中草药对禽大肠杆菌的体外抑菌试验

为探讨单味及多味复方中草药对大肠杆菌的药理活性,为其临床应用提供理论依据,采用两倍稀释法测定了16种中草药对4种禽大肠杆菌体外抑菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),并选取24种2味组合和12种3～5味组合中草药进行了试验.结果表明,所选16种中草药单味均对禽大肠杆菌有一定的抗菌活性,其MIC在3.9克/升至375.0克/升之间;所选24种2味中草药组合的MIC在11.7克/升至250.0克/升之间,而且少数组合对各血清型大肠杆菌有拮抗作用;12种3～5味中草药组合的MIC在11.7克/升至46.8克/升之间,且全部组合均表现有协同作用,显示了中草药配伍应用的优势.     

中草药对禽大肠杆菌的体外抑菌试验

为探讨单味及多味复方中草药对大肠杆菌的药理活性，为其临床应用提供理论依据。采用两倍稀释法测定了16种中草药对4种禽大肠杆菌体外抑菌的最小抑菌浓度（MIC），并选取24种2味组合和12种3-5味组合中草药进行了试验。结果表明，所选16种中草药单味均对禽大肠杆菌有一定的抗菌活性。其MIC在3.9克/升至375.0克/升之间；所选24种2味中草药组合的MIC在11.7克/升至250.0克/升之间，而且少数组合对各血清型大肠杆菌有拮抗作用。12种3-5味中草药组合的MIC在11.7克/升至46.8克/升之间，且全部组合均表现有协同作用，显示了中草药配伍应用的优势。     

中草药对肠炎沙门氏菌的体外抑菌试验

用定量分析的方法探讨单味及多味复方中草药的药理活性,为临床应用提供理论依据.用2倍稀释法测定13种中草药对肠炎沙门氏菌的体外MIC;将13种中药两两组合后测定MIC,依据结果组成8个复方,测定它们及5个中药方剂的MIC.结果单味中草药对肠炎沙门氏菌的MIC在15.6～500 g/L之间;78种两味中药组合的MIC在15.6～500 g/L之间,少数组合有拮抗作用;13种3～10味中药组合MIC在15.6～250 g/L之间,大部分组合表现协同作用,显示出中药配伍优势.     

nisin与中药联合应用对禽致病性大肠杆菌体外抑菌效果研究

旨在评价乳酸链球菌素(nisin)与中药联合应用对禽致病性大肠杆菌的体外抑菌效果。采用二倍稀释法分别测定nisin、五味子、诃子、乌梅、枳壳、松针单独用药时对禽致病性大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),应用棋盘微量稀释法分别测定nisin与5味中药联合使用时对禽致病性大肠杆菌的MIC。结果表明,nisin单独使用时对禽源致病性大肠杆菌没有抑菌效果,五味子、诃子、乌梅的MIC均为62.5mg/m L,枳壳的MIC为125.0 mg/m L,松针的MIC为250.0 mg/m L;nisin与松针联合使用时无抑菌作用,与五味子联合使用时MIC分别为1.25 mg/m L和15.625 mg/m L,与诃子、枳壳、乌梅联合使用时MIC均为2.5 mg/m L(nisin)和31.25 mg/m L(中药)。综上提示,nisin与五味子、诃子、枳壳、乌梅联合应用时,可提高这4味中药的抑菌效果。     

13种中草药对禽源葡萄球菌体外抑菌试验

采用试管二倍稀释法分别测定13种中草药对临床分离的禽源葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration,MIC),筛选出抑菌作用较好且临床常用的5味中草药,并采用棋盘稀释法测定中草药联用后对禽源葡萄球菌的微量抑制浓度指数(fractional inhibitory concentration index,FIC index),旨在研究中草药联用对禽源葡萄球菌的体外抑菌效果。结果表明,13味中草药水提物中,钩藤、乌梅对禽源葡萄球菌的体外抑菌作用最强,MIC均小于1.95 mg/m L;其次为黄连和苏木,MIC为3.91 mg/m L。在联用试验中,忍冬与诃子联用表现为协同作用,其他组合表现均为无关或颉颃作用。     

仙草对禽大肠杆菌的体外抑菌试验

为探讨仙草的药理活性,采用两倍稀释的定量分析方法分别测定仙草的根、茎、叶及全草对3个血清型的禽大肠杆菌体外抑菌的MIC,并对仙草全草水和醇提取液的体外抑菌特性进行比较。结果显示仙草中根、茎、叶及全草对禽大肠杆菌的体外抑菌的MIC在3.9～250g/L之间,显示仙草优良的抑菌效果和广阔的应用前景;仙草全草醇提取液的体外抑菌效果优于水提取液,为临床应用提供理论依据。     

中草药对奶牛乳房炎致病菌的体外抑菌效果

选择常用6味中草药煎剂及中药复方制剂,采用试管二倍稀释法,对所分离的3种致病菌进行抑菌试验,并测定了最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）. 体外抑菌试验结果表明：鱼腥草对大肠杆菌有较强的抑菌活性,MIC为62.5 g/L.野菊花、连翘、金银花对金黄色葡萄球菌有较强的抑菌活性,MIC分别为15.7、31.3和31.3 g/L.金银花、连翘对无乳链球菌有较强的抑菌活性,MIC为15.7和31.3 g/L.而复方中金银花＋野菊花＋连翘相对其它4个组方对3种致病菌都有较强的抑菌活性.     

24味中药水提物对宠物犬源致病性大肠杆菌NJ-1株体外抑菌试验研究

为了研究24味中药水提物对吕梁地区宠物犬源致病性大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)流行株NJ-1的体外抑菌效果,利用水提法提取24味中药有效成分,使其浓度为1 g/m L;利用牛津杯法和试管二倍稀释法分别测定24味中药水提物抑菌圈直径大小和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果表明:宠物犬源致病性大肠杆菌NJ-1株对黄连、诃子、五倍子、五味子、苦参5味中药水提物高度敏感,抑菌圈直径在18.1~20.0 mm之间,MBC在7.80~15.63 mg/m L之间;其余的中药水提物对宠物犬源致病性大肠杆菌NJ-1株存在不同程度的敏感性。说明中草药可应用于犬源致病性大肠杆菌病的治疗。     

32种中药水提取物的体外抗菌活性研究

本试验提取32味中草药水煎液,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定对标准大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的体外抑菌活性．筛选出对金黄色葡萄球菌具有较好体外抑菌活性的中草药11味,并对3株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）进行了最低抑菌浓度（MIC）的测定。结果显示：有24味中草药水煎液具有体外抑菌活性．且对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效力大于大肠杆菌．以黄连和黄柏对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果最好：3株MRSA对筛选的11味中草药中的10味均产生了不同程度的耐药,MIC增加2—4倍,仅香薷对MRSA的MIC减少2—4倍。     

14味中草药对鸡大肠杆菌的体外抑菌作用研究

为测定14味中草药对鸡大肠杆菌的体外抑菌效果,筛选出具有较好体外抑菌作用的单味中草药,为临床用药治疗大肠杆菌病以及开发中草药制剂提供依据,试验采用水提法提取诃子、紫花地丁、苏木等14味中草药的有效成分,琼脂平板打孔法测定中草药对鸡大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径,微量二倍稀释法测定中草药对鸡大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果表明:诃子、黄连、乌梅、苏木、五味子这5种药物抑菌效果较好,其中五味子、黄连效果最好,平均抑菌圈直径≥23.0 mm,MIC和MBC在15.63～31.25 mg/mL范围内。说明中草药具有一定的抑菌效果,且不同的中草药抑菌效果也不同。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein