Inheritance mode and realized heritability of resistance to imidacloprid in the brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

BACKGROUND: The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), is a serious pest that causes enormous losses to the rice crop in Asia. The genetic basis of imidacloprid resistance was investigated in N. lugens. RESULTS: The resistant strain, selected for imidacloprid resistance from a field population of N. lugens collected from Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, showed a 964‐fold resistance compared with the laboratory strain. Progenies of reciprocal crosses (F₁ and F₁′) showed similar dose–mortality responses (LC₅₀) to imidacloprid, and also exhibited a similar degree of dominance (D), 0.58 for F₁ and 0.63 for F₁′. Chi‐square analyses of self‐bred and backcross progenies (F₂, F₂′ and BC respectively) rejected the hypothesis for a single gene control of the resistance. The estimated realized heritability (h²) of imidacloprid resistance was 0.1141 in the resistant strain of N. lugens. CONCLUSION: The results showed that imidacloprid resistance in N. lugens was autosomal and was expressed as an incompletely dominant trait, probably controlled by multiple genes. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

褐飞虱对氟啶虫胺腈的抗性监测与生化抗性机制

为明确我国褐飞虱田间种群对氟啶虫胺腈的抗性现状及生化抗性机制,2017年-2019年采用稻茎浸渍法测定了采集自7省共13个褐飞虱田间种群对氟啶虫胺腈的抗性,并研究了氟啶虫胺腈抗性种群与其他杀虫剂的交互抗性以及增效剂对氟啶虫胺腈的增效效果。结果表明：近3年来褐飞虱对氟啶虫胺腈产生了中等水平抗性(RR=10.3～30.9)。氟啶虫胺腈抗性品系对呋虫胺、噻虫嗪和烯啶虫胺分别产生了9.1倍、7.9倍和4.1倍的低水平交互抗性,与噻嗪酮、毒死蜱、吡蚜酮、三氟苯嘧啶和吡虫啉不存在交互抗性。增效剂PBO对氟啶虫胺腈抗性品系和浙江龙游19(Longyou-19)田间种群分别具有4.2倍和3.8倍的明显增效作用。综上,褐飞虱田间种群已对氟啶虫胺腈产生中等水平抗性。多功能氧化酶参与了褐飞虱对氟啶虫胺腈的代谢抗性。     

褐飞虱抗药性机理及其治理研究进展

褐飞虱是一种重要的农业害虫,其对许多杀虫剂都产生了抗药性。化学药剂的大量不合理使用是导致褐飞虱产生抗药性的主要原因。褐飞虱的抗药性机理主要包括代谢抗性和靶标抗性。本文对褐飞虱的抗药性机理进行了综述,并对该虫的抗性治理进行了探讨。褐飞虱的抗性治理策略应包括抗性监测、使用新型药剂、合理使用杀虫剂及抗虫品种等。     

褐飞虱对环氧虫啶的抗性选育和遗传方式

为明确褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens对环氧虫啶的抗性遗传方式, 进而指导田间合理用药。经过34代选育获得抗环氧虫啶褐飞虱品系(CYC-R), 其抗性水平相较于敏感品系(CYC-S)提高了102.42倍。抗性遗传方式分析结果表明, 环氧虫啶对CYC-R和CYC-S的正、反交后代(F1RS和F1SR)的毒力无显著性差异, 且正、反交后代显性度分别为0.33和0.34, 表明褐飞虱对环氧虫啶的抗性为常染色体、不完全显性遗传。自交和回交的后代(F2RS、F2SR和F2BC)经环氧虫啶处理后的实际死亡率与期望值经卡方检验, 均差异显著, 表明褐飞虱对环氧虫啶的抗性由多基因控制。因此, 一旦褐飞虱田间种群对环氧虫啶产生抗性, 环氧虫啶的使用寿命将会缩短, 抗性治理难度较大, 建议采用预防性抗性治理策略。     

Buprofezin susceptibility survey, resistance selection and preliminary determination of the resistance mechanism in Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

BACKGROUND: Buprofezin has been used for many years to control Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). Assessment of susceptibility change in the insect is essential for maintaining control efficiency and resistance management. RESULTS: Eleven‐year surveys showed that most field populations were susceptible before 2004. However, substantially higher levels of resistance (up to 28‐fold) were found in most of the rice fields in China after 2004. A field population was collected and periodically selected for buprofezin resistance in the laboratory. After 65 generations (56 were selected), the colony successfully obtained 3599‐fold resistance to buprofezin. Synergism tests showed that O,O‐diethyl‐O‐phenyl phosphorothioate (SV1), piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) increased buprofezin toxicity in the resistant strain by only 1.5–1.6 fold, suggesting that esterases, P450‐monooxygenases and glutathione S‐transferases had no substantial effect on buprofezin resistance development. CONCLUSION: The results from this study indicate that N. lugens has the potential to develop high resistance to buprofezin. A resistance management program with rotation of buprofezin and other pesticides may efficiently delay or slow down resistance development in the insect. Further investigation is also necessary to understand the resistance mechanisms in N. lugens. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

短时高温胁迫对褐飞虱存活及其热激蛋白基因hsp70表达的影响

为探讨短时高温胁迫对褐飞虱成虫存活的影响及热激蛋白基因hsp70在此过程中的作用,通过室内试验观察羽化24 h内的褐飞虱成虫经过不同高温(31~40℃)暴露和不同恢复时间(1~72 h)后的存活及其体内hsp70表达情况,并构建了褐飞虱hsp70实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测体系。结果表明,褐飞虱在31~39℃下暴露2 h对其成虫存活无显著影响,39.5℃下其存活率显著降低,为44.4%,40℃下无成虫存活;在37℃下暴露2 h后,在12 h的恢复时间内褐飞虱的存活率与对照组无显著差异,但随着恢复时间延长存活率迅速下降。缓和高温(31℃和33℃)对褐飞虱成虫hsp70表达具有诱导作用,其表达量分别为对照组的3.8和6.7倍;在35℃和37℃时达到最高峰,为对照组的291.2和232.5倍;当温度达到39℃和39.5℃时hsp70表达量呈下降趋势,但仍为对照组的46.7和26.2倍。褐飞虱37℃处理2 h后,随着恢复时间的延长,hsp70基因表达水平迅速下降,恢复48、72 h时,仅为对照组的0.4和0.7倍。推测该基因的表达在褐飞虱抵抗短时高温胁迫过程中具有重要作用。     

Imidacloprid‐susceptible Nilaparvata lugens individuals exceeded resistant individuals in a mixture population with density pressure

BACKGROUND

Fitness costs associated with insecticide resistance in pest insects have mainly been studied under optimal laboratory conditions. However, resistant insects face more stressors than just insecticides in the field, and how the resistant population reacts to these stressors is of practical importance for the control of pest insects such as the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens. The aim of the present study was to explore the impact of population density on the competitiveness of resistant and susceptible individuals.

RESULTS

Two isogenic N. lugens populations, a highly imidacloprid‐resistant population (HZ‐R) with a resistance ratio (RR) of 227.10 and a relatively susceptible population (HZ‐S) with an RR of 2.99, were created from a field‐resistant population (HZ; RR 62.51). The high resistance levels of HZ‐R and HZ were mainly attributable to the overexpression of multiple cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes such as CYP6ER1, CYP6AY1, CYP6CW1 and CYP4CE1 compared with HZ‐S, this being supported by piperonyl butoxide synergism. HZ‐R was observed to be more resistant to thiacloprid and etofenprox compared with HZ and HZ‐S. Most interestingly, in high population density treatments, HZ‐S individuals were much more competitive than HZ‐R individuals.

CONCLUSION

Imidacloprid‐resistant individuals of N. lugens are less competitive than their susceptible counterparts under density pressure. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

黄绿绿僵菌侵染对褐飞虱部分生理生化指标的影响

本研究测定了3个不同浓度（1.0×10⁷、1.0×10⁸和1.0×10⁹孢子/mL）黄绿绿僵菌孢悬液处理的褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stål体内的羧酸酯酶（carboxylesterase,CarE）、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（glutathione-S-transferase,GST）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）、过氧化物酶,酚氧化酶（phenoloxidase,PO）以及尿酸与6种必需氨基酸含量随侵染时间的变化。结果表明,3个浓度绿僵菌溶液处理的褐飞虱种群体内CarE与GST含量在处理72 h后均呈现显著下调趋势;而CAT与SOD含量随着处理时间延长,呈现上升趋势,其中SOD 3个浓度处理至72 h时分别达到430.87、377.64和376.16 U/mg显著高于对照的276.63 U/mg;酚氧化酶PO含量在24和48 h内均无显著变化,直至72 h,1.0×10⁹孢子/mL浓度处理褐飞虱种群体内PO含量上升至316.43 U/mg。结果显示,虽然低浓度处理褐飞虱种群体内产生大量尿酸的囤积,但同一处理褐飞虱种群体内的6种必需氨基酸含量未呈现显著降低趋势,当处理72 h后,1.0×10⁷孢子/mL处理褐飞虱种群体内赖氨酸（Lys）与苏氨酸（Thr）含量反而突然上升至204.68和112.38 μg/g。结果显示绿僵菌的侵染会对褐飞虱体内解毒酶、保护酶以及氨基酸含量等造成影响。     

Selection for imidacloprid resistance in Nilaparvata lugens: cross-resistance patterns and possible mechanisms

A field population of brown planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens St?l) was collected and selected for imidacloprid resistance in the laboratory. The resistance increased by 11.35 times in 25 generations and the resistance ratio reached 72.83 compared with a laboratory susceptible strain. The selected resistant strain showed obvious cross-resistance to all the acetylcholine receptor targeting insecticides tested (monosultap 1.44-fold, acetamiprid 1.61-fold, imidacloprid homologues JS599 2.46-fold and JS598 3.17-fold), but not to others. Further study demonstrated that TPP and DEM had no synergism on imidacloprid. However, PBO displayed significant synergism in some different strains, and the synergism increased with resistance (S strain 1.20, field population 1.43 and R strain 2.93). PBO synergism to cross-resistant insecticides was also found in the resistant strain (monosultap 1.25, acetamiprid 1.39, JS598 1.94 and JS599 2.02). We concluded that esterase and glutathione S-transferase play little role in imidacloprid detoxification. The increase of the P450-monooxygenases detoxification is an important mechanism for imidacloprid resistance and target resistance may also exist in this species.     

2005年长江流域稻区褐飞虱暴发成灾原因分析

褐飞虱是中国和其他一些亚洲国家水稻上的一种重要害虫,由于杀虫剂的大量、频繁使用,褐飞虱已经对多种杀虫剂产生了不同程度的抗性。开展褐飞虱抗药性相关研究将为褐飞虱的抗药性快速检测、抗性治理及其综合防治等提供重要理论依据。本文综述了褐飞虱对杀虫剂的抗性水平动态、交互抗性、抗性适合度代价和抗性遗传方式等方面的研究进展,并从代谢抗性和靶标抗性两个方面介绍了褐飞虱的主要抗性机制。最后探讨了该研究领域当前存在的主要问题并展望了其未来发展方向。     

泰兴市褐飞虱发生演变规律及防治对策

分析研究泰兴市植保资料,得出泰兴市近年来褐飞虱发生呈现暴发频率增加,危害严重、迁入期早、迁入峰次多和繁殖快等特点,其原因在于虫源、气候、栽培等因素,在此基础上提出要加强虫情监测和技术研究,坚持治前控后和科学防治等防控对策。     

水稻叶鞘3种氧化还原酶活性在褐飞虱胁迫中的变化

为阐明水稻抗褐飞虱的机制,分析了褐飞虱为害对感、抗虫水稻品种叶鞘中3种保护酶活性的影响。采用苗期群体接虫方法对水稻品种进行抗性鉴定,在此基础上测定了褐飞虱为害前后水稻叶鞘中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性。受褐飞虱为害后,抗虫和感虫品种叶鞘中SOD活性均上升,表明无论是抗性植株还是感性植株在清除超氧阴离子自由基方面都具有较强的能力;POD活性在抗虫品种中下降,而在感虫品种中增加,表明抗性品种较感性品种具有更强的酶促抗氧化性能,从而对褐飞虱胁迫具有更强的适应能力。CAT活性在抗虫品种中增加,而在感虫品种中大幅下降,这与其对褐飞虱抗性弱密切相关。     

Evaluation on the fitness and population projection of Nilaparvata lugens in response to elevated CO2 using two-sex life table

Abstract

The life history and fitness of Nilaparvata lugens being reared under ambient level (current CO₂ concentration), medially elevated (550?µL/L) and highly elevated (750?µL/L) CO₂ concentration for long-term generation were compared using two-sex life table instead of traditional age-specific life table. The results showed that significantly longer larval duration and lower fecundity of N. lugens were observed in 750?µL/L relative to 550?µL/L treatment (P?<?0.05). Accordingly, 550?µL/L CO₂ significantly enhanced population parameters of N. lugens, including significantly higher intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate (λ) and net reproductive rate (R_O), but not for 750?µL/L CO₂. Taken together, N. lugens performs enhanced development rate, fecundity and survival in individual life history and higher potential in population multiplication under 550?µL/L CO₂ level, while only indicates the less enhanced development rate and survival without significant increased capacity of population expansion under 750?µL/L CO₂ level. These results should facilitate predicting the fitness and potential population damage of N. lugens, which is valuable for the integrated control of N. lugens in the future increasing CO₂ concentration.