酸、亚麻酸、油酸含量较高,野生大豆中硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、花生酸、亚麻酸、花生一烯酸含量高于栽培大豆。野生大豆与栽培大豆均检出16种氨基酸,野生大豆的组氨酸、丝氨酸、精氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸及赖氨酸含量高于栽培大豆。栽培大豆的总氨基酸含量高于野生大豆。     

大豆GmGBP1-i植株开花后光周期反应及农艺性状分析

大豆是典型短日照植物,对光周期反应敏感。利用GmGBP1-i干涉植株与光周期反应敏感的大豆品种DN50为试验材料,通过短日照和长日照两种不同条件光周期处理,明确不同基因型大豆植株开花后光周期反应敏感性,同时分析其农艺性状。结果表明,不同光照条件下,GmGBP1干涉大豆植株均表现为植株矮小、节间距缩短、不同程度减产,且光周期反应敏感度较野生型低。说明GmGBP1基因在大豆生长、发育和生殖过程中具有重要作用。     

黑龙江春小麦品种对温度反应特性的研究

为探讨黑龙江春小麦不同生态类型品种对温度的反应特性,在严格人工控温、控光条件下,利用不同温度处理光温生态类型不同的黑龙江春小麦品种,比较分析温度对春小麦各发育阶段进程和主要产量因素农艺性状的影响。结果表明,相对高温对光温生态类型不同的春小麦品种主要产量因素农艺性状的影响存在极显著的品种间差异。为春小麦生育期结构设计、生长发育和产量形成的人工调控提供依据,进而丰富黑龙江春小麦育种理论。     

Relevant Analysis of between Weather Conditions and Summer Soybean( Glycine max)'s Development Process and Production

[目的]研究淮北地区气象条件对夏大豆( Glycine max)生长发育的影响,寻求影响其生长发育的关键因子.[方法]2011年设置46个品种(系)的展示试验,2004和2011年进行播期试验,同步观察夏大豆生长发育进程和气象因子.[结果]适期夏播中熟大豆播种～出苗5～6d,需积温135 ～ 160 ℃;8～9片复叶展开时始花;出苗～始花27～35 d,需积温750 ～ 950 ℃;始花～成熟58～69d,需积温1 350 -1 600℃.生育期与主茎节数、有效分枝、单株结实荚数、荚粒数呈直线相关.播期推迟,生育期缩短,出苗～成熟所需积温减少,主茎节数减少,结实荚数下降,产量降低.夏大豆生长期内积温高、白昼时间长、≥0.1 mm雨日多,则产量高,生育期长;出苗～始花日照时数长,则始花推迟,主茎节数、单株粒数、产量增加;始花～成熟降水量多,则单株结实荚数、单株粒数和产量增加.[结论]淮北夏大豆应在6月中旬播种.     

新丰县食用菌野外栽培气候条件可行性分析

根据食用菌对光、温、湿等气候条件的要求,结合新丰县气候特点和植被分布特点,分析不同地区和不同季节光、温、湿气候条件的配合对食用菌生长的利弊,划分野外栽培食用菌的栽培地区和栽培季节。同时,针对气象灾害对食用菌生长可能造成的影响,提出农业生产建议。     

气象条件与夏大豆生育进程和产量的相关分析

[目的]研究淮北地区气象条件对夏大豆(Glycine max)生长发育的影响,寻求影响其生长发育的关键因子。[方法]2011年设置46个品种(系)的展示试验,2004和2011年进行播期试验,同步观察夏大豆生长发育进程和气象因子。[结果]适期夏播中熟大豆播种～出苗5～6 d,需积温135～160℃;8～9片复叶展开时始花;出苗～始花27～35 d,需积温750～950℃;始花～成熟58～69 d,需积温1 350～1 600℃。生育期与主茎节数、有效分枝、单株结实荚数、荚粒数呈直线相关。播期推迟,生育期缩短,出苗～成熟所需积温减少,主茎节数减少,结实荚数下降,产量降低。夏大豆生长期内积温高、白昼时间长、≥0.1 mm雨日多,则产量高,生育期长;出苗～始花日照时数长,则始花推迟,主茎节数、单株粒数、产量增加;始花～成熟降水量多,则单株结实荚数、单株粒数和产量增加。[结论]淮北夏大豆应在6月中旬播种。     

浅析茄子的栽培技术

<正>茄子是我国北方主要的蔬菜种类之一,在生产中占有重要地位,在我国各地栽培普遍,尤其是在广大农村,茄子的栽培面积远比番茄大。东北地区以栽培长茄为主。茄子适应范围广泛,容易栽培,生长期长,产量较高,是夏秋季的主要蔬菜之一。茄子喜温作物,较耐高温,结果的适宜温度为25~30℃。对光周期长短的反应不敏感,只要温度适宜,从春到秋都能开花、结实。以露地栽培为主,北方早春利     

Sampling Survey and Identification of Races of Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) in Huang-Huai Valleys

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is one of the most important nationwide soybean diseases in China. A total of 38 soil specimens or locations in the area was sampled and tested for SCN races during 2001-2003 for the inspection of race distribution in Huang-Huai Valleys. A map of race distribution was constructed according to the data from both the present study and the published reports cited. Three areas, namely, the area of southeast to Jinan in Shangdong Province; the area of northern Henan Province and its border region to south of Hebei Province; and the area of Luohe, Zhoukou of Henan Province and Fuyang of Anhui Province mainly infested with Race 1 were identified. Race 4 was predominant in Shanxi Province, Beijing and the adjacent area of Henan, Shandong, and Anhui provinces, and the delta of Huanghe River in Shandong Province. Race 2 was mainly found in Liaocheng, Dezhou of Shangdong Province and Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, and Jiaozuo and Huojia of Henan Province. Race 7 was distributed in the west part of Jiaodong Peninsula of Shandong Province and Kaifeng, Huaxian, Wenxian of Henan Province. Race 5 was found and scattered in Hebei and Henan Province. Race 9 was found in Shangqiu of Henan Province, which was reported for the first time in China. It can be seen that Race 1 and Race 4 were the two predominant races in Huang-Huai Valleys, and that research should focus on developing resistant cultivars of these races. There might exist other races in an area with some predominant races. The race substitution in the past decade was not obviously found, therefore, the results should be meaningful to future breeding for resistance to SCN in Huang-Huai Valleys.     

多环境下野生大豆染色体片段代换系群体农艺性状相关QTL/片段的鉴定

【目的】改进染色体片段代换系群体,挖掘野生大豆（Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc.）中蕴藏的农艺性状优异等位变异,为拓宽栽培大豆（Glycine max (L.) Merr.）的遗传基础提供材料和依据。【方法】通过标记加密和剔除部分单标记型片段的方法,改进以野生大豆N24852为供体,栽培大豆NN1138-2为受体的染色体片段代换系（CSSL）群体SojaCSSLP1;对改进后的群体（SojaCSSLP2）进行3年2点田间试验,通过单标记分析、区间作图、完备复合区间作图和基于混合线性模型的复合区间作图等4种定位方法,结合与轮回亲本有显著差异的染色体片段代换系间相互比对,检测与大豆开花期、株高、主茎节数、单株荚数、百粒重和单株粒重相关的野生片段。【结果】改进后的群体（SojaCSSLP2）由150个CSSL构成,其中,有130个家系与SojaCSSLP1相同;在原遗传图谱上,新增40个SSR标记,相邻标记间平均遗传距离由16.15 cM变为12.91 cM,大于20 cM的区段由32个减少至17个,标记覆盖遗传距离总长度较原图谱（2 063.04 cM）增加103.52 cM;群体NN1138-2背景回复率变幅为79.45%-99.70%,平均为94.62%。利用SojaCSSLP2群体,分别鉴定到与开花期、株高、主茎节数、单株荚数、百粒重和单株粒重相关的4、5、5、7、14和3个工作QTL（working QTL）/片段,其中有15个工作QTL/片段能在多个环境下检测到,属共性工作QTL（joint working QTL）;除片段Sct_190-Sat_293上的主茎节数位点外,野生等位变异具有的加性效应方向与双亲表型差异方向一致;单个位点分别能解释5%-64%的表型变异;同时,分别检测到3、2和2个与地点存在互作的株高、主茎节数和单株荚数QTL/片段,其中与凤阳环境的互作均具有增加表型的效应,这可能与凤阳较南京所处纬度高有关;这些位点/片段分布在26个染色体片段上,其中有7个片段与2个及以上性状相关,可能是性状相关的遗传基础;与前人结果比较,有3个开花期、3个株高、2个主茎节数、2个单株荚数、8个百粒重、2个单株粒重位点能在其他遗传背景栽培大豆中检测到,说明在这些位点上野生大豆和栽培大豆间及栽培大豆间均存在遗传差异;另外18个位点（片段）为本研究利用野生大豆的新发现。【结论】大豆开花期、株高和主茎节数的遗传基础较百粒重简单,前者均存在效应较大位点/片段,后者多由小效应位点控制,遗传基础极为复杂;野生大豆中蕴藏着新的等位变异,能拓宽栽培大豆遗传基础。     

Genetic Diversity and Evolutionary Tendency Detected by Isozyme, RFLP and RAPD Markers in the Wild and Cultivated Soybean in China

A large numbers of samples of wild soybean accessions and cultivated soybean landraces from various areas in China were analyzed by isozyrme, cytoplasmic DNA RFLP and nuclear DNA RAPD markers in order to reveal their genetic diversity. Greater comprehensive genetic diversity was detected in wild soybean than in cultivated soybean. The genetic plentifulness and the genetic dispersion of wild soybean were 180 (95. 2％) and 0. 2891 while those of cultivated soybean were 154(81.5％) and 0. 2091,respectively. On the most loci, especially on isozyme loci Idh1, Aph, Idh2,and Dia, cytoplasmic DNA RFLP loci cp Ⅰ , cp Ⅲ, mt Ⅳ a and mt Ⅳ b, and nuclear RAPD loci OPAP4-8, OPAP5-1, OPAP9-8 and OPAP20-8, the wild soybeans djffered remarkably from the cultivated ones in allele frequency. These markers could be used in further study on the evolution and origin of the cultivated soybean.     

Sampling Survey and Identification of Races of Soybean Cyst Nematode （Heterodera glycines Ichinohe） in Huang-Huai Valleys

Soybean cyst nematode （SCN Heterodera glycines Ichinohe） is one of the most important nationwide soybean diseases in China. A total of 38 soil specimens or locations in the area was sampled and tested for SCN races during 2001-2003 for the inspection of race distribution in Huang-Huai Valleys. A map of race distribution was constructed according to the data from both the present study and the published reports cited. Three areas, namely, the area of southeast to Jinan in Shangdong Province; the area of northern Henan Province and its border region to south of Hebei Province; and the area of Luohe, Zhoukou of Henan Province and Fuyang of Anhui Province mainly infested with Race 1 were identified. Race 4 was predominant in Shanxi Province, Beijing and the adjacent area of Henan, Shandong, and Anhui provinces, and the delta of Huanghe River in Shandong Province. Race 2 was mainly found in Liaocheng, Dezhou of Shangdong Province and Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, and Jiaozuo and Huojia of Henan Province. Race 7 was distributed in the west part of Jiaodong Peninsula of Shandong Province and Kaifeng, Huaxian, Wenxian of Henan Province. Race 5 was found and scattered in Hebei and Henan Province. Race 9 was found in Shangqiu of Henan Province, which was reported for the first time in China. It can be seen that Race 1 and Race 4 were the two predominant races in Huang-Huai Valleys, and that research should focus on developing resistant cultivars of these races. There might exist other races in an area with some predominant races. The race substitution in the past decade was not obviously found, therefore, the results should be meaningful to future breeding for resistance to SCN in Huang-Huai Valleys.     

野生大豆蛋白质优异基因源种间杂交遗传规律及其应用研究进展

野生大豆是栽培大豆品种改良的基因来源。野生大豆与栽培大豆杂交是未来大豆新种质增加的有效途径。野生大豆具有高蛋白、多花多荚和抗逆性强等优良特性。研究证明大豆育种上通过种间杂交方法创造出具有野生血缘的育种中间材料,可以选育出高蛋白大豆新品种。深入探索野生大豆高蛋白资源在大豆种间杂交后代的遗传规律,可以为大豆特异种质创新提供理论依据。     

野生大豆(Glycine soya)光合生理学研究进展

野生大豆是栽培大豆的近缘野生物种,具有较强的抗逆性和适应能力,可利用野生大豆资源拓宽大豆遗传基础、改良栽培大豆。近年来,国内外野生大豆研究已经取得了一定的进步。本文从光合生理学的角度,综述了近年来野生大豆的研究进展,旨为我国野生大豆科研和生产提供参考。     

山西省大豆品种资源研究

大豆品种资源研究包括野生大豆考察和搜集。考察了山西省7个地区51个县市,搜集到野生大豆542份,均编目入国家品种资源库。栽培大豆经征集、观察、记载、整理、保存、编目入库2 272份,数量之多,居全国首位。经品质、抗逆性、抗病性鉴定,筛选出许多优异资源,如脂肪含量高达23%～24%,蛋白质含量45%～48%;耐旱、耐盐、耐酸雨;抗大豆花叶病、根腐病、孢囊线虫病。通过大豆品种资源的种内和种间杂交,探讨了其遗传变异规律,创造出84个栽培大豆新品系,其中,高抗大豆孢囊线虫的8个新品系,被国内20多个科研生产单位利用,产生了较大的经济和社会效益。野生大豆创新出110个中间材料,可作饲草在汾河两岸种植,也可作纳豆进行开发。     

干旱胁迫对野生及栽培大豆幼苗生理特性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了干旱胁迫对野生及栽培大豆生理特性及抗氧化酶活性的影响。即用相对含水量分别为80%、70%、60%、50%、40%、30%的土壤分别栽种野生大豆和栽培大豆,测定其根系活力、细胞膜透性、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果表明：在同样的土壤相对含水量以及干旱胁迫程度下,相对于栽培大豆,野生大豆表现出高根系活力和抗氧化酶活性以及低细胞膜透性和丙二醛含量。由此可以说明野生大豆的抗干旱能力高于栽培大豆。     

盐碱胁迫对大豆根际细菌群落多样性的影响

以野生大豆(Glycine soja)和栽培大豆(Glycine max,吉农18号)为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,以浇灌盐碱液(A)及覆盖盐碱土(B)2种方式分别设置4个不同盐碱浓度的处理,利用变性凝胶电泳技术(DGGE)分析大豆根际细菌的多样性。结果表明:盐碱胁迫下野生大豆和栽培大豆根际中16Sr DNA V3区片段达31条,DGGE指纹图谱中可见,野生大豆和栽培大豆在2种盐碱胁迫处理方式下各有不同的特征条带。适当的盐碱浓度处理能增加野生大豆和栽培大豆根际细菌的丰富度,且覆盖盐碱土处理的野生大豆表现较强的抗逆性。通过对DGGE部分条带的克隆测序与NCBI基因库比对得出部分相对耐盐碱的菌株,如野生大豆中的Altererythrobacter sp.(交替赤杆菌属)、Rhizobium sp.(根瘤菌属)、Psychrobacillus psychrodurans(嗜冷芽孢杆菌属)等和栽培大豆中的Sphingobium sp.(鞘氨醇菌属)、Olivibacter soli(橄榄形菌属)、Uncultured Sphingomonadaceae bacterium(不可培鞘脂单胞菌)、Sphingomonas sp.(鞘氨醇单孢菌属)等。