城市污泥对土壤物理化学性质的影响

本文综述了城市污泥作为肥料对施用地土壤肥力的影响，以及作为土壤改良剂对恢复贫瘠土壤肥力的作用。重点探讨了污泥施用地土壤有机质、结构性质、水力学性质、ｐＨ、阳离子交换量等物理化学性质的变化。     

施用生活污泥改良滩涂土壤理化性状的探讨

采用符合土地改良用标准的生活污泥为材料,通过田间小区随机区组试验,研究了生活污泥的不同施用量（0、75、150、300、600 t/hm2）对滩涂土壤部分理化性质的影响。结果表明,施用生活污泥可显著改善滩涂土壤的理化性状。随着污泥施用量的提高,滩涂土壤的容重、密度、pH值逐渐下降,有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、CEC均呈上升趋势,全钾、速效钾无显著变化。滩涂土壤的细菌、放线菌数量随污泥施用量的提高呈上升趋势。     

城市污泥和污泥与垃圾堆肥的农田施用对土壤性质的影响

本利用太原市污泥和污泥堆肥分别作肥源进行了二年的盆栽试验和田间试验，结果表明：每公顷施污泥７５ｔ和污泥堆肥２４０ｔ时，土壤中的Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｃｄ，Ｎｉ等有害金属含量未超过土壤的安全控制标准，随着污泥及污泥堆肥用量的增加，土壤中可供植物吸附的氮，磷，有机质等营养成分相应递增。污泥和污泥堆肥的施用不同程度的提高了土壤水分含量，田间持水量和阳离子代换量等，从而改善了土壤的物理性质     

污泥农用对土壤及作物的影响

本研究探讨了施用污泥后，水稻、小麦、玉米、棉花农田土壤中氮、磷、钾、矿物油、苯并（ａ）芘、重金属含量变化和４种作物的产量、品质变化及有害物质含量。结果表明，合理施用活性污泥能增加土壤肥力，提高作物产量和品质，而未对土壤和作物产生污染。     

城市二级污水灌溉对城市绿地土壤化学性状的影响

采用城市二级污水对万寿菊(Tgetes erecta L.)、五彩石竹(Dinathus L.)、鸡冠花(Celosia argentea var.cristata)、高羊茅(Testucaarundinacea L.)、百日草(Zinnia elegans jacq)5种园林植物进行室内盆栽灌溉,以自来水灌溉为对照,研究城市二级污水灌溉园林植物对土壤化学性状的影响。研究表明:5种植物污灌处理和对照处理的土壤全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量差异均未达显著水平,但速效钾含量呈增加趋势。二级污水灌溉对土壤全盐量的影响总体呈增加的趋势,但目前土壤全盐量的绝对值尚未达到轻度盐渍化(0.1%)的危害水平,最高值为0.075%(高羊茅),说明短期灌溉不会引起土壤盐渍化,给园林植物带来养分胁迫。土壤pH值测定结果表明,污水灌溉土壤pH值呈增加趋势,但与对照差异不显著,长期灌溉pH是否还会增加,对园林植物的生长是否会产生不良的影响,还需要进一步的试验来验证。     

矿区复垦植被土壤涵养水源功能的研究

从矿区复垦林地土壤的物理性状、蓄水性能及渗透性能和枯落物持水量等方面探讨了复垦矿区复垦植被的涵养水源功能.结果表明:随着复垦年限的增加,与新造地相比,土壤的物理性状都有很大的改善,而且植被对平台土壤的改善效应更明显;平台上土壤饱和蓄水量从大到小依次为刺槐×柠条>刺槐林>草地;斜坡上土壤饱和蓄水量依次为草地>刺槐林>柠条林.枯落物的持水量依次为草本>刺槐>油松.因此,乔灌草配置,针阏叶林混交,增加物种多样性,才能有效地改善土壤的保水蓄水能力,特别在复垦初期.     

不同施用方式下污泥堆肥对土壤性质和草坪生长的影响

为解决城市污泥处理难题,探讨污泥堆肥及其不同施入方式对绿地土壤的改良效果,进行了污泥堆肥绿地土壤改良试验。试验设混合(H)、覆盖(F)、混合+覆盖(HF)3种施入方式,结果表明:不同施入方式均能显著降低绿地土壤容重,提高土壤中有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷含量,HF和H的改良效果最好;不同施入方式还均能显著促进草坪生长和分蘖,其中HF,F,H处理的分蘖密度分别比对照高45%,37%,32%;F处理的杂草抑制率在96%以上,HF为78%,H处理未能抑制杂草;各施入方式均能显著提高土壤微生物碳和土壤微生物氮含量,改良1年后,F、H和HF的土壤微生物碳含量分别是对照2.4,3.1,3.4倍,微生物氮含量分别是对照的1.7,3.0,2.8倍;与对照相比,HF处理与H处理的土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性均显著提高。     

施用污泥堆肥对作物和土壤的影响

污泥中的有机质、营养成分可为农业生产提供重要的有机肥源,但污泥中重金属是制约污泥农用的重要因素,为检验污泥堆肥施用后对作物及土壤的影响,文章对污泥与稻草或木屑堆肥的产品进行了盆栽试验研究。结果表明,污泥与稻草或木屑的堆肥作为肥料施用于萝卜（Ｂｒａｓｓｉｃａ ｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓ）和菜心（Ｂｒａｓｓｉｃａ ｐａｒａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）,产量明显提高,部分堆肥产品增产效果优于化肥,且后效明显。堆肥施用使土壤中有机质、各养分含量增加,微生物活动增强、数量增加,然而作物和土壤中的重金属含量也有不同程度的提高。     

长期施用污泥对农田土壤和农作物影响的研究

调查监测结果表明，北京朝阳区高碑店乡多年施用污泥的农田，土壤有机质含量明显增加，土壤酸碱度无变化，土壤Ｈｇ，Ｃｄ污染严重，已引起小麦，玉米污染，而蔬菜Ｈｇ，Ｃｄ含量并未超标，由此对高碑店乡及北京东南郊污泥的施用提出建议。     

耕作措施对土壤物理性状的影响

耕作措施对0~20cm土壤容重影响较大,深层影响较小。稳定入渗率呈现出强烈的时间变异性,从整个生育期看,翻耕都表现出较高的稳定入渗率,随时间的变化,差异减小;不同负压下,翻耕稳定入渗率最高,免耕次之,铁茬最低,不同时期变化趋势一致;翻耕大孔隙较其它两耕作措施多,翻耕后,土壤大孔隙增多,比免耕和铁茬处理高65%左右,达到5%水平差异显著,免耕与铁茬差异不显著。随着时间的推移,不同耕作措施大孔隙比例有所下降,中小孔隙比例增加,大孔隙数目翻耕仍最高,从显著性看,与免耕和铁茬在5%水平显著。     

污泥垃圾复混肥对油菜及土壤的影响

随着城市化进程的加快、城市人口的增加,工业废水与生活污水的排放量日益增多,污泥的产出量迅速增加.据有关资料统计,目前美国所积累的干污泥总量已达1 000万t,欧洲各国总计达660万t,日本为240万t左右.     

污泥辐照处理后农用的卫生化研究

污泥污水中集聚了大量病原体。本研究对污泥 -土壤 -蔬菜这一链条中的各环节微生物存活量与辐照处理的关系逐一进行试验分析。结果表明 :污水经 5～ 6kGy辐照可使大肠菌群约降低 3个数量级 ,1kGy辐照可全部杀灭蛔虫卵 ,达到农田灌溉水水质卫生标准。辐照处理后的污泥施入土壤内 ,土壤内细菌总数、大肠菌群也降低 1个数量级 ,且未检测到存活的蛔虫卵 ,青菜上的大肠菌群检出率极低 ,基本达到生食类食品的卫生指标。     

EFFECTS OF CRUSHED MAIZE STRAW RESIDUES ON SOIL BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND SOIL RESTORATION

Agriculture soils in the Mediterranean need restoration and rehabilitation after 10 millenia of use and abuse. Maize straw residues crushed at three sizes [<1 (C1), 1–10 (C2) and >10 cm (C3)] at 5 Mg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ and with and without urea (150 kg N ha⁻¹) were applied during a period of 3 years for the purpose of restoration of a Typic Xerofluvent located near Córdoba (Spain). The effect on the vegetal cover and biological properties (microbial biomass, soil respiration and enzymatic activities) were determined. The size of the crushed maize residues (particle size <1 cm) and N supply influenced in the evolution of soil biological properties and vegetal cover. The stimulation of microbial biomass, soil respiration, dehydrogenase, urease, β‐glucosidase, phosphatase and arylsulphatase activities was higher in C1 + N‐amended soils for 14·9%, 16·3%, 8·8%, 24·3%, 13·5%, 7·1% and 10·3%, respectively, compared with C2 + N and for 25·8%, 26·9%, 18·3%, 38·5%, 28·2%, 19·1% and 18·3%, respectively, compared with C3 + N. Vegetal cover from the C1 + N treatment was 11·4%, 17·8%, 29·4%, 37·6%, 44·9% and 75·1% greater than that in C2 + N, C3 + N, C1, C2, C3 and control soil. These results suggested that under dry climatic conditions, the application of crushed maize straw finely crushed + N fertilizers improved the soil biological properties and also favour the appearance of spontaneous vegetation, which will protect the soil and will contribute to its restoration. Consequently, the addition of the crushed maize straw finely crushed + N fertilizers may be considered a good environmental strategy for recovery of degraded soils. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

设施土壤次生盐渍化及其对土壤性质的影响

设施土壤次生盐渍化是我国设施农业生产中的一个重要限制因子。本文根据近年来的相关研究进展,综述了设施土壤次生盐渍化的基本特征、形成原因及其影响因素,并阐述了设施土壤次生盐渍化对土壤理化性质以及土壤微生物状况的影响。     

SULFUR APPLICATION EFFECTS ON SOIL PROPERTIES IN A CALCAREOUS SOIL AND ON SUGARCANE GROWTH AND YIELD

High pH soils limit availability of pH sensitive nutrients including phosphorus (P), even though abundant levels are present. Application of such nutrients to the soil is ineffective because they quickly get tied up in unavailable forms. Elemental sulfur (S) application in a narrow band to lower root zone pH and increase nutrient availability to the crop is a possible economically feasible solution. A four year field study was conducted in which S was applied to sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) at rates up to 1120 kg S ha^?1 each of the 1st three years in a band using different application methods. Sulfur application effects on soil pH were gradual, causing only a slight reduction in the application zone after one year; but was long lasting, resulting in continuing substantial declines in soil pH in an adjacent zone four years after the first S application. Soil available P, sulfate (SO₄)-S, and salinity levels increased with increasing S applied. Sugarcane plant growth, as indicated by leaf area index during the grand growth period responded to moderate S application levels. Sugarcane yields increased linearly in the plant crop, but showed quadratic responses to S applications in the 1st through 3rd ratoon crops. Initial soil available P levels prior to the first treatment application were at the critical level considered adequate for crop requirements, yet growth and yield increases in response to S application suggest that the critical available soil P levels for sugarcane may be higher than previously established. Sulfur application at rates beyond those necessary to produce maximum yields resulted in salinity problems which probably reduced yields. The ‘stool splitter’ application method, which slices the plant stool using a coulter and places the fertilizer directly in the middle of the furrow caused crop damage and stand loss which persisted for the remainder of the sugarcane crops. Based on the results of this study, a single application of elemental S at up to 1120 kg S ha^?1 directly below the seed cane at planting is recommend for sugarcane on a calcareous soil, with no additional applications in later crops.     

土壤理化性质对结皮形成的影响

通过人工降雨试验、土壤微形态观察以及理化分析 ,研究了几种土壤结皮形成过程及其影响因素 ,并利用SPSS统计分析了不同因素对结皮形成的影响程度。研究结果表明 ,土壤颗粒组成是土壤结皮形成的主导因素 ,而土壤结构指标、部分胶体性质与结皮形成关系不明确 ,并提出土壤粘粒矿物组成可能是土壤结皮形成的一个重要因素     

菌渣还田对梨园土壤性状及梨果品质的影响

在7年生梨树行间进行10、12.5和15kg/m23种投料量的覆土栽培平菇试验,将出菇后的菌渣还田,以探明菌渣还田对梨园土壤性状及梨果实品质的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,菌渣还田使0～40cm土层土壤容重降低7.3%～14.9%(P<0.05),土壤空隙度增加4.2%～11.5%(P<0.05),土壤总有机碳含量提高32.7%～56.0%(P<0.01),活性有机碳含量提高39.2%～92.5%(P<0.01),并提高了活性有机碳占总有机碳含量比例;(2)与对照相比,0～40cm土层细菌数量提高12.1%～47.0%,放线菌数量提高19.5%～82.8%;真菌数量68.7%～163.6%(P<0.01),微生物生物量碳氮分别提高13.4%～32.2%(P<0.01)和9.3%～37.1%;(3)土壤脲酶活性提高23.2%～47.6%(P<0.05),蔗糖酶活性提高25.7%～58.6%(P<0.01),磷酸酶活性提高14.8%～33.6%(P<0.01)、过氧化氢酶活性提高4.8%～20.2%,且随菌渣还田量的增加而增加;(4)菌渣还田使梨单果重提高9.2%～15.0%(P<0.05),硬度增加3.9%～5.3%(P<0.05),可溶性固形物含量提高11.7%～19.5%(P<0.05),可溶性糖含量提高4.2%～6.3%(P<0.05),可滴定酸含量降低3.1%～7.7%。在梨树行间按15kg/m2投料量覆土栽培平菇,还田后的菌渣可显著提高梨园0～40cm土层土壤肥力,并改善梨果实品质。     

水分和施磷量对简育水耕人为土中磷素形态的影响

通过大田和盆栽试验,探讨了在水稻种植过程中土壤水分含量和施磷量对简育水耕人为土中磷素形态的影响。结果表明:土壤中不同形态无机磷含量占无机磷总量的顺序为O-P>Fe-P>Al-P>Ca-P;随着水稻栽种时间的延长、土壤含水量和施磷量的降低,土壤Al-P、Fe-P和Ca-P含量下降,O-P含量则上升。大田试验中,土壤水分含量仅对水稻生长初期和后期的Ca-P以及中期的O-P影响显著,而对其他水稻生长期下土壤Al-P、Fe-P影响不显著;施磷量与红壤无机磷组分存在显著的相关。盆栽试验中土壤水分含量对无机磷形态的影响均不显著;施磷量与Al-P、Fe-P和水稻生长初期、中期的Ca-P含量有显著的正相关作用,而对后期的Ca-P和O-P的影响不显著。水分含量和施磷量对土壤四种形态的无机磷存在显著的交互作用。     

EXCLOSURE EFFECTS ON RECOVERY OF SELECTED SOIL PROPERTIES IN A MIXED BROADLEAF FOREST RECREATION SITE

Human‐caused trampling that results from excessive recreational use has caused damage to soil and vegetation in forest ecosystems in the Belgrad Forest of Istanbul. The objectives of this study were to examine effects of exclosure on selected soil properties and to determine the recovery time required for soil characteristics in a broadleaf forest recreation site. Litter biomass and topsoil (0–15 cm) were sampled in the forest, exclosure and recreational sites, and soil samples were analysed for saturation capacity, permeability, bulk density, total porosity, organic matter, root biomass, electrical conductivity and soil pH. Results showed that saturation capacity, permeability, total porosity and organic matter increased whereas bulk density decreased significantly in the topsoil under the exclosure, and all these soil properties in the topsoil of the exclosure were greater than those of recreational site. When effects of main factors were compared, averaging over sampling year and soil sampling depth, soils from the exclosure had significantly greater saturation capacity, permeability, total porosity, organic matter and litter biomass and lower bulk density values than the soils from recreational site. Six years of exclosure was effective in improving most of the soil properties in the topsoil. When topsoil and subsoil are considered together, it is obvious that a longer time period is needed for soil recovery in the forest recreational sites. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.