共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
Since the 1950s, pesticide resistance has been identified in many species. This paper considers the role of resistance action groups and notes that they were all formed in response to resistance problems occurring. Data now exist on the strategies which are most effective and the paper aims to bring together information from the fields of weeds, pests and diseases. Pesticide mixtures, sequences or rotations have been demonstrated as having a clear role in resistance management strategies. Resistance management would be improved if there was agreement on uniform test methodology and interpretation of results. The industry must work together to agree what constitutes an anti-resistance strategy, whether this is for prevention or cure, and to ensure that this is then included within regulatory frameworks. Future developments such as patch treatment, biotechnology and biocontrol are discussed. It is concluded that, to date, there has been little discussion between specialists in the field of resistance to herbicides, fungicides or insecticides and it is clear there are significant advantages to be had from more interaction. ©1997 SCI 相似文献
2.
3.
4.
5.
茚虫威属于噁二嗪类杀虫剂,与大多数杀虫剂不同的是其进入害虫体内需要经活化代谢转变成N-去甲氧羰基代谢物(decarbomethoxylated metabolite,DCJW)后不可逆地阻断钠通道,进而发挥杀虫活性。茚虫威由于其作用机制不同于常见的使钠离子通道延迟关闭的菊酯类药剂而被广泛用于鳞翅目和一些同翅目、鞘翅目害虫的防治。抗药性是任何杀虫药剂使用后面临的问题,茚虫威也不例外,许多害虫对其产生了不同程度的抗性。昆虫对茚虫威产生抗性的机制包括酯酶活性、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)和P450活性的增加以及分子靶标F1845Y、V1848I、L1014P的突变,这些对茚虫威抗性机制的研究基本都是基于抗性种群和敏感种群开展的,需要进一步验证其对抗性研究的贡献度。针对我国田间害虫种群对茚虫威的抗性现状,及时实施对茚虫威有效的抗性治理是迫切的。对于茚虫威的抗性治理除了传统的杀虫药剂轮用、混用外,需要利用其作用机制特点开展抗性治理策略研究。一是充分利用其活化代谢的特点,开展组合药剂的研究应用;二是菊酯类药剂和茚虫威的作用机制均与钠离子通道有关,但是前者是使钠离子通道关闭延迟,而后者是阻断钠离子通道,开展相关基础研究,使菊酯类药剂与茚虫威合理地用于抗性治理中。本文综述了茚虫威的抗性现状、抗性机制与交互抗性、茚虫威的抗性风险评价,针对茚虫威的抗性特点提出了抗性治理策略。 相似文献
6.
H J Beckie R E Blackshaw J Y Leeson P W Stahlman T A Gaines E N Johnson 《Weed Research》2018,58(3):177-187
This study describes the seedbank persistence of glyphosate‐resistant (GR) Kochia scoparia at two sites in western Canada and examines if GRK. scoparia from western Canada and mid‐western United States (USA) differ from their susceptible counterparts in seed germination and early growth characteristics at low‐temperature regimes. Site or depth of seed burial (surface, 2.5 cm, 10 cm) did not affect seed viability over time and time to 50% and 90% loss of viability averaged 210 and 232 days respectively. Glyphosate‐resistant K. scoparia generally germinated later and had lower cumulative germination than glyphosate‐susceptible (GS) K. scoparia from Saskatchewan, Canada; and Kansas, USA; but not Colorado, USA. Similarly, time to 10% first leaf of GSK. scoparia from Saskatchewan and Kansas tended to be sooner than that of GRK. scoparia, with a greater percentage of GS vs. GR seedlings of populations from all regions having attained first leaf by the end of the experiment. The short seedbank longevity and delayed and reduced germination and time to first leaf of GRK. scoparia may potentially be exploited to maximise management efficacy through delayed preseeding weed control or alternatively by early seeding date to enhance crop competitiveness. 相似文献
7.
Suspected imazaquin-resistant accessions of Amaranthus palmeri were studied to determine the magnitude of resistance and cross-resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides and compare differential tolerance of A palmeri and Amaranthus hybridus to ALS inhibitors. Five of seven A palmeri accessions were resistant to imazaquin. The most imazaquin-resistant accession, accession 7, also showed 74, 39 and 117 times higher resistance than the susceptible biotype to chlorimuron, diclosulam and pyrithiobac, respectively. Resistance to imazaquin and cross-resistance to other ALS inhibitors in A palmeri was due to a less-sensitive ALS enzyme. A palmeri was 70 times more tolerant to imazaquin than A hybridus. A palmeri was also seven times more tolerant to pyrithiobac than A hybridus. Differences in ALS enzyme sensitivity could not fully account for the high tolerance of A palmeri to imazaquin compared to A hybridus. Both species were equally affected by chlorimuron and diclosulam. 相似文献
8.
9.
Jonathan Gressel 《Pest management science》2009,65(11):1164-1173
A greater number of, and more varied, modes of resistance have evolved in weeds than in other pests because the usage of herbicides is far more extensive than the usage of other pesticides, and because weed seed output is so great. The discovery and development of selective herbicides are more problematic than those of insecticides and fungicides, as these must only differentiate between plant and insect or pathogen. Herbicides are typically selective between plants, meaning that before deployment there are already some crops possessing natural herbicide resistance that weeds could evolve. The concepts of the evolution of resistance and the mechanisms of delaying resistance have evolved as nature has continually evolved new types of resistance. Major gene target‐site mutations were the first types to evolve, with initial consideration devoted mainly to them, but slowly ‘creeping’ resistance, gradually accruing increasing levels of resistance, has become a major force owing to an incremental accumulation of genetic changes in weed populations. Weeds have evolved mechanisms unknown even in antibiotic as well as other drug and pesticide resistances. It is even possible that cases of epigenetic ‘remembered’ resistances may have appeared. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
10.
11.
Raul Narciso C Guedes 《Pest management science》2017,73(3):479-484
Insecticide resistance is a broadly recognized ecological backlash resulting from insecticide use and is widely reported among arthropod pest species with well‐recognized underlying mechanisms and consequences. Nonetheless, insecticide resistance is the subject of evolving conceptual views that introduces a different concept useful if recognized in its own right – the risk or likelihood of control failure. Here we suggest an experimental approach to assess the likelihood of control failure of an insecticide allowing for consistent decision‐making regarding management of insecticide resistance. We also challenge the current emphasis on limited spatial sampling of arthropod populations for resistance diagnosis in favor of comprehensive spatial sampling. This necessarily requires larger population sampling – aiming to use spatial analysis in area‐wide surveys – to recognize focal points of insecticide resistance and/or control failure that will better direct management efforts. The continuous geographical scale of such surveys will depend on the arthropod pest species, the pattern of insecticide use and many other potential factors. Regardless, distance dependence among sampling sites should still hold, following the maxim that the closer two things are, the more they resemble each other, which is the basis of Tobler's First Law of Geography. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
12.
不同胁迫预处理对梭梭幼苗抗旱性和抗冷性的影响 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
梭梭幼苗低温预处理(5-7℃)48小时后,转至干旱环境中,其抗旱性比未处理的高。1。32Mol/LNaCl溶液预处理24小时后,亦提高了梭梭幼苗的抗旱性,干旱预处理12小时后再转入低温环境,抗冷性也有所提高,这说明梭梭幼苗具有交叉适应能力。 相似文献
13.
为明确北部麦区河北、山西育成品种对中国小麦条锈病的抗性水平及部分已定位抗条锈病基因的分布状况, 利用小麦条锈菌当前优势小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34对89份来自河北、山西的小麦品种在温室进行苗期分小种抗性鉴定, 在小麦条锈病不同流行区甘肃清水、四川郫县、湖北荆州设置鉴定圃进行成株期抗性鉴定; 采用与部分已知基因紧密连锁的分子标记进行抗病基因检测。结果显示, 苗期仅‘长4640’‘晋麦91号’‘科农2009’3份品种对CYR32、CYR33和CYR34均表现抗性; 在甘肃清水、四川郫县、湖北荆州鉴定圃中抗病材料的比例分别为39.33%、24.72%和58.43%, ‘长4640’和‘晋麦91号’为全生育期抗性。通过6个已知抗条锈基因Yr5、Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr18 和Yr26 对89份小麦品种进行分子标记检测, 结果表明, 13份品种检测到Yr9标记, 2份检测到Yr18标记, 未检测到Yr5、Yr10、Yr15和Yr26。以上结果表明, 河北、山西小麦品种对越冬菌源基地的条锈菌的抗性水平很低, 同时成株期抗性基因的利用率低, 今后应加强对新抗病基因的利用, 育种过程中尽可能在不同流行区进行异地鉴定。 相似文献
14.
15.
16.
17.
为明确褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens对环氧虫啶的抗性遗传方式, 进而指导田间合理用药。经过34代选育获得抗环氧虫啶褐飞虱品系(CYC-R), 其抗性水平相较于敏感品系(CYC-S)提高了102.42倍。抗性遗传方式分析结果表明, 环氧虫啶对CYC-R和CYC-S的正、反交后代(F1RS和F1SR)的毒力无显著性差异, 且正、反交后代显性度分别为0.33和0.34, 表明褐飞虱对环氧虫啶的抗性为常染色体、不完全显性遗传。自交和回交的后代(F2RS、F2SR和F2BC)经环氧虫啶处理后的实际死亡率与期望值经卡方检验, 均差异显著, 表明褐飞虱对环氧虫啶的抗性由多基因控制。因此, 一旦褐飞虱田间种群对环氧虫啶产生抗性, 环氧虫啶的使用寿命将会缩短, 抗性治理难度较大, 建议采用预防性抗性治理策略。 相似文献
18.
19.
An epidemiology‐based strategy using rice sheath blight (ShB) as a biological model was developed that enables identification of sources of resistance. A set of 163 cultivated rice genotypes, including genotypes which had been reported to express partial resistance to ShB, and a few genotypes reported as very susceptible, were assessed using two complementary methods. First, microfield experiments allowed measurement of disease intensification at, and spread from, inoculated sources, along with morphological traits of each genotype. Secondly, detached tiller tests allowed measurement of the physiological resistance to the disease under conditions where morphology does not come into play. Multivariate analysis involving hierarchical cluster analysis, followed by multiple correspondence analysis, indicated that levels of physiological resistance, groups of plant morphology and disease levels in microfields were associated. Results from logistic regressions further indicated that a decreased number of lesions measured on detached tillers increased the odds of a rice genotype belonging to the group with low disease intensity in microfields. The combined results from microfield and detached tiller tests allowed identification of 23 genotypes with low level of disease intensity, which may be used as sources of resistance to ShB in breeding programmes. The results suggest that this strategy, which combines the crop stand and the individual tiller scales, may be applied to the identification of sources of resistance to a range of diseases with similar life cycle traits. 相似文献
20.
抗虫棉研究的进展、问题与对策 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
抗虫棉分常规抗虫品种和外源转基因抗虫品种两大类。常规抗虫棉主要包括形态抗性和生化抗性;转基因抗虫棉最常用的外源基因有Bt基因和某些蛋白酶抑制剂PI基因如豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制基因CpTI和慈菇蛋白酶抑制基因API等。目前,国内外已成功地培育出多种转基因单价棉和双价棉,如转各种Bt基因的单价棉、Bt/CpTI、Bt/API、Bt/SKTI等双价棉。培育兼具形态或生化抗性和外源基因抗性的抗虫品系是目前抗虫棉研究的主攻目标之一。常规抗虫育种不能从根本上解决棉花的抗虫性问题,而转基因抗虫棉又存在着抗虫的时空性、持久性、抗虫范围、棉田昆虫群落的稳定性及安全性等问题。文章综述了国内外抗虫棉研究的进展和存在的问题,并提出了解决这些问题的对策和建议。 相似文献