Trading places: Inclusive cities and market vending in the Pacific Islands

Rapid population growth in Pacific island cities far exceeds employment opportunities and is contributing to rising urban inequality and social exclusions. Livelihoods in the informal urban sector, such as market vending, provide much needed income, rural–urban connectivity and food security, but remain largely excluded from policy and planning frameworks. Spatial, economic and social exclusions limit vendors’ economic advancement, their influence over decision‐making, and their access to basic services. Local communities close to informal markets fill some of the gaps left by the policy neglect, but investment and strategic management remains inadequate when vendors do not have secure market places and recognised rights to work. This article reports on a study of three informal markets in Honiara, Solomon Islands. These markets lack legal status but make significant contributions to urban development and economic opportunities. Drawing on surveys and focus groups with vendors and urban decision‐makers we explore the impact of informal markets on urban economies, how social and institutional relationships hinder vendors’ economic advancement, and the opportunities to create more inclusive livelihoods that could contribute to equitable cities.     

Regulation of space in the contemporary postcolonial Pacific city: Port Moresby and Suva

Abstract: National development problems in the weak states of Papua New Guinea and Fiji have resulted in external intervention. However neo‐liberal development strategies have not resolved development problems and may have further weakened state structures. In both capital cities rural‐urban migration, rising urban unemployment, and the expansion of squatter settlements and the informal sector have all continued in recent years. The numbers of beggars, street kids and prostitutes have increased, as has domestic violence and crime. Governments have opposed all these trends, by regulation and intolerance, violence, routine repression and eviction, rather than by pro‐poor policies. Settlers, prostitutes, beggars, street kids and market vendors have been evicted and moved on, on the ideological premise that that their true place is in rural areas, and that their urban presence challenges and threatens notions of urban order. Moral regulation, social exclusion and moral panic have divided ‘good citizens’ from marginal and possibly criminal others, intensifying social divisions within the cities. Sustainable urban development has proved difficult to achieve.     

Forced evictions,spatial (un)certainties and the making of exemplary centres in Indonesia

This article considers the relationship between forced evictions and the ‘exemplary centre’ through an examination of three urban waterfront sites in Indonesia in comparative perspective. How is the notion of the ‘exemplary centre’ related to forced evictions and the aspirations of marginalised populations in contemporary cities of Indonesia? What are the chances of asserting alternative ideologies when a capital‐centric and modernist vision of the city as ‘exemplary centre’ dominates official planning paradigms? Competing visions of the ‘exemplary centre’ arise from distinct centres of power, from the state level to the grassroots community level; however, the dominant state vision of urban space is often internalised by those most at risk of displacement by modernist projects. Strategies to thwart forced evictions in riverbank settlements in Jakarta, Solo, and Surabaya offer alternative imaginings of the ‘exemplary centre’ – imaginings that enable the urban poor to visualise their hopes and to overcome the spatial uncertainties that characterise their everyday lives. While these efforts indicate resistance to marginalisation, they also provide a distinct kind of ‘exemplary’ vision based on residents’ own understanding of ideal city living. Concurrently, some alignment to existing ‘exemplary centre’ narratives is traceable in the effort to assert these alternatives.     

Urban evictions,public housing and the gendered rationalisation of kampung life in Jakarta

The dispossession of urban communities across class and racial lines is a global phenomenon linked to the expansion of international investment in the development of ‘exemplary’ city space. However, city evictions are also historically informed and gendered processes which are continuous with past colonial and postcolonial urban rationalisation projects. Drawing on testimonies of women evictees in Jakarta, as well as interviews with public housing managers, this article details the gendered nature of the rationalisation of urban life in the context of a contemporary evictions regime. We argue that the rationalisation of urban space serves to sharpen the gender order by placing material constraints on women's roles, limiting their economic activities and defining them as hygiene‐responsible housewives. Further, and in turn, the limited provision of ‘rusunawa’ public housing, which we show to be a gendered spatial and social transition informed by state doctrine on the family, provides the state with justification for dispossession itself. Finally, women's everyday acts of refusal and resistance show not only that kampung forms of social life continue to be preserved in Jakarta, but also that rationalisation itself is a negotiated and contingent process.     

The ‘street politics’ of migrant il/legality: Navigating Malaysia's urban borderscape

Immigration control constitutes a particular technique for regulating urban space and for controlling and disciplining migrant subjects within it. Unlike other manifestations of state power in exemplary urban settings, the architecture of urban immigration control is not recognisable through grand buildings or walls, but rather through its momentary presence and continuously shifting location: ad hoc identity controls in public spaces, roadblocks in neighbourhood streets or raids against workplaces. Building on fieldwork conducted in the Malaysian city of George Town, this article takes an interest in how migrants navigate this urban borderscape in order to avoid exploitation and encounters with the police. Read through Asef Bayat's notion of ‘street politics’, the article shows how migrants use the means (made) available to them in order to extend their room to manoeuvre. While such tactics are often driven by the force of necessity, they do nonetheless cumulatively encroach on the state's ability to produce migrants as (un)wanted or even (il)legal subjects in the city. Through this, migrants also challenge the very notion of what an exemplary urban space is as well as who is considered a legitimate part of it.     

From saving to survivance: Rethinking Indigenous Papuan women's vulnerabilities in Jayapura,Indonesia

Racism, sexism and gendered violence disadvantage Indigenous Papuan women, yet government responses often focus on individual interventions like ‘raising awareness’ or training. In this article, we build on efforts to challenge these narratives about women's vulnerabilities. We draw on life history interviews with older Papuan women in Jayapura to rethink vulnerabilities and everyday struggles in the context of structural inequalities. We interpret their stories as forms of ‘survivance’ and argue that contrary to dominant perspectives, Papuan women are not economic novices or passive victims. Rather, opportunities have narrowed over time, and women's long history of activity, strategy, persistence and resistance has largely been forgotten. Women's life histories shed light on urban colonialism and Indigenous survivance in Jayapura since the 1940s, when Jayapura was still a Dutch colonial capital and not yet an Indonesian frontier. In a time dominated by concerns about Papuan demise, their experiences are provocative for rethinking vulnerabilities.     

Worlding aspirations and resilient futures: Framings of risk and contemporary city‐making in Metro Cebu,the Philippines

In the Philippines, calls for creating ‘global’, ‘sustainable’ and ‘resilient’ cities are placing urban poor communities in increasingly precarious positions. These communities have long been the targets of urban development and ‘modernisation’ efforts; more recently the erasure of informal settlements from Philippine cities is being bolstered at the behest of climate change adaptation and disaster risk management (DRM) agendas. In Metro Cebu, flood management has been at the heart of DRM and broader urban development discussions, and is serving as justification for the demolition and displacement of informal settler communities in areas classed as ‘danger zones’. Using Kusno's (2010) interpretation of the ‘exemplary centre’ as a point of departure, this paper interrogates the relationship between DRM, worlding aspirations (Roy and Ong, 2011) and market‐oriented urbanisation in Cebu, and considers the socio‐spatial implications of these intersecting processes for urban poor communities. Through analysing the contradictions inherent in framings of certain bodies and spaces as being ‘of risk’ or ‘at risk’ over others, I argue that the epistemologies of modernity, disaster risk and resilience endorsed and propagated by the state are facilitating processes of displacement and dispossession that serve elite commercial interests under the auspices of disaster resilience and pro‐poor development.     

Reviving the Historic Street through Pedestriansation: In the Case of Haileselassie Street,Piazza, Addis Ababa

Pedestrianisation is seen as a necessity in many cities of the world.Streets are main representatives of the city image,which have its reflection of its home country.Haileselassie Street in Piazza is shaped after the short-term confrontations of the Italians that profoundly affected the entire downtown.The prideful victory of Ethiopia is an important landmark of the urban fabric in Piazza,Addis Ababa.The Haileselassie Street lacks its vista and approach it deserves.Therefore,this paper introduces the scheme of pedestrianisation in Haileselassie Street by reclaiming the street for the people in order to remember the history.The pertinent questions this article seeks to address are:the factors that aim to transform the street into a‘pedestrian’street only?Which aspects of the pedestrianisation should be considered to improve the quality of the Haileselassie Street?Moreover,this article recommends the strategic proposal to improve the quality of the pedestrians in urban space.     

Building knowledge city in transformation era: Knowledge‐based urban development in Beijing in the context of globalisation and decentralisation

This study examines knowledge‐based urban development in Beijing with the objective of revealing the impact of the ‘synergetic’ forces of globalisation and local government intervention on knowledge‐based urban development in the context of the coexisting processes of globalisation and decentralisation. The findings in this paper show that due to the rapid growth of the cultural industry sector, knowledge‐based urban development has created various kinds of ‘cultural industry clustered areas’, which were recently promoted by the 2008 Olympic Games. ‘Synergetic’ global and local forces are leading knowledge‐based urban development, with the emergence of a local coalition regime in which local government manages local development, considered as ‘enterprises’ in the decentralisation process, while the State retains a significant influence on knowledge‐based urban development. The central and municipal governments tend to emphasise strategies to ‘facilitate the climate for growth’ rather than the centrally planned control they exerted prior to the 1980s.     

The violence of homelessness: Exile and arbitrary detention in Cambodia's war on the poor

This article examines the plight of homeless peoples in Phnom Penh, Cambodia as a consequence of their enmeshment in a new logic of urban governance being rolled out by city officials and municipal planners. The widespread adoption of neoliberal economics has resulted in a globalised version of urban entrepreneurialism, to which Phnom Penh is a participant. The (re)production of enterprise zones, cultural spectacles, waterfront development, and privatised forms of local governance all reflect the powerful disciplinary effects of interurban competition as cities aggressively engage in mutually destructive place‐marketing policies. Against this neoliberal backdrop, the ongoing pattern of violence utilised by municipal authorities against homeless peoples in Phnom Penh is part of a gentrifying process that the local government has dubbed a ‘beautification’ agenda. Of particular concern is how city officials have begun actively promoting the criminalization of the urban homeless and poor through arbitrary arrests and illegal detention, holding them in so‐called re‐education or ‘rehabilitation’ centres. Yet these centres are not what they seem. Such euphemisms attempt to mask the systemic abuse of marginalised peoples who are deemed to present Phnom Penh in a negative light and are consequently unwanted on the streets of the capital city.     

Color Landscape Planning and Design of Urban Street Buildings:A Case Study of the Western Section of Zhongshan Road in Shenyang City

Through exploring color landscape planning and design of buildings in the western section of Zhongshan Road in Shenyang City, this paper proposed color landscape design methods adaptive to Chinese urban construction, concerning various tasks such as reasonable orientation of street building colors, effective control of street building colors, realization of regional characteristics and cultural connotations of urban colors via designs, so as to provide references and theoretical support for the future landscape design of urban streets.     

健康城市绿地气味景观提升研究

为使城市绿地气味景观对当代人居环境建设做出应有的贡献,依托当代健康城市的实践背景,阐述当前城市绿地气味景观存在的问题,结合植物的健康效益和文化内涵,在城市空间维度上提炼出城市绿地气味景观的提升对策,包括重构城市负面气味、关注植物挥发物对人体健康的不同效应、发挥“多感”(同时调动人体多个感觉器官感受景观)的联合作用、营造...     

合肥市行道树生态效益研究

本文按道路长度的10%抽样调查合肥市市区100km2范围主要道路行道树现状,运用I-tree软件分析行道树结构,估算行道树生态经济效益,包括截留雨水、吸收CO2、改善大气质量、提供美学价值及储碳功能。研究结果表明：研究区主要道路行道树16种,计38800余株,其中香樟、广玉兰、二球悬铃木、国槐4个树种占行道树总数的68.7%;94.5%的行道树评为健康,显示总体健康状况较好,作为合肥市树的广玉兰因管护问题健康状况不佳;行道树中胸径<15cm 的小树比例高达64.6%,大多是近年道路改造后栽植。行道树发挥的年生态效益5145.8万元,其中截留雨水的效益占89%,另外储碳效益759.3万元;单株效益最高的是二球悬铃木,其次是栾树、国槐、乌桕,因这些树种胸径>30cm 的树木比例较高。分析行道树的结构与功能可为行道树规划、建设、管理提供必要的参考。     

农村经济发展状况和生活环境对流动决策的影响

本文运用Tobit模型和调查数据,考察了农村经济社会发展状况对农村劳动力流动行为决策的影响。结果发现：农村经济发展状况整体上对农村劳动力流动产生显著的负向作用;农村基础设施对农村劳动力流动也产生负向影响。在中国城乡二元结构长期作用下,即便在惠农、强农的政策体系和促进城乡经济社会一体化发展的制度框架已初步建立,县域经济和乡镇企业发展迅速的大环境下,农村经济和生活环境的改善,并不能从根本上阻挡农村劳动力向城市流动的趋势。建议政府切实贯彻“一号文件”,以社会主义新农村建设为契机,将有限的资源重点投入到既能促进农民外出打工又能增加劳动力在本地转移的公共事业和基础设施建设上。     

Turf wars: The livelihood and mobility frictions of motorbike taxi drivers on Hanoi's streets

In Vietnam's capital city Hanoi, the growing popularity of application based (app-based) motorbike taxis has offered many inhabitants new opportunities to pursue a mobile livelihood with ride-hailing platforms. Nonetheless, as this influx of app-based drivers has hit the city's streets, specific livelihood and mobility frictions have emerged, notably with informal, ‘traditional’ motorbike taxi drivers, or xe ôm. In this paper we analyse these evolving sites and moments of friction and their impacts on driver livelihoods and mobilities for both driver groups. We draw conceptually on debates regarding mobility, platform economies, and urban livelihoods, while specifically interrogating the concept of friction to highlight three possible analytical applications. Methodologically, we interpret static and ride-along interviews completed with over 130 drivers. We highlight a range of tactics ‘traditional’ and app-based motorbike taxi drivers have employed to respond to rising frictions, defend their ‘turf’, and maintain their street-based livelihoods. Driver responses reveal differing access to distinctive forms of social capital and social networks, and contrasting levels of agency regarding their mobilities. By conceptually teasing apart the notion of friction, we wish to expand and deepen understandings of the experiences of vulnerability, precarity, and other impacts of platformisation for different motorbike taxi driver cohorts.     

Talanoa as empathic apprenticeship

Talanoa has been defined as ‘talking about nothing in particular’, ‘chat’ or ‘gossip’. It is within the cultural milieu of talanoa that knowledge and emotions are shared and new knowledge is generated. Talanoa has recently been taken up by development researchers and others as a culturally appropriate research method in Pacific contexts. However, talanoa is often treated as synonymous with ‘informal open‐ended interviews’ and tends to gloss over the deep empathic understanding required in such exchanges. Highlighting the connection between talanoa and empathy is vital in ensuring that development practitioners and researchers are implicitly aware of the political dimensions, cultural appropriacy and socio‐ecological impact of their research methods. This connection is also critical in illuminating how talanoa as a method may decolonise research in the Pacific, inform the decolonisation of research in other cultural contexts, and contribute to ethical and empowering development policy and practice. We will argue for the merits of what we refer to here as ‘empathic apprenticeship’: an intentional, embodied, emotional, and intersubjective methodology and process between the researcher and the participant. An empathic apprenticeship has the potential to enhance shared understandings between all human beings and is essential if talanoa is intended as a decolonising research methodology.     

小麦育种方向的创新与实践

针对20世纪80年代中期川、渝麦区育种方向及审定品种与生产实践需要之间的矛盾,从生产发展、市场经济和人民需要出发,分析了当时审定小麦品种较多而推广应用较少的现象,总结了小穗小粒红皮种推广速度慢,农民不愿种植,大穗大粒白皮种推广速度快的原因。提出了“选育商品型高产优质抗病大穗大粒耐穗发芽白皮小麦新品种”的育种新方向。经过二十几年的努力,培育出了‘绵阳25’、‘绵阳26’、‘绵阳27’、‘绵阳28’、‘绵阳31号’、‘西科麦1号’、‘西科麦6号’等白皮小麦新品种,这些品种成为了四川省小麦第6次大更换的当家品种。为四川省和中国的小麦育种、小麦生产及国家的粮食安全作出了巨大贡献。通过以上品种的推广种植,表明白皮小麦品种在产量、品质、抗病性等方面不亚于红皮小麦品种,而在商品价值、推广速度方面明显优于红皮种。由此认为,突破传统红皮小麦品种容易选育审定的束缚,将市场经济、人们需求、社会发展紧密结合,选育商品型高产、优质、抗病、大穗大粒耐穗发芽小麦新品种将是西南麦区小麦育种的新方向。     

孕穗抽穗期低温对水稻植株、产量性状及脯氨酸含量的影响

低温是东北稻区常见的气象灾害。此试验以北方主栽粳稻品种辽星1号和辽优5218为试材,采用盆栽试验,人工控温在孕穗期、抽穗开花期进行低温胁迫,处理后立即测定叶片脯氨酸含量,成熟后调查植株和产量性状的变化,探讨生殖生长关键期低温伤害机理及叶片脯氨酸含量的变化在低温逆境中的作用。结果表明：植株性状中,株高在抽穗开花期对低温更敏感;穗抽出度则在孕穗期更敏感,穗抽出度与单株实粒数及结实率呈显著或极显著正相关,可作为抗性鉴定指标应用。产量性状中,穗粒数、单株实粒数、千粒重指标在孕穗期对低温更敏感。低温胁迫下,叶片脯氨酸含量随温度的降低、处理时间的延长而迅速上升,辽星1号最大增加2.65倍,辽优5218增加7.66倍。孕穗期低温,辽优5218叶片脯氨酸含量与穗抽出度、单株实粒数及单株结实率呈显著负相关;抽穗开花期低温,两品种叶片脯氨酸含量与株高、单株实粒数及单株结实率均呈显著负相关,辽星1号脯氨酸含量还与单株秕粒数呈极显著正相关。脯氨酸含量的变化是低温伤害程度的直观反映,把它单独作为抗性评价指标会有失真的可能。     

玉米自交系生理指标与抗旱性及复水恢复能力的关系研究

【研究目的】为了评价不同玉米自交系的抗旱性，探究生理指标与抗旱性、恢复能力和综合抗旱能力之间的关系。【方法】本研究以19份自交系为材料，采用盆栽称重控水法对苗期玉米进行中度旱胁迫及复水，测定生物量、叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、Fv/Fm、脯氨酸含量和抗氧化酶活性对干旱和复水的响应。【结果】分析发现自交系‘郑8713’、‘郑63’和‘昌7-2’的抗旱性、恢复能力和综合抗旱能力均较强，自交系‘郑C112’、‘郑718’和‘郑6722’虽然抗旱性较弱，但是恢复能力和综合抗旱能力较强，自交系‘郑3733’、‘郑E846’和‘郑36’恢复能力较弱，但是抗旱能力和综合抗旱能力很强；同时发现类胡萝卜素与抗旱性之间呈现显著的相关性(P=0.503*)，POD抗氧化酶与复水后的恢复能力之间关系显著(P=0.421*)，Fv/Fm与综合抗旱性之间呈显著的相关性(P=-0.456*)，叶绿素含量与抗旱性(P=0.468*)和复水后的恢复能力(P=0.407*)之间均呈现显著的相关性。【结论】以上结果为培育抗旱型品种提供优良的种质资源，同时为玉米抗旱性、恢复能力及综合抗旱能力的筛选与鉴定提供一定的指导意义。     

中美贸易摩擦对深圳市生物农业发展的启示

文章回顾了自2018年3月以来,美国根据“301调查”结果对中国发起贸易战的始末。分析了随着贸易战的不断升级,大豆、玉米等农产品国内供给不足、进口依赖程度高等问题带来的一系列负面影响,倒逼中国生物农业技术改革创新。随着生物农业成为新的经济增长点,深圳市将生物农业作为实施创新驱动发展战略、培育战略性新兴产业的重要内容之一。结合此次中美贸易摩擦对国内生物农业的影响,得出深圳市作为国内生物农业创新发展的领头羊,需着力深化农业供给侧结构性改革,促进资源要素高效配置,大力发展生物农业科学技术,培育创新型生物农业企业,推动生物农业产业化发展。