半胱胺补饲模式对奶牛生产性能及血清胰岛素水平的影响

选择 12头泌乳奶牛 ,随机分为 2组 ,每组 6头 ,饲养 16d ,分别在两组奶牛精料中每天每头随机添加 2 0g与隔日添加 4 0g半胱胺添加剂CT 2 0 0 0 ,研究半胱胺不同补饲模式对奶牛生产性能与血液激素指标的影响。试验结果表明 :(1)隔日添加等量的半胱胺较每日添加提高奶牛产奶量 4 .2 5 % ,但差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,不同添加模式对奶牛采食量、饲料转化率的影响均无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;(2 )隔日添加可显著提高乳蛋白含量 7.81% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,但对其他乳成分没有显著影响 ;(3)隔日添加可提高血清胰岛素、血清尿素氮与总蛋白水平 ,降低血糖 ,但差异均不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。     

半胱胺对生长肥育猪胴体品质的影响及其机理探讨

在生长肥育猪的生长期和肥育期日粮中分别添加 6 0mg/kg半胱胺和 75mg/kg半胱胺 ,经屠宰试验表明 :胴体瘦肉率提高 4 .6 3% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,胴体脂肪率降低 8.5 3% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,同时第 10肋背膘厚降低 10 .17% (P >0 .0 5 )。在日粮中添加半胱胺使血清中生长激素 (GH)和三碘甲腺原氨酸 (T3 )含量分别提高 2 4 .4 4 % (P <0 .0 5 )和 2 1.31% (P <0 .0 5 )。添加半胱胺能显著提高皮下脂肪激素敏感脂酶 (HSL)活力 38.2 3% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,有降低苹果酸脱氢酶、葡萄糖 6 磷酸脱氢酶、异柠檬酸脱氢酶活性的趋势。研究结果显示 ,半胱胺可能通过增加血清GH含量和提高HSL活力来影响胴体品质。     

中草药对奶牛泌乳性能和血液生化指标的影响

选用荷斯坦泌乳母牛 2 4头 ,根据日产奶量、泌乳天数、胎次、体况等因素按随机区组设计分为 2组 ,对照组饲喂基础日粮 ,试验组在基础日粮基础上添加中草药添加剂。试验期 6 0d。结果表明 :添加中草药显著提高奶牛产奶量 2 .5 7kg/头·日 (P <0 .0 1) ;对干物质采食量、体重变化无显著影响 ,但可以降低奶牛失重 2 3.0 8% ;对乳脂、乳蛋白、乳糖、乳干物质含量无显著影响 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;对奶牛血清葡萄糖、血清尿素氮、胆固醇、甘油三酯、胰岛素、促乳素无明显影响 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,但可使奶牛血清总蛋白含量不因气温变化而显著下降 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,生长素含量在试验第30d显著升高 (P <0 .0 5 )。     

添加奶牛浓缩料对奶牛乳品质和产奶量的影响

选择年龄、胎次、泌乳月份 (泌乳中后期 )基本一致的泌乳母牛 36头 (邓川牛×荷斯坦牛 ) ,随机配对分为 3组 ,每组 12头 ,对照组按当地传统方法饲喂 (基础日粮 ) ,试验A组和试验B组在传统方法饲喂的基础上每头牛每天分别补饲5 0 0g奶牛浓缩料 (基础日粮 +5 0 0 g奶牛浓缩料 )和 10 0 0 g奶牛浓缩料 (基础日粮 +10 0 0g奶牛浓缩料 ) ,经过 10 6d的补饲试验 ,结果表明 :(1)添加奶牛浓缩料 ,提高了乳密度、乳蛋白、乳脂率 ,试验B组与对照组有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,试验A组与对照组及试验B组差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;(2 )添加奶牛浓缩料 ,提高了产奶量和经济效益 ,平均每天增奶2 6 6kg(试验A组 )和 5 .5 4kg(试验B组 ) ,分别增加收入 1.33和 2 .89元 ;(3)添加奶牛浓缩料 ,能较好地维持泌乳曲线 ;(4 )从乳品质、产奶量和经济效益等指标来看 ,以每天添加 10 0 0g效果最好。     

饲料中添加沸石粉对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

在奶牛精料中添加 3%、5 %的沸石粉 ,研究其对产奶量及乳成分的影响 ,经过 5 0天的试验 ,结果表明 :添加 3%沸石粉的试验组产奶量比对照组提高了 3 0 9%(P >0 0 5 ) ,添加 5 %的试验组产奶量比对照组提高了 7 96 %(P <0 0 5 )。添加沸石粉的试验组与对照组相比乳脂率分别下降了 12 5 %和 15 6 %(P <0 0 5 ) ,乳蛋白分别下降了 3 8%和 3 2 %(P >0 0 5 )。     

壳聚糖对奶牛血清钙、磷和羟脯氨酸含量的影响

选择40头中国荷斯坦奶牛，随机分为对照组和试验1、2、3四个组。每头每天分别在各组日粮中加入0g、2g、4g和6g壳聚糖，连续饲喂35d。每周测定一次血清钙、磷和羟脯氨酸的含量。结果奶牛血清钙和羟脯氨酸的含量差异不显著(P＞0．05)，添加6g/d壳聚糖，血清磷在4周后显著升高(P＜0．05)。表明：壳聚糖不影响奶牛血清钙和血清羟脯氨酸的含量。在日粮中添加6g/d壳聚糖4周以后，有利于促进机体对磷的吸收。     

半胱胺对肉牛生产性能和养分消化率及血清生化指标的影响

为了研究半胱胺对肉牛生产性能、养分消化率及血清生化指标的影响,试验选择体重350 kg左右西门塔尔牛公牛与本地黄牛母牛杂交的杂交公牛64头,随机分为4组,每组16头,半胱胺的添加量分别为5 g/(头.d)(1组)、10 g/(头.d)(2组)、20 g/(头.d)(3组)、0 g/(头.d)(对照组),试验期63 d。结果表明:(1)试验牛采食正常,各组间采食量无显著差异。添加20 g/(头.d)半胱胺试验组日增重达到1.217 kg。显著高于其他3组(P<0.05),添加5 g/(头.d)半胱胺试验组比对照组略高,添加10 g/(头.d)半胱胺试验组比对照组略低,但均差异不显著(P>0.05)。添加20 g/(头.d)半胱胺试验组的耗料/增重显著低于其他各组(P<0.01),添加5 g/(头.d)半胱胺试验组的耗料/增重显著低于添加10 g/(头.d)半胱胺试验组和对照组(P<0.05),而添加10 g/(头.d)半胱胺试验组的料重比与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。(2)添加20 g/(头.d)半胱胺试验组的粗蛋白消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),粗脂肪消化率则极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)消化率组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。(3)添加20 g/(头.d)半胱胺试验组的血糖(glucose)水平最高,显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);而添加20 g/(头.d)半胱胺试验组的血清尿素氮(BUN)值最低,显著低于其他各组(P<0.05),生长抑素(SS)值为56.03 pg/mL,极显著低于对照组的71.46 pg/mL(P<0.01);添加20 g/(头.d)半胱胺试验组的血清3-碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)和甲状腺素(T4)水平均高于对照组(P<0.05),而生长激素(GH)和胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)水平也显著高于对照组(P<0.01);试验组的血清胰岛素(INS)水平与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

半胱胺盐酸盐对泌乳中期热应激奶牛生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究散栏式饲养方式下,饲喂半胱胺盐酸盐对泌乳中期热应激奶牛生产性能的影响。选择48头健康荷斯坦奶牛[体重(562.25±37.85)kg,泌乳天数(123.64±10.67)d,胎次(1.23±0.42)胎,日产奶量(26.58±1.58)kg],根据体重、泌乳天数、产奶量相同或相近的原则,随机分成4组(每组12头),对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加半胱胺盐酸盐3、15、30 g/kg。预试期12 d,正试期30 d。结果显示:随半胱胺盐酸盐添加剂量的增加,奶牛呼吸频率和直肠温度呈显著的线性降低(P0.05);干物质采食量、乳脂较正乳产量、能量校正乳产量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率均呈先升高后降低的显著的二次曲线变化(P0.05),并且以添加3 g/kg组的效果较好;正试期末,3、15 g/kg组血清甲状腺素浓度显著低于对照组(P0.05),15 g/kg组血清皮质醇浓度显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结果提示,半胱胺盐酸盐能有效缓解散栏饲养的泌乳中期奶牛热应激,提高产奶量和乳品质,本试验条件下,饲粮中添加3 g/kg半胱胺盐酸盐较为适宜。     

黑麦草替代部分精料对生长肥育猪胴体组成和肉质的影响

选 4 0头 2 0kg左右的“杜洛克×长白×嘉兴黑”三元杂交猪 ,公母各半 ,分成 4组 ,每组 10头。研究了黑麦草替代 10 % (T1) ,15 % (T2 ) ,2 0 % (T3)的精料对生长肥育猪的生长性能、胴体组成、肉质的影响。结果表明 :黑麦草替代 10 %～ 2 0 %的精料对生长肥育猪的生长性能没有影响 ;T1,T2 ,T3组分别比全精料组 (C)的屠宰率降低了 6 .4 %(P <0 .0 1) ,10 .5 % (P <0 .0 1) ,9.9% (P <0 .0 1) ;T1,T2 ,T3组的肌肉中胆固醇的含量分别比C组降低 10 .5 % (P <0 .0 1) ,10 .9% (P <0 .0 1) ,16 .4 % (P <0 .0 1) ;三个加草组背膘中胆固醇的含量分别比C组降低 9.1% (P <0 .0 5 ) ,12 .5 % (P <0 .0 5 )和 18.9% (P <0 .0 1) ;与C组相比 ,T1,T2 ,T3组猪肉中肌苷酸的含量分别提高 13.7% (P >0 .0 5 ) ,4 2 .8% (P <0 .0 1)和 5 2 .3% (P <0 .0 1)。黑麦草替代 10 %～ 2 0 %的精料对其它屠宰指标和肉质指标无显著影响     

包膜半胱胺对泌乳中期奶牛产奶性能和血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究包膜半胱胺对泌乳中期奶牛产奶性能和血清生化指标的影响。选用24头泌乳量、体重和胎次(1.58±0.97)相近的泌乳中期[(160±10)DIM]奶牛,随机分为2个处理组,对照组饲喂基础日粮;试验组每天饲喂基础日粮+20 g/头的包膜半胱胺。试验期25 d,其中预饲期10 d,正式期15 d。试验结果表明:日粮中添加包膜半胱胺组第7天、15天奶牛产奶量提高0.93%(P=0.074)、5.61%(P0.05);同时,乳脂率提高18.51%(P0.05)、乳蛋白含量提高1.57%(P=0.086),乳中尿素氮明显降低2.85%(P0.05)(降低0.41 mg/100 mL)、体细胞数降低5.25%(降低11500/mL);此外,血清中谷丙转氨酶、γ谷氨酰胺转移酶活性和丙二醛含量分别极显著降低17.02%、21.71%和17.13%(P0.01),血清中超氧化物岐化酶活性极显著提高9.27%(P0.01)。日粮中添加包膜半胱胺组提高相对利润4.1%(提高4.20元/头/天),投入产出比为1:2.8。结果提示,在泌乳中期奶牛日粮中添加包膜半胱胺具有提高奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率的功能,同时能够提高奶牛抗氧化能力,并能带来额外的经济收益。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -