施肥水平对冬大麦干物质和氮素积累与转运的影响

为合理利用氮肥,进一步提高大麦产量和品质,以扬饲麦3号、港啤1号、扬农啤2号和Frankin共4个品种为供试材料,研究了0(CK),90(NL),180(NM)和270kg/hm2(NH)4个氮肥水平下冬大麦干物质和氮素积累、转运及对籽粒贡献的规律。结果表明,随着施氮量的提高,大麦干物质花前积累量呈增加趋势,积累率及对籽粒的贡献率呈下降趋势,各器官的转运量在NM处理(180kg/hm2)范围内呈增加趋势,高于此范围则下降。氮素营养花前积累量和转运量各品种均呈上升趋势,花前积累率、转运率和对籽粒氮的贡献率都呈下降趋势。不同品种不同氮肥处理下大麦干物质转运量以茎秆为最大,转运率大部分以芒壳+穗轴为最高,对籽粒的贡献率以茎秆为最高。各器官氮素转运量以叶片最高,转运率以芒壳+穗轴最大,氮素转运对籽粒的贡献率以叶片最高。大麦各品种籽粒产量与施氮量呈二次曲线关系,氮素积累量与施氮量呈显著线性正相关关系。表明在本试验条件下,大麦最高产量的最佳施氮范围为212.42～261.97kg/hm2。     

有机肥施用对粉葛干物质和养分积累与分配的影响

为探究施用有机肥对粉葛干物质和养分积累与分配的影响,设置单施化肥（CK）、单施有机肥（OM）和50%化肥+50%有机肥（CM）3个处理,分析粉葛不同生育期下各器官干物质和养分积累量及分配比例的变化。结果表明：伸长期、膨大期干物质、养分总积累量表现为OM、CM处理显著低于CK（伸长期磷除外）,采收期不同处理干物质和养分积累量差异不显著;与CK相比,含有机肥处理（OM、CM）虽显著降低了采收期分枝和叶片中积累的氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）养分含量（P <0.05）,但使采收期块根干物质分配比例提高了8.53%～12.5%。含有机肥处理能够为粉葛中后期持续供应养分,提高粉葛块根干物质和养分积累量,从而提高块根产量,尤以CM处理最佳。     

施肥方式对滴灌加工番茄干物质积累、养分吸收和产量的影响

通过加工番茄大田试验,研究了不同施肥方式下,膜下滴灌加工番茄的干物质积累与养分吸收规律及产量构成。结果表明,在滴灌追施100%氮肥和初果期之后滴灌追施70%钾肥的基础上,基施65%磷肥和初果期之前滴灌追施35%磷肥(优化处理)比100%磷肥基施的加工番茄干物质增加11.51%,产量提高3.59%,氮、磷、钾肥的利用率分别增加了6.06、4.15和5.26个百分点。氮肥和磷肥在初果期之前滴灌追施,氮肥和钾肥在初果期之后滴灌追施的滴灌配方肥处理的产量显著低于优化处理,且优化处理的肥料效益也好于滴灌配方肥处理。加工番茄在初果期之前滴灌追施氮与磷,在初果期之后滴灌追施氮与钾可以提高加工番茄产量,增加肥料利用效率。     

硼对烤烟干物质积累和养分吸收的动态模拟

采用溶液培养方法,研究了不同硼浓度下烤烟干物质积累动态和养分吸收动态变化特点。结果表明,不同硼浓度下烤烟干物质积累动态和养分吸收动态可用Logistic方程描述。烤烟地上部分和根部干物质积累最大速率和养分吸收最大速率出现日期不同。BO33-浓度为0～200.mg/L的各处理烤烟植株地上部氮、磷、钾养分吸收最大速率出现在干物质积累最大速率之前;而根部则出现在干物质积累最大速率之后。BO33-浓度为0.25～2.00.mg/L的各处理烤烟干物质积累和养分吸收最大速率明显高于其他3个处理,并且最大积累速率出现时间均相对较晚。     

滴灌磷钾肥基追比对滴灌玉米干物质积累、产量及养分吸收的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了磷钾肥滴灌追施对玉米干物质、产量及养分吸收的影响。结果表明,磷钾肥部分基施、部分滴灌追施玉米的生物量和产量要优于磷钾肥全部基施,其中磷肥75%基施和25%滴灌追施比磷肥全部基施的玉米干物质提高4.36%,产量增加8.14%;钾肥50%基施和50%滴灌追施比钾肥全部基施的玉米干物质增加4.86%,产量增加4.98%。磷钾肥部分基施、部分滴灌追施显著提高了玉米氮、磷、钾的吸收量和利用率,其中磷肥75%基施和25%滴灌追施的氮、磷、钾肥的利用率分别为46.65%、28.42%、46.33%,比磷肥全部基施分别提高了6.0、8.44和8.95个百分点;钾肥50%基施和50%滴灌追施的氮、磷、钾肥的利用率分别为45.46%、27.92%、46.95%,比钾肥全部基施分别提高了4.26、0.99和11.89个百分点。     

不同氮素水平下土壤水分对冬小麦干物质及养分分配的影响

１９８９－１９９１年采用盆栽方法，进行了不同氮素水平下土壤水分对冬小麦干物质及养分分配影响的研究。结果表明：冬小麦的生长状况与土壤水吸力有关，同时，在同样的土壤水分条件下，冬小麦产量随着施氮量的提高而提高，当正常水分条件施氮量超过１６ｋｇ／亩（Ｎ－１６）和干旱条件超过１２ｋｇ／亩（Ｄ－Ｎ１２）时，产量将有所下降。通过对冬小麦产量的方差分析表明：氮肥效应，水分效应以及两者的交互效应都达极显著水平。     

不同产量类型水稻基因型干物质积累与磷素吸收利用

以27份中稻和29份晚稻亲本材料为供试材料,采用系统聚类方法将供试材料按产量分为高、 中、 低产三个类型,通过大田试验比较了不同产量类型、 不同生育阶段的干物质生产和磷素吸收利用的差异。结果表明,1）不同生育类型水稻产量、 磷吸收及利用效率存在极显著的基因型差异,中稻和晚稻最高产量分别是最低产量的3.24和2.15倍; 晚稻高产类型产量较中稻高12.69%,但磷利用效率差异不显著。2）中稻高产类型磷积累量在分蘖拔节期最大,晚稻高产类型在拔节抽穗期最大; 中稻和晚稻高产类型干物质量均在分蘖拔节期最小,拔节抽穗期最大,出现前小、 中强、 后高的现象。3）中稻干物质量和磷积累量均在分蘖拔节期对产量贡献率最大,分别为42.38%和58.09%; 晚稻磷积累量在抽穗成熟期对产量贡献率最大,为39.35%,干物质量在此阶段也较高,为16.16%。因此,营养生长阶段的干物质积累和磷的吸收对中稻产量影响较大,而对晚稻产量影响较大的是在生育后期。     

氮磷钾肥料对天鹰椒养分吸收量及干物质产量的影响

天鹰椒施用氮肥，增加了干物质中N，Mg的百分含量，但减少了P和K的百分含量；施N情况下，N，P，Ca,Mg的吸收总量增加。施用磷肥，增加了干物质中P的百分含量，减少了Ca，Mg的百分含量；N，P，K，Ca的吸收总量增加，Mg的吸收总量减少。施用钾肥，增加了干物质中K的百分含量，减少了Ca,Mg的百分含量，K，P的吸收总量增加，N，Ca,Mg的吸收总量减少。     

钾素营养对玉米生育后期干物质和养分积累与转运的影响

为揭示钾素营养与玉米产量形成的关系,研究了3个施钾水平（K2O　0、113和225 kg/hm2）对玉米生育后期植株不同器官干重及氮、磷、钾积累和转运的影响。结果显示,施钾能显著提高玉米产量。随着施钾量的增加,玉米生育后期干物质积累的最大速率和平均速率提高,最大速率出现时间提前。玉米干物质在各器官中的分配比例随生长发育中心的转移而变化。生育后期干物质和养分由营养体向子粒转运,其中干物质和氮、磷主要来源于穗部营养体的转运,而钾则主要来源于叶片的转运。子粒中氮、磷、钾的积累量分别占总积累量的50.3%～57.1%,59.6%～67.2%和14.0%～33.3%。施钾不但能增加子粒中干物质和氮、磷、钾养分的分配比例,而且还有助于提高干物质和氮、磷、钾养分向子粒转运的转运率。氮的转运率以K1处理最大,为45.7%;干物质、磷和钾的转运率以K2处理最大,分别为7.4%、62.6%和22.4%;子粒养分中54.5%～60.6%的氮,56.0%～85.8%的磷及52.4%～100.0%的钾可以依赖于营养体的转运。     

臭氧胁迫对冬小麦干物质生产和产量构成的影响

利用开顶式气室（OTC）开展了大田实验条件下地表臭氧浓度增加对冬小麦干物质（DM）生产和产量构成的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,100nL·L^-1臭氧熏气下干物质量略有降低,150nL·L^-1臭氧熏气下显著降低;100nL·L^-1和150nL·L^-1臭氧熏气下叶面积,净同化速率（NAR）变化规律不明显;100nL·L^-1和150nL·L^-1臭氧熏气都使抽穗期的叶/总干重增加,根/总干重下降,抽穗后根/总干重上升,而成熟期的各器官干重分配均没有达到显著性水平;100nL·L^-1臭氧熏气使单位面积穗数和空秕率显著降低,150nL·L^-1臭氧熏气使空秕率、单位面积穗数、穗粒数、穗粒重出现了显著或极显著降低,臭氧熏气对千粒重没有显著性变化。以上结果表明,NAR是影响干物质累积速度的关键因子,在不同生育阶段,通过干物质的分配,对小麦生长发育起关键作用的器官在一定程度上能够抵抗臭氧对其的损害。臭氧通过影响粒数和粒重使冬小麦减产。     

钾素营养对莲藕生长和干物质累积的影响

采用大盆试验研究了钾素营养对莲藕生长和干物质累积的影响,结果表明,钾素营养明显增加莲藕立叶数量和立叶面积、提高立叶相对叶绿素值和组织器官含水量、延缓叶片衰老、增强立叶抗逆性,从而促进莲藕生育前期光合产物的累积和健康生长;钾素营养还适当延长莲藕成熟期,促进干物质从叶片转移并贮存到产品中,使莲藕增产20.4%.     

Effect of salinity on growth and solute accumulation in two wheat lines differing in salt tolerance

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) line, Saline Agriculture Research Center line 1 (SARC), was selected in a salinity tolerance improvement program at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. In this study we compared SARC with Pothowar which is a common wheat cultivar grown in the same region, in order to study the mechanism of salinity tolerance in the SARC line. Two wheat lines were planted in pots and were subjected to salt stress by daily application of a 200 mM NaCI solution for 30 d during the vegetative growth stage. Dry weight of plant parts, leaf area, leaf water status, and solute concentrations in the cell sap of the leaf tissues were determined at 13 and 30 d after initiation of the stress treatment. Decrease in the plant dry weight and leaf area due to salt stress was more pronounced in Pothowar than in SARC, indicating that SARC was more tolerant to salinity. SARC maintained a higher turgor at low leaf water potentials and showed a higher capacity of osmotic adjustment compared to Pothowar. Major osmotic a that increased by salinity in order to maintain a lower osmotic potential in the two lines were Na⁺, Cl^-, K⁺, and glycinebetaine. Increase in the concentrations of Na⁺, Cl^-, and glycinebetaine was much higher in SARC than in Pothower. These results suggested that the SARC line had a physiological mechanism that conferred a higher salinity tolerance.     

长期不同施肥对水稻干物质和磷素积累与转运的影响

【目的】磷是制约黄壤生产力的重要限制因子,提高作物的磷效率是农业科学研究的热点之一。探讨不同施肥模式对水稻干物质和磷素积累与转运的影响,为黄壤稻田合理施用磷肥提供理论依据。【方法】依托22年的黄壤(水田)长期定位试验,选取其中6种施肥模式:不施肥(CK);不施磷肥(NK);平衡施用化肥(NPK);单施有机肥(M);1/2有机肥替代1/2 NP (0.5 MNP);有机肥化肥配施(MNPK)。除CK和MNPK外,NK、NPK、M、1/2 MN处理为等氮量165 kg/hm^2,施磷量依次为P2O5 0、82.5、79.4、81.0 kg/hm^2,MNPK施N330 kg/hm^2、P2O5 161.9 kg/hm^2。于水稻分蘖期、开花期及成熟期,采集水稻植株样品,分析比较各处理水稻产量、干物质和磷素积累与转移特征、磷肥吸收利用效率的差异。【结果】水稻产量、干物质和磷素积累量大小顺序均表现为MNPK> M> 0.5 MNP> NPK> CK> NK。磷素积累快速增长开始(t1)和结束(t2)时间均较干物质积累提前2~8 d和5~20 d,且磷素积累快速增长持续时间(Δt)也较干物质缩短了4~12 d,表明磷素快速吸收较干物质早,且持续时间短。处理NK、NPK、0.5 MNP、MNPK干物质最大增长速率(Vm)出现时间(t0)以及t1、t2分别比CK和M处理滞后5~10 d、1~4 d、6~16 d,Δt延长了1~14 d。各处理干物质和磷素积累的Vm均表现为M、MNPK> 0.5 MNP、CK> NPK> NK。水稻籽粒干物质积累量主要来源于花后干物质积累,磷素积累量则主要来源于花前磷素积累向籽粒的转运,各处理花后干物质积累率为29.5%~43.4%,施用化肥各处理显著高于CK和M处理,各处理花前磷素积累率为60.5%~85.6%,大小为CK> NPK、M> NK、0.5 MNP、MNPK。与NPK处理相比,M和0.5 MNP处理磷肥吸收效率、磷肥偏生产力、磷肥利用率分别显著提高了0.43kg/kg、48.9 kg/kg、40.8个百分点和0.26 kg/kg、32.2 kg/kg、25.3个百分点。【结论】黄壤地区水稻栽培中长期缺磷不利于花后干物质的积累,也不利于花前磷素的积累,严重制约水稻产量和磷吸收量的提高。在氮磷钾投入平衡前提下,长期单施有机肥可促进花前干物质和磷素的积累及其向籽粒的转运,但不利于花后干物质和磷素的积累,长期单施化肥可延长干物质和磷素积累的快速增长持续时间,但最大增长速率较小,而长期有机无机配施均较有利于促进水稻花前和花后干物质和磷素的积累,水稻产量和磷肥利用率均较高,是最合理的施肥方式。     

不同施肥方式烤烟叶片矿质元素含量变化及其与干物质积累的关系

为了研究不同施肥方式下烤烟叶片中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn 10种矿质元素的含量变化及其与干物质积累间的相关性,于2015~2016年连续2年以南阳市烤烟品种云烟87为试材,设置3种不同的施肥方式(T1:沟灌常规施肥,T2:水肥一体化,T3:水肥一体化+黄腐酸钾)在田间进行对比试验。结果显示,烟叶中10种矿质元素含量高低表现为NCaKPMgMnFeZnBCu;水肥一体化处理矿质元素含量显著高于常规处理。不同施肥方式下叶片内矿质元素含量的变化趋势表现为N、Ca、Mn、Zn,呈先上升后下降的趋势,60~80 d达到峰值;K、Cu、Fe含量在生育期内呈逐渐下降趋势,Mg元素含量表现为先下降后上升;B、P含量在生育期内变化差异不明显;叶片内N、P、K含量之间均呈极显著正相关,表明这3种元素彼此间存在增效作用;Fe与N、Ca、Mg、Mn 4种元素含量变化呈极显著负相关,表明Fe与这4种元素间均存在拮抗作用。元素含量与干物质积累间的相关性分析表明,N、P、K在40~70 d内均与干物质积累呈显著正相关。因此与常规处理相比,水肥一体化能提高烟株对矿质元素的吸收和积累,促进后期落黄成熟,提高干物质积累量。     

Coupling of dry matter and nutrient accumulation in forage grass

Abstract

The logistic model has proven very useful in relating dry matter production of forage grasses to applied nitrogen. A recent extension of the model coupled dry matter and plant ? accumulation through a common response coefficient c. The objective of this analysis was to establish the validity of the extended model for each of the three major nutrients (?, ?, ?), with a common coefficient c between dry matter and each applied nutrient. Analysis of variance established the validity of this hypothesis. The model accurately described response of dry matter, plant nutrient removal, and plant nutrient concentration to applied nutrient, with overall correlation coefficients of 0.9928, 0.9972, and 0.9975 for applied N, P, and K, respectively. Furthermore, the model closely described the relationship between yield and plant nutrient removal, as well as between plant nutrient concentration and plant nutrient removal, for each nutrient. This work confirmed earlier results for applied ? with various grasses and established the validity of the model for applied ? and ? for the first time. The logistic equation is well‐behaved and simple to use on a pocket calculator. It can be used to describe yields and nutrient removal in evaluation of agricultural production and environmental quality.     

Compositional equivalence of barleys differing only in low- and normal-phytate levels

Recent breeding advances have led to the development of several barley lines and cultivars with significant reductions (50% or greater) in phytate levels. Low-phytate (LP) grain is distinguished by containing not only a reduced level of phytate P but also an increased level of inorganic P, resulting in greater bioavailability of P and mineral cations in animal diets. It is important to determine whether other nutritional characteristics are altered by breeding for the low-phytate trait. This study was designed to investigate if breeding for reduced phytate content in barleys had any effect on the contents of other attributes measured by comparing mean and range values of the levels of protein, oil, ash, total carbohydrate, starch, and β-glucan, fatty acid composition, and levels of tocopherols and tocotrienols between five LP and five normal-phytate barleys grown in three Idaho locations. Results show that only the phytate level in the LP group was substantially lower than that of the normal-phytate group and that all other attributes measured or calculated were substantially equivalent between the two groups of barleys. Therefore, the phytate level had little effect on the levels of protein, oil, ash, total carbohydrate, starch, and β-glucan, fatty acid composition, and levels of tocopherols and tocotrienols in barley seeds.     

Coupling of dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in millet and ryegrass

Abstract

The logistic model has proven very useful in relating dry matter production of warm‐season and cool‐season forage grasses to applied nitrogen (N). A recent extension of the model coupled dry matter and plant N accumulation through a common response coefficient c. The objective of this analysis was to apply the extended model to both warm season pearl millet [Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.) Staph and C. E. Hubb.] and cool season ryegrass [Lolium multiflorum Lam.], and to establish a common response coefficient, c, between accumulation of dry matter and plant N for the two grasses in rotation. Analysis of variance established the validity of this hypothesis. The model accurately described response of dry matter, plant N removal, and plant N concentration to applied N, with an overall correlation coefficient of 0.9954. Furthermore, the model closely described the relationship between yield and plant N removal. The logistic equation is well behaved and simple to use on a pocket calculator. It can be used to estimate yield and plant N removal in evaluation of agricultural practices and the influences on environmental quality.     

不同筋型小麦干物质和氮素积累对追施氮量的响应

[目的]研究不同筋型小麦干物质和氮素积累对追施氮量的响应,揭示其干物质积累特征,为资源高效利用提供科学参考.[方法]田间试验于2016—2017年在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所北京试验基地进行,供试品种为强筋小麦'藁优2018'和'师栾02-1',中筋小麦'中麦8号'和'中麦175',弱筋小麦'扬麦22'和'扬麦15'...     

覆膜对玉米间作豌豆干物质积累与分配的影响

分别对玉米、豌豆带进行覆膜、不覆膜处理做大田试验,研究豌豆-玉米间作体系的产量和干物质积累与分配的变化。结果表明:覆膜比不覆膜显著提高了作物的籽粒产量和生物学产量。单作覆膜比不覆膜玉米增产9%,豌豆增产21%;间作经济产量,玉米覆膜豌豆不覆膜处理的玉米比间作无膜处理的玉米增产11.70%,全膜覆盖比间作无膜处理的豌豆增产24.40%。土地当量比(LER)除玉米不覆膜豌豆覆膜的小于1外,其他处理LER为1.09~1.24,表现出明显的间作优势。两作物养分向籽粒的转移率和贡献率均为茎大于叶,覆膜提高了干物质向籽粒的转移率和贡献率。玉米覆膜豌豆不覆膜处理是本研究中间作优势最明显的覆膜方式,而玉米不覆膜豌豆覆膜处理会造成资源浪费,不利于豌豆-玉米间作体系的产量积累。