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1.
    
An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacement of fish oil (FO) with blending vegetable oils (VOs) on growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activities and fatty acid composition in tissue of swimming crab Portunustrituberculatus. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to contain VOs (colza oil: palm oil: linseed oil = 4:2:1) to replace 0 (the control diet), 250, 500, 750 and 1000 g/kg of FO (defined D0, D25, D50, D75, D100). Three hundred juvenile swimming crabs (initial weight 2.34 ± 0.08 g) were randomly stocked and sorted into 300 individual rectangle plastic baskets in three cement pools. Each treatment has three replicates, one replicate has 20 swimming crabs, and each diet fed 60 crabs distributed in 60 baskets. The results indicated that crabs fed the control diet showed significantly higher survival, final body weight, per cent weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate and moulting frequency, crude protein and crude lipid contents in muscles than those fed the D75 and D100 VO diets (p < .05). Crabs fed the D25 VO diet showed significantly higher concentration of triglyceride, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and total protein, activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) in haemolymph than those fed the control diet (p < .05). Fatty acid composition in hepatopancreas was positively correlated with dietary composition. In summary, based on the PWG, the optimal replacement of FO with VOs was estimated to be 250 g/kg. These findings demonstrated that swimming crabs make better use of FO than VOs.  相似文献   

2.
    
A 120‐day trial was conducted to assess the effects of dietary fish oil replacement with vegetable oils on growth, lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of subadult swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to replace 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000g/kg of fish oil with a mixture of soybean and rapeseed oil (defined as D1–D5), and each treatment had 30 replicate crabs. Dietary fish oil replacement had no significant effects on growth of the crabs, while the D3 had the highest hepatosomatic index and total lipids in hepatopancreas. The triglyceride and lipase activities in hepatopancreas increased significantly with increasing dietary fish oil replacement. The D4 had the highest levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in the hepatopancreas, as well as the haemolymph ALP, ACP and peroxidase. The highest levels of haemolymph total antioxidant capacity, catalase and malondialdehyde were detected in D1. Total n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels in hepatopancreas decreased significantly with increasing dietary fish oil replacement. In conclusion, dietary fish oil replacement had no significant effects on growth of P. trituberculatus, and 500g/kg of fish oil replacement could improve antioxidant capacity, but excessive replacement level will enhance lipid accumulation and peroxidation in the hepatopancreas.  相似文献   

3.
    
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of inbreeding on the immune responses and antioxidant status of Portunus trituberculatus juveniles. Results showed that inbreeding affected the total haemocyte count, and phagocytic, pro‐phenoloxidase (propo), phenoloxidase and antibacterial activities decreased after the seventh generation. Antioxidant status showed a similar pattern: total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and GSH/GSSG in the cell‐free haemolymph and hepatopancreas decreased, while catalase activity in the cell‐free haemolymph increased (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in α2‐macroglobulin and bacteriolytic activities in the cell‐free haemolymph and glutathione peroxidase activity in the cell‐free haemolymph and hepatopancreas among nine inbreeding generations. Gene expression levels of proPO and crustin in haemocytes and SOD in haemocytes and hepatopancreas also decreased significantly as the inbreeding generations increased. The results suggest that a high level of inbreeding could severely reduce the physiological health of P. trituberculatus. Our obtained data would be particularly useful for P. trituberculatus breeding programmes.  相似文献   

4.
    
H. Yu  J. Zhou  Y. Lin  H. Ji  Y. Li  J. Wang 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2018,24(5):1456-1465
This study determined the effect of different lipid sources on growth, feed use, lipid metabolism and antioxidant status of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Juvenile fish (56.9 ± 4.7 g) were divided into four triplicate groups and fed diets containing 30 g/Kg of fish oil (FO), olive oil (OO), peanut oil (PO) and linseed oil (LO), respectively, for 60 days. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different between the dietary groups, but we observed changes in the fatty acid composition of muscle and intraperitoneal fat reflecting the fatty acid profile of the dietary lipid source. In the hepatopancreas, the highest mRNA level of fatty acid translocase CD36 (FAT/CD36) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT‐1A) was both observed in the FO group. In muscle, the expression of FAT/CD36 and CPT‐1A in the LO group was significantly higher than that in other groups, except for CPT‐1A in the PO group. In addition, the lowest and highest content of malondialdehyde in serum was observed in OO and FO groups, respectively. In summary, dietary lipid source altered the fatty acid composition, potential uptake (FAT/CD36) and oxidation (CPT‐1A) of fatty acids, and antioxidant status of grass carp, which should be considered when selecting a lipid source.  相似文献   

5.
    
An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimal dietary arginine requirement for juvenile swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated to contain graded arginine levels which ranged from 15.9 to 33.0 g kg?1. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 60 juvenile swimming crabs (4.72 ± 0.12 g). The results indicated that dietary arginine had significant effects on weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), protein productive value, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio. Weight gain and SGR significantly increased with the dietary arginine increasing from 15.9 to 27.4 g kg?1, while with the further increasing from 27.4 to 33.0 g kg?1, WG and SGR did not increase significantly. Maximum arginine, proline and total essential amino acid contents in muscle were observed in 27.4 g kg?1 group diet. The swimming crab fed the diet with lower dietary arginine level showed higher AST and lower ALT in the serum. Crab fed with the lower dietary arginine level had significantly lower ALT in the serum than the other groups. Haemolymph indexes were significantly affected by the dietary arginine level except for the cholesterol concentration, and the highest values were all found in 27.4 g kg?1 group diet. The two slope broken‐line model using SGR showed that the optimal dietary arginine requirement was 27.7 g kg?1 of the dry matter (56.0 g kg?1 dietary protein) for juvenile swimming crab.  相似文献   

6.
    
An 8‐week trial was conducted to determine the effects of total replacement of 12.9% fish oil (FO) with soybean oil (SBO), peanut oil (PNO), sunflower seed oil (SFSO), corn oil (CO) and canola oil (CNO) on growth performance, health status and fillet fatty acid composition of hybrid sturgeon (194.28 ± 0.14 g). Compared to the FO group, dietary SBO decreased growth performance (p < .05), increased serum glucose and hepatic lipid content (p < .05). No obvious adverse effects on growth performance and health status were observed in PNO, SFSO and CO groups (p > 0.05). The fish fed with CNO had increased growth performance (p < .05), reduced serum ALT, AST, LDL‐C (p < .05) and enhanced serum GSH‐Px, T‐AOC, and LZM, MPO, C4 (p < .05). The contents of C18:1n9, C18:2n6, and ∑n‐3 PUFA and ∑n‐6 PUFA in fillets showed a positive linear correlation with the diets (p < .05). In summary, PNO, SFSO and CO are probable alternative lipid sources to fully replace FO. Hybrid sturgeon prefers to use CNO as a lipid source with improved growth performance and health status. The fillet fatty acid composition mirrors the dietary fatty acid composition.  相似文献   

7.
    
A 6‐week study was conducted to determine the effects of different lipid sources in pelleted diets on juvenile mud crab Scylla paramamosain. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets containing 8% level of fish oil (FO), lard (LD), safflower oil (SO), perilla seed oil (PO) or mixture oil (MO; VFO:VSO:VPO = 1:1:1), and a live food of marine bivalve Potamocorbula rubromuscula as the control diet (CF), were fed to groups of 25 juvenile crabs (average initial weight 7.4 g, carapace width 3.5 cm) in triplicate. The results showed that crabs fed MO had the highest survival (P < 0.05). The moisture content was significantly higher in crabs fed LD, SO and PO (P < 0.05). Crabs fed SO exhibited the lowest crude protein and lipid (P < 0.05). Ash contents were obviously lower in LD group (P < 0.05). Highest total lipid in the hepatopancreas and muscle was in LD and FO group respectively. Glucose, total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein were higher while high‐density lipoprotein was lower (P < 0.05) in LD group. Tissue fatty acid compositions were consistent with those in diets. FO and MO diets had the same depression effect like CF on fatty acid synthase activity and mRNA expression in the hepatopancreas. The results of this study indicated that FO and mixed oil are suitable for preparation of pelleted diets with better effects for juvenile S. paramamosain compared with live food, and the ratio of n‐6/n‐3 fatty acids in pelleted diets must be <1.  相似文献   

8.
    
Five dietary lipid sources (fish oil, soybean oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil and linseed oil) were evaluated in juvenile red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, based on the response of growth, antioxidant capacity, intestine histology, whole‐body composition, fatty acid nutrition and lipid metabolism. Crayfish were fed in quadruplicate net cages for 8 weeks. Crayfish fed diets with fish oil, soybean oil and linseed oil obtained significantly higher weight gain and specific growth rate than those fed the other two diets. Survival, condition factor and hepatosomatic index were not significantly affected by lipid sources. Lipid sources also do not affect the whole‐body composition of crayfish. Serum SOD, T‐AOC and GSH‐PX activities of crayfish fed the palm oil and rapeseed oil diets had a significantly lower value than those fed other diets. The minimum concentrations of MDA have been observed in crayfish fed the soybean oil diet. The activity of ACC in the hepatopancreas of crayfish fed the linseed oil diet showed the highest value, and the CPT‐1 activity was not significantly affected by different lipid sources. Crayfish fed the soybean oil diet showed significantly higher TC and TG contents in hepatopancreas than those fed other diets. Crayfish fed linseed oil diet had a significantly higher percentage of EPA, C18:3n?3 and Σn?3 PUFA in muscle than those fed other treatments. Most of the fatty acid compositions in the hepatopancreas had a close correlation to fatty acid compositions in diets. All findings in this study indicate that soybean oil is the advantageous lipid source for juvenile C. quadricarinatus which can reflect in satisfactory growth performance, antioxidant capacity and fatty acid nutrition of edible tissues.  相似文献   

9.
    
A nine‐week feeding trial was performed to determine the dietary linolenic acid (LNA; 18:3n–3) requirements of juvenile blunt snout bream. Six iso‐nitrogenous, semi‐purified diets were prepared with different concentrations of LNA (0–25 g/kg). Dietary LNA had no significant effects on survival rate. However, final fish weight, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) increased with increasing dietary LNA concentrations up to 20 g/kg. Dietary LNA increased muscle LNA and total n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents, but decreased total saturated fatty acid content. Fish fed 20 g/kg LNA had the highest plasma alkaline phosphatase activity, total protein, albumin and white blood cell count levels. Additionally, fish fed 20 g/kg LNA had higher triglyceride levels than control fish. Plasma glucose increased with increasing dietary LNA concentrations. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities significantly increased with increasing dietary LNA concentrations up to 15 g/kg. Based on SGR and FER, the optimal dietary LNA requirements of juvenile blunt snout bream were 17.5 and 15.6 g/kg respectively.  相似文献   

10.
    
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11.
    
Two approaches (i.e. water and dry or semi‐dry transport) have been developed for the transport of swimming crabs Portunus trituberculatus in recent years. To evaluate their differential effects on physiological responses of crabs, we measured haemolymph components (metabolic substrates, metabolites and ions) and hepatopancreas glycogen level at different time intervals after exposure of crabs to thermal stresses in water and air. The immersed crabs exhibited no significant change in all metabolic substrates except the glucose level in the hypothermal stressed treatment (P > 0.05), whereas there was a great variation in haemolymph glucose and lipid level of air exposed crabs under both thermal stresses (P < 0.05). With respect to metabolites in immersed crabs, only urea concentration in hypothermal stressed crabs and lactate concentration in hyperthermal stressed crabs changed significantly during the experiment; by contrast, the air exposed crabs responded significantly in all metabolites to thermal stresses (P < 0.05). The immersed crabs decreased the concentration of Na+ and Mg2+, but increased the concentration of K+ and Ca2+. The change in Na+ and Ca2+ were not significant in the hyperthermal stressed crabs (P > 0.05). Nevertheless, all ions except K+ accumulated significantly in the air exposed crabs after thermal stresses (P < 0.05). Crabs in the two different media responded similar to thermal stresses in metabolism but differed greatly in ions regulation. The effects of thermal stresses on crabs could be magnified by exposure to air, leading to animals relying more on anaerobic metabolism and therefore limiting the usage of dry or semi‐dry transport approach especially at high temperature.  相似文献   

12.
    
Dojo loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) is one of the most important cultured freshwater fish in several East Asian countries. However, a little information is available in its nutritional requirements. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding varying levels of dietary protein and lipid on growth, fatty acid composition and antioxidant‐related gene expressions in juvenile loach. Six practical diets at three levels of protein (30%, 40% and 50%) and two levels of lipid (6% and 12%) were fed to loach juveniles (initial weight 0.40 g) in triplicated groups (20 fish per replicated) for a period of 8 weeks. Results showed that regardless of lipid level, body weight gain of fish was significantly increased with incremental dietary protein level. Meanwhile, feed conversion ratio was significantly decreased by dietary protein levels, and the lowest value was observed in fish fed dietary protein levels of 50%, regardless of dietary lipid level. Moreover, the percentage of 22:6n‐3 in viscera was significantly increased by different protein levels. The expression level of catalase was significantly increased with incremental dietary protein level with both lipid levels. Meanwhile, the expression level of hepatic nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) was downregulated with incremental dietary protein level with 6% of lipid level, but the expression was upregulated with incremental dietary protein level with 12% of lipid level. In conclusion, these data suggested that 6% lipid and 50% protein in diet was optimal for loach during early development stage.  相似文献   

13.
为研究硫酸锰(MnSO_4·H_2O)、甘氨酸锰[MnC4H8O4N2]和羟基蛋氨酸锰(MnC5H11NO6S2)对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×E.lanceolatu♂)生长性能、抗氧化能力、血清生化指标以及肠道形态的影响。实验选取体重为(11.00±0.12)g的珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼270尾,随机分为3组(每组3个重复,每个重复30尾),分别添加MnSO_4·H_2O、MnC4H8O4N2和MnC5H11NO6S2(分别记作MnSO_4、Mn-Gly和Mn-MHA),使饲料中Mn元素水平分别为37.74 mg/kg、40.66 mg/kg和38.15 mg/kg,投喂等氮等脂的试验饲料,饲养8周。结果表明, Mn-Gly和Mn-MHA组的增重率(WGR)均显著高于MnSO_4组(P0.05), Mn-MHA组饲料系数(FCR)显著低于MnSO_4组(P0.05),存活率(SR)和特定生长率(SGR)方面,各组之间无显著性差异(P0.05)。肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量方面, Mn-Gly和Mn-MHA组均显著低于MnSO_4组(P0.05),Mn-MHA组锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn-SOD)活力显著高于MnSO_4和Mn-Gly组(P0.05),Mn-Gly和Mn-MHA组铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZn-SOD)活力均显著低于MnSO_4组(P0.05)。Mn-Gly和Mn-MHA组血清葡萄糖(GLU)含量显著高于MnSO_4组(P0.05),总胆固醇(CHOL)方面, MnSO_4组和Mn-Gly组均显著高于Mn-MHA组(P0.05)。与MnSO_4组相比,Mn-MHA组显著提高了前肠和中肠皱襞高度(P0.05),增大了后肠肌层厚度(P0.05);Mn-Gly组中肠皱襞宽显著高于MnSO_4组(P0.05),后肠皱襞高度显著高于MnSO_4和Mn-MHA组(P0.05)。由此可见,与MnSO_4相比, Mn-Gly和Mn-MHA能够显著提高珍珠龙胆石斑鱼幼鱼的生长性能,增强肝脏的抗氧化能力,调节相关代谢反应,保护肝脏,促进前、中、后肠的发育。  相似文献   

14.
    
An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary leucine requirement for juvenile swimming crabs reared in cement pools. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic practical diets (430 g/kg crude protein and 70 g/kg crude lipid) were formulated to contain graded leucine levels which ranged from 16.7 to 26.7 g/kg (dry weight). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 60 juvenile swimming crabs (initial average weight 3.75 ± 0.12 g) that were stocked in rectangle plastic baskets. The results of the present study indicated that dietary leucine levels significantly influenced weight gain (WG) and specific growth ratio (SGR) (p < .05), crab fed the diet containing 22.7 g/kg leucine had significantly higher WG and SGR than those fed the other diets. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were not significantly affected by the dietary leucine levels (p > .05). Total protein, cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose in serum were significantly affected by the dietary leucine levels. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase activities in hemolymph, AST and superoxide dismutase activities in hepatopancreas were significantly affected by dietary leucine levels; moreover, crab fed the 16.7 g/kg leucine diet had higher malondialdehyde in hemolymph and hepatopancreas than those fed the other diets. Crab fed the diet containing 24.9 g/kg leucine had higher phenoloxidase activity in hemolymph than those fed the other diets. Based on two‐slope broken‐line model of SGR against dietary leucine levels, the optimal dietary leucine requirement for growth was estimated to be 22.1 g/kg of the dry diet (corresponding to 51.4 g/kg of dietary protein on a dry weight basis). In summary, findings of this study indicated that dietary leucine could improve growth performance and antioxidant status.  相似文献   

15.
    
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of salinity stress on immune responses and evaluating indicators in swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. The crabs (150 ± 8.5 g in body weight) were exposed to different salinities as 21, 26 and 31‰ (control) for 6 days. The results showed the total haemocyte counts (THC) and prophenoloxidase (proPO) activity in the haemocytes decreased significantly in the treatment groups after 6 hr, and reached the lowest levels at 12 hr. The phenoloxidase (PO) activity in the plasma increased significantly and peaked at 12 hr, then recovered to control level after 24 hr. The phagocytic per cent of haemocyte, antibacterial and bacteriolytic activities in the plasma decreased significantly in the treatment groups, and reached the lowest level at 12 hr, then recovered to control level after 72 hr. The dopamine (DA) and 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) contents in the plasma increased significantly and peaked at 12 hr, then recovered to control level, while the noradrenaline (NE) content in the plasma had no significant change throughout the duration of the experiment. The DA and 5‐HT receptors were significantly up‐regulated in the treatment groups. The highest value of mRNA expression of DA and 5‐HT receptors occurred at 12 hr and recovered to control level after 24 hr. In addition, the cAMP and protein kinase A (PKA) contents in the haemocytes increased significantly and peaked at 12 hr, then recovered to control level after 72 hr. The phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC) contents in the haemocytes increased significantly and peaked at 12 hr, then resumed to control level after 24 hr. These results speculated that biogenic amine (DA and 5‐HT) is likely to play an important role in immune modulation via cAMP/PKA signalling pathway or PLC/PKC signalling pathway when P. trituberculatus is exposed to low salinity and these results will provide scientific data for immune evaluation.  相似文献   

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17.
    
To determine the effects of linolenic acid (LNA, 18:3n‐3) in oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense), an 8‐week feeding experiment was conducted using six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic semi‐purified diets containing 0.07 g/kg (control), 7.3 g/kg, 16.6 g/kg, 20.2 g/kg, 27.3 g/kg and 36.3 g/kg LNA. The hepatopancreas lipid content decreased significantly when dietary LNA content was >20.2 g/kg. Fatty acid analysis revealed that the percentage of 18:3n‐3 in the hepatopancreas significantly increased with increasing dietary LNA levels, while 20:5n‐3, 22:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 levels in the hepatopancreas decreased in a curvilinear manner as dietary LNA increased. Additionally, qRT‐PCR results revealed that hepatopancreas mRNA expression of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC) decreased with increasing dietary LNA, while the greatest carnitine palmitoyl transferase‐1(CPT1) mRNA expression was observed in the 2.73 g/kg and 36.3 g/kg groups. Furthermore, hepatopancreas mRNA expression of acyl‐CoA delta‐9 desaturase (SCD) and fatty acyl elongase 6(elovl6) was downregulated when prawns fed the diets containing >20.2 g/kg LNA. These results indicate that dietary 18:3n‐3 could decrease lipid deposition through increased fatty acid β‐oxidation and modulated fatty acid synthesis, and alter fatty acid composition by regulating fatty acyl elongase and fatty acyl desaturase mRNA expression in the M. nipponense.  相似文献   

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20.
    
This study investigated the effects of n‐3 high unsaturated fatty acid (n‐3HUFA) levels on the growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activities and fatty acid profiles of both subadult and adult Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei). Seven iso‐nitrogenous and iso‐lipidic diets were used, containing n‐3HUFA concentrations of 1.6 (control), 4.8, 7.4, 13.9, 23.9, 29.2 and 34.4 g/kg, respectively. Two 8‐week feeding trials were conducted to determine the dietary n‐3HUFA requirements of L. vannamei with an initial body weight of 4.25 ± 0.00 g (subadults) and 8.50 ± 0.01 g (adults). The results showed that the dietary n‐3HUFA level significantly affected the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate, the feed conversion ratio and the hepatosomatic index (HSI) (p < 0.05), but did not significantly affect the survival rate (p > 0.05). At appropriate level, dietary n‐3HUFA improved growth performance and HSI of both subadult and adult L. vannamei. Both subadults and adults showed significant differences in body composition (p < 0.05), except for moisture and crude ash (p > 0.05). Cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein significantly decreased with increasing dietary n‐3HUFA both in subadults and adults (p < 0.05); however, triglyceride showed no significant change (p > 0.05). High‐density lipoprotein (HDL) in subadults was significantly affected by dietary n‐3HUFA (p < 0.05), but followed no apparent regularity; HDL significantly changed in adults and showed an upward trend followed by a downward trend (p < 0.05). There was no significant effect on aspartate transaminase (AST) activity in subadults, but AST in adults and alanine transaminase (ALT) in subadults and adults were significantly affected (p < 0.05). Dietary n‐3HUFA significantly affected serum polyphend oxidase, malic dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase and sodium‐potassium adenosine triphosphatase enzyme activities in gills (p < 0.05). The fatty acid composition of the shrimp tissue was associated with the fatty acid composition of the diet. Dietary n‐3HUFA supplementation significantly improved the contents of tissue ∑HUFA and n‐3HUFA, increased the n‐3/n‐6 ratio in the tail muscle and decreased the contents of tissue polyunsaturated fatty acid and saturated fatty acid (p < 0.05). Based on the WGR, the broken‐line equations indicated that the optimum requirements of dietary n‐3HUFA were determined to be 9.0 and 5.1 g/kg for subadult and adult L. vannamei, respectively.  相似文献   

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