Influence of water salinity on the survival of embryos and growth of the sichel larvae Pelecus cultratus (L.) under controlled conditions

The purpose of this study was to analyse the influence of water salinity on the incubation of eggs and growth of the larvae of sichel Pelecus cultratus (L.) under controlled conditions. The following water salinity was considered: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 0 ppt for the control. The eggs incubation time depended on the water salinity, lasting from 56.3°D [9 ppt] to 107.7°D [0 ppt]. The higher water salinity, shorter the incubation time. The highest survivability of larvae was obtained in water of the salinity equal 3 ppt and in freshwater, where respectively 87% and 84% of the larvae survived. No hatched larvae were obtained in water of the salinity of 12 and 15 ppt, as all embryos died during the experiment. Larvae were reared up for 21 days. The final body weight, depending on the water salinity, reached from 43.5 mg [9 ppt] to 74.6 mg [3 ppt], at the respective body lengths of 19.3 mm and 23.2 mm. The highest body gains and lengths of larvae were observed in water of the salinity of 3 ppt. The lowest survivability of sichel larvae occurred in water of the salinity 9 ppt, where it was only 53.2%. The survivability of larvae in freshwater and water of the salinity of 3 ppt was quite similar: 96.2% and 95.6% respectively. Water salinity degree of 12 and 15 ppt appeared to be lethal for both embryos and larvae of the sichel.     

盐度骤变对金钱鱼幼鱼鳃线粒体丰富细胞形态结构的影响

文章采用显微技术研究了盐度骤降(20盐度组投入5盐度组)、盐度骤升(20盐度组投入35盐度组)胁迫下,金钱鱼(Scatophagus argus)幼鱼鳃线粒体丰富细胞(Mitochondria-rich cells,MRCs)形态结构的变化.结果显示,低盐胁迫3 h MRCs长径[(9.517±1.390)μm]和短径...     

Effects of temperature and salinity on the reproductive success of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.): egg composition, milt characteristics and fry survival

The effects of temperature and salinity on the reproductive success of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), were examined by holding broodstock under the following conditions from mid‐May until the end of September: fresh water at ambient temperature (NFW; 8–16 °C); salt water (25–30‰) at ambient temperature (NSW; 4–10 °C); fresh water cooled to saltwater temperature (CFW; 4–10 °C); or salt water heated to freshwater temperature (HSW; 8–16 °C). The relative fecundity of females was similar among groups (P > 0.05; 2685 ± 706 eggs), but females reared in NSW produced significantly larger eggs than those raised in NFW. The highest spermatozoa concentrations were found in milt from males reared in SW and the highest milt glucose concentration was from males kept under coldwater conditions (CFW, NSW). Eggs from NSW and HSW females contained more proteins than eggs produced by NFW females. Eggs from NSW females also contained 40% more lipids than was observed in the other groups, and total energy content was 27% higher in eggs from NSW females than in eggs from NFW females. When FW was cooled (CFW), females produced eggs with protein contents similar to those in NSW, but the lipid contents remained 30% lower. Finally, the best survival at the eyed stage and at hatch was observed in families produced by NSW broodstock. Intermediate values were observed in families from NFW or CFW while the highest mortality occurred in families from the HSW group. All these results suggest that, under the experimental conditions used in the present study, coastal seawater conditions offered the most favourable summer rearing conditions with respect to the reproductive success of Arctic charr.     

Combined effects of temperature and salinity on development and survival of Atlantic halibut larvae

The effects of different combinations of temperature and salinity on development and survival of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.), larvae were studied in two experiments. In the period from 57 to 120 d° post hatching, approximately 38% of the larvae died: in both experiments, mortality was significantly related to temperature, but there was no relationship to salinity.Cumulative, chronic mortality during the yolk-sac stage (until 210 d°) was related to salinity. High mortality was observed in both experiments when high salinity (>34%) was combined with incubation at either high (9 °C) or low (3 °C) temperature. The development of head lesions was significantly related to temperature, and for larvae kept at high salinity, increased mortality may have been a result of salinity stress in the injured larvae.Abnormal development of the caudal notochord, sometimes resulting in a 90-degree bend of the tail, occurred during incubation of early yolk-sac larvae in high-salinity water. The occurrence of larvae with locked jaws, and larvae with oedema in the yolk-sac sinus and pericardium, was significantly related to temperature. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

Effect of temperature on survival,growth and development of Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae

Mussel aquaculture is widely prevalent worldwide, but generally relies on natural seed collection, which does not always meet the needs of the producers. Thus, development of mussel hatcheries is of economic interest in some parts of the world, such as Europe; it provides opportunities not only on annual reliability of seed but also on genetic improvements. To broaden knowledge on mussel larval physiology, we carried out temperature treatments (17, 20 and 24 °C) on Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae under laboratory conditions. The trials ended when 30% of the larval population was in the post‐larval stage. The temperature coefficient Q₁₀ indicated a strong relationship between temperature and increase in growth from 17 to 20 °C, but not between 20 and 24 °C. Exposure of M. galloprovincialis larvae to 17 °C resulted in poor growth, low survival and a delayed development and was considered to be inadequate for M. galloprovincialis larval culture. Rearing the larvae at 20 or 24 °C produced better growth, higher survival rates and faster metamorphosis as compared with 17 °C. The temperature region within 20 and 24 °C was suggested as adequate for the mussel M. galloprovincialis larval culture, and implications of these results on the development of commercial hatcheries were discussed.     

Effects of four egg desticking procedures on hatching rate and further survival and growth of larvae in the tench (Tinca tinca L.)

Four desticking procedures for tench eggs (A: tannic acid solution (1 g L⁻¹) for 15 s; B: alcalase enzyme solution (8 mL L⁻¹) for 60 s; C: alcalase enzyme solution (15 mL L⁻¹) for 120 s; D: Woynarovich and Woynarovich (1980) solution for 58 min followed by tannic acid solution (1 g L⁻¹) for 15 s) were tested to obtain data about influence on embryo survival to hatching stage and further survival and growth of the larvae. In the tannic acid and Woynarovich and Woynarovich (1980) treatment (A and D) few eggs stuck together and some were adhered to the incubator walls, whereas in the alcalase treatments (B and C) eggs neither stuck together nor adhered to the incubator walls. Percentages of hatched larvae did not show significant differences (mean values ranged between 47.4% in treatment A to 37.0% in treatment C). Larvae deformities observed were <0.5% in all cases. There were no significant differences among survival and growth rates of the larvae from different egg desticking origin, reaching, after 30 days, mean survival values around 90% and total length and weight of 12.5 mm and 19 mg respectively.     

In vivo evaluation of the effects of commercial Bacillus probiotics on survival and development of Litopenaeus vannamei larvae during the early hatchery period

Three in vivo experiments were conducted to measure the effectiveness of commercial Bacillus probiotics on survival and development of Litopenaeus vannamei larvae from nauplii 3–4 (N_3–4) to zoea 3 (Z₃) stages. Experiment I: Nine commercial Bacillus probiotics were individually added to larvae twice at N₆ and Z₁ at levels of 2, 20, and 100 mg L^?1. Only six of nine products at 20 mg L^?1 exhibited higher or significantly higher larval survival (P < 0.05) than the control. Experiment II: Two superior products from the first experiment were administered to larvae with six dose frequencies at 20 mg L^?1. For both products, three doses, once at each of N_3–4, N₆ and Z₁ stages, yielded the best larval survival and development rates (P < 0.05), and these were confirmed by enhanced activities of tryptase and amylase. Experiment III: The isolates of these two products, identified as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis, were delivered to larvae singly at concentrations of 1.0 × 10⁸ and 1.0 × 10⁹ CFU L^?1, or at the same concentrations by mixing the two equally. At 1.0 × 10⁹ CFU L^?1, B. subtilis exerted more beneficial effects on larvae than B. licheniformis or the mixture. Therefore, the optimal dosage and dose frequency of commercial Bacillus products should be evaluated prior to large‐scale application in shrimp hatcheries to avoid futility or even adverse effects, as spore counts and non‐bacterial ingredients are key factors influencing the efficacy of Bacillus probiotics.     

Influence of egg lipids and fatty acids on egg viability, and their utilization during embryonic development of spotted wolf-fish, Anarhichas minor Olafsen

The changes in egg lipids and fatty acid compositions that occur during embryonic development of spotted wolf‐fish, Anarhichas minor, were examined by monitoring individual egg batches from the time of spawning (egg stripping) until hatching. The lipids, present as 3.7±0.1% of the wet mass of the freshly stripped eggs, contained high percentages of monoenes (monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), ca. 33%) and polyenes (ca. 43%) and approximately 20% saturated fatty acids (SFAs). The fatty acid profiles were dominated by a small number of fatty acids. The major SFA was 16:0 (ca. 14%), the dominant MUFA was 18:1 n‐9 (ca. 21%), and among the polyenes, the n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) 22:6 n‐3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 20:5 n‐3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were present in the highest concentrations (EPA, ca. 16%; DHA, ca. 19%). The n‐6 HUFA 20:4 n‐6 arachidonic acid (AA) was present as ca. 1% of the total fatty acids in the freshly stripped eggs. This resulted in an AA:EPA of ca. 0.07, which is lower than reported for eggs of many other fish species. As embryonic development progressed, the percentage contribution of AA to the total fatty acids almost doubled. There were also increases in the relative proportions of SFAs (due mainly to an increase in the percentage of 16:0 to ca. 16% at hatch) and DHA (to ca. 23%), and there was a corresponding decrease in the percentage of MUFAs (mostly brought about by a decrease in the percentage of 18:1 n‐9 to ca. 18% at hatch). The most marked changes occurred towards the end of incubation. The percentage of EPA changed little during incubation. This implies that there was selective retention of DHA, 16:0 and AA, and these fatty acids were probably incorporated into cell membranes. MUFAs, particularly 18:1 n‐9, seem to have been catabolized to provide energy for the developing embryo, and some EPA also seems to have been utilized as an energy source. Survival of eggs to the eyed stage (range ca. 10–80%) and to hatch (ca. 5–75%) was negatively correlated with the %AA, %EPA and AA:DHA of the freshly stripped eggs. There was also a negative correlation between AA:EPA and egg survival, which implies that there is not a universal requirement for a high AA:EPA to ensure high rates of survival of fish eggs.     

盐度对赤点石斑鱼受精卵发育的影响及仔鱼活力的判断

观察比较了10个盐度梯度（44.0,41.0,38.0,35.0，自然海水盐度30.5-32.5,27.0,24.0,21.0,18.0,15.0)下赤点石斑鱼受精卵的孵化率和畸形率，对12批初孵仔鱼进行耐饥饿试验。并测定其不投饵存活系数SAI值。结果表明，赤点石斑鱼受精卵孵化的适宜盐度为38.0-24.0，最适盐度为35.0-27.0。盐度高于35.0，孵化率随盐度的升高而降低，仔鱼畸形率则随之升高。盐度低于24.0，孵化率随盐度的降低而降低，仔鱼畸形率则随之升高，从盐度38.0到41.0以及24.0到21.0是2个对受精卵孵化率和仔鱼畸形率影响很大的盐度梯度，高于或低于这2个盐度梯度，孵化率即明显大幅度降低，畸形率则大幅度升高，赤点石斑鱼仔鱼的SAI值为3.19-12.42，低于长吻Sheng和黄条Shi的SAI值，仔鱼的SAI值与卵的受精率，孵化率呈正相关关系。只有SAI值大于5的仔鱼才有可能被进一步培育成苗，低于5的将在数天内死亡。     

Effects of commonly used disinfectants on bacterial load,hatchability and survival of Bluefin Sea bream (Sparidentex hasta) eggs

The efficacy of four chemical reagents, iodophor, formalin, hydrogen peroxide and bronopol as fish egg surface disinfectants were evaluated in bluefin sea bream (Sparidentex hasta). Fertilized eggs were counted and subjected to a static bath dip treatment in different concentrations of the above chemicals for 4 min before being incubated at 20 ± 0.5°C for 40 h. Treatment efficacy of the different disinfectants was evaluated by assessing the bactericidal activity, egg hatch percentage and survival of larvae up to 3 days post hatch. Results showed that iodophor at medium concentrations (75 and 100 ppm) was the best of all tested disinfectants in bacterial killing ability (12% reduction in the bacterial counts), egg hatching per cent (99.8% and 99.6% respectively) and larval survival up to 3 days post hatch (50.8% and 54.8% respectively). Formalin was the second best disinfectant at levels of 100 and 150 ppm. Hydrogen peroxide gave good results compared with the control while, bronopol showed discouraging results. In conclusion, iodophor appeared to be suitable for bluefin sea bream eggs disinfection with a 4 min exposure to 75–100 ppm when applied 14–16 h after egg fertilization.     

温度与盐度对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼仔鱼生长与存活的联合影响

采用中心复合实验设计(CCD)和响应曲面方法(response surface methodology,RSM),探讨了温度(18～37℃)和盐度(0～16)对吉富品系尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis miloticus)仔鱼生长和存活的联合影响.结果表明,本实验条件下,温度与盐度的一次与二次效应对特定生长率和存活率均有显著影响(P＜0.05),随着温度或盐度的上升,生长与存活均呈先上升后下降的变化.温度与盐度间存在互作效应(P＜0.05),温度为18～20℃时,仔鱼的特定生长率与存活率在盐度为8～9时较高;随着温度上升,27～32℃时,盐度为5～7时较高;高温环境时(35～37℃),盐度在4左右,生长与存活率较高.所考察因子与生长和存活率间的二次多项回归方程的决定系数分别达到0.979 6和0.982 l(P＜0.01),可用于预测罗非鱼的生长与存活率;温度效应对生长的影响较盐度明显,而对存活率的影响则相反.通过对所建立的两个回归方程同时优化,得到2个因子的最佳组合为:温度29.1℃和盐度5.4,在此最佳因子组合下罗非鱼仔鱼的特定生长率与存活率达到最优,分别为10.08％.d-1和91.34％,其可靠性达0.973.建议罗非鱼仔鱼在本研究中得到的最优因子组合下进行培育,以提高生产效率.     

盐度对褶皱臂尾轮虫存活及其休眠卵孵化的影响

本文报道了不同盐度对褶皱臂尾轮虫存活及其休眠卵孵化的影响。采自低盐度和较高盐度水体中的褶皱臂尾轮虫休眠卵，在纯水和５０‰的高盐度孵化液中都不能孵化，但在淡水和５－４０‰工的孵化液中均有不同比例的孵化，其中以５‰盐度中的孵化率最高。采自２０‰盐度的休眠卵在１５‰盐度中孵化的幼轮虫在５－３０‰盐工中，３小时内，其存活率均达９０％以上，不必通过驯化，可直接投喂到不同盐度的育苗池。而采自４‰盐度的休眠卵５     

盐度对真鲷受精卵发育及仔稚鱼生长的影响

在室内水池以溢水法收集真鲷 (Pagrosomusmajor)受精卵 ,并置于不同盐度海水中静水孵化 ,孵出仔鱼以流水培育。设置盐度梯度为 17.0、2 2 .0、2 7.0及自然盐度 3 3 .0 ,水温分别为 19.5～ 2 1.5℃ (孵化 )、2 0 .5～ 2 3 .5℃(培育 )。结果表明∶①真鲷受精卵在自然盐度海水中发育很好 ,孵化率较高 ( 85 .0 %～ 97.0 % ) ,畸形率较低 ( 3 .2 %～ 2 3 .7% ) ;在低盐度条件下静水孵化 ,发育不好 ,孵化率为 4 8.0 %～ 1.0 % ,且盐度越低 ,孵化率也越低。充气孵化时 ,盐度低至 17.0 ,孵化率有时也可达 97.1% ,但畸形率高达 85 .7%～ 10 0 %。②孵化仔鱼中有 2类畸形 ,第 1类畸形表现为身体或尾部弯曲 ,油球位于卵黄囊中部或前部 ,油球数多于 1个 ,盐度越低 ,畸形率越高 ;第 2类畸形表现为仔鱼膜膨大、围心腔扩大 ,这类畸形只出现于低盐度条件下 ,盐度越低 ,畸形率越高 ,且往往与第 1类畸形症状并发。③不同盐度对真鲷仔稚鱼的生长速度没有显著影响 ,各盐度条件仔稚鱼经 3 1d的培养 ,其平均全长为 19.6～ 2 0 .7mm( P >0 .0 5 ) ,没有显著的差别。④海水盐度越低 ,仔稚鱼的存活率越高 ,各组的平均存活率为 ,盐度17.0时 ,3 6.3 % ;盐度 2 2 .0时 ,3 6.2 % ;盐度 2 7.0时 ,2 7.1% ;盐度 3 3 .0时 ,16.3 %。     

The nutritional effect of Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros muelleri cultured with different seaweed extracts on the larval development,growth and survival of the marine shrimp,Penaeus indicus

The microalgae Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros muelleri were cultured with seaweed extract (SWE) from six different seaweeds and each SWE was used either as a supplement or as an alternative media to conventional f/2 medium. Microalgae cultured with only the f/2 media acted as the control treatment. I. galbana and C. muelleri were then fed to Penaeus indicus larvae, either singly or in combination, for 8 days to evaluate its nutritional quality. Shrimp larvae fed on microalgae cultured in f/2 media supplemented with SWE from Ulva lactuca or Enteromorpha intestinalis moulted faster (P < 0.05) to the second mysis stage compared with the control. Survival, total length and growth rates were better in shrimp larvae fed on microalgae previously cultured in media supplemented with SWE. In general, shrimp larvae fed microalgae cultured entirely in SWE performed equally well compared with the control. Shrimp larvae fed on mixed microalgae (I. galbana + C. muelleri) showed significantly better growth, survival and development compared with larvae on either single microalgal diet. It was concluded that microalgae cultured with SWE could be used as a low‐cost alternative media in producing live food for the hatchery production of shrimp larvae.     

Assessment of temperature or salinity effects on larval development by catecholamine‐induced metamorphosis of hatchery‐reared flat oyster,Ostrea angasi (Sowerby 1871) larvae

A need to improve larval rearing techniques led to the development of protocols for catecholamine‐induced settlement of flat oyster, Ostrea angasi, larvae. To further refine these techniques and optimize settlement percentages, the influence of salinity or temperature on development of O. angasi larvae was assessed using epinephrine‐induced metamorphosis. Larvae were reared between salinities of 15–35 and temperatures between 14.5 and 31°C. The greatest percentage survival, growth, development occurred when larvae were reared between 26 and 29°C and between salinities of 30 and 35. Larvae reared outside this salinity and temperature range exhibited reduced growth, survival and/or delayed development. Short‐term (1 h) reduction in larval rearing temperature from 26°C to 23.5°C significantly increased larval metamorphosis without affecting larval survival. Short‐term (1 h) increase in larval rearing temperature from 26°C to 29 and 31°C decreased larval survival and metamorphosis. To ensure repeatability in outcomes, tests showed that larvae sourced from different estuaries did not vary significantly in their metamorphic response to short‐term temperature manipulation and epinephrine‐induced metamorphosis.     

The effects of temperature and photoperiod on egg hatching success,egg production and population growth of the calanoid copepod,Acartia grani (Calanoida: Acartiidae)

Calanoid copepods, including species of the genus Acartia, are commonly used as larval diets for marine finfish. This study aimed to determine the separate effects of water temperature (18, 22, 24, 28° ± 0.5°C) and photoperiod (24L:0D; 18L:6D; 12L:12D; 8L:18D; 0L:24D) on Acartia grani egg production (EP), hatching rate (EHR) and population growth. Egg production rate was not affected by the two abiotic parameters. A. grani eggs incubated at T24°C and T28°C were the first to achieve 50% hatching rate (23–25 hr), with significant differences at the end of the experiment (48 hr) between T28°C treatment (EHR 88 ± 5%) and T18°C treatment (EHR 65 ± 2%). However, different temperature regimes did not affect final number of individuals in population growth experiment. Still, when eggs were excluded from data, population at lower temperatures (18°C) was mainly composed by the nauplii stage (72%), while at higher temperatures (24°C and 28°C) more than 60% of the population was composed by copepodites and adults. A. grani subjected to long‐day photoperiods had significantly lower EHR (16.7% at 24L:0D; 20.8% at 18L:6D) than at short‐day photoperiods (52.6% at 6L:18D; 50.0% at 0L:24D). In population growth experiment, eggs were the most common life stage after 12‐day culture. Lowest population number was found at constant light conditions (665.0 ± 197.1), suggesting higher metabolic rates and depletion of energy reserves in long‐day conditions. This study expanded knowledge on the biological response of A. grani to separate temperature and photoperiod regimes, and provided ground to improve the culture of this potential life feed species for hatcheries.     

三碘甲腺原氨酸对斜带石斑鱼卵黄囊期仔鱼消化道发育和存活的影响

运用放射免疫测定方法检测了斜带石斑鱼早期发育过程中三碘甲腺原氨酸（T3）的变化,并用T3处理卵黄囊期仔鱼,研究其对发育、生长和存活的影响。斜带石斑鱼受精卵中含有相当量的T3,T3随发育而逐渐下降,到仔鱼开口时已经检测不到,提示甲状腺激素可能被胚胎和卵黄囊仔鱼所利用而参与其发育进程。在孵化后24 h内,T3促进发育的作用不明显;在孵化24 h后,T3对仔鱼消化道的发育有促进作用。在孵化72 h后, 0.01 mg·L-1 T3处理组仔鱼直肠管径明显比对照大,而小肠管径和全长与对照相比差异均不明显;0.1 mg·L-1和1 mg·L-1 T3处理组仔鱼小肠和直肠管径显著比对照大,而全长显著比对照短。1 mg·L-1 T3显著加速了仔鱼卵黄囊的吸收,但对油球的吸收无影响。在孵化后第8天,0.01 mg·L-1 T3处理组仔鱼存活率明显比对照组高。结果表明,甲状腺激素促进卵黄囊期仔鱼消化道发育的作用与发育时期密切相关,孵化后24 h内,消化道对T3不敏感,此后则变得敏感; 0.01 mg·L-1 T3能提高仔鱼存活率。     

Effects of starvation on survival,growth and development of Exopalaemon carinicauda larvae

This study aimed at evaluating the effects of two starvation modes (fasting‐feeding mode and feeding‐fasting mode) on survival, growth and development of mysis larvae of Exopalaemon carinicauda. It showed that food restriction significantly affected the survival, growth and development in both starvation modes. With the extension of initial starvation period, a significantly reduced survival rate during metamorphosis was observed. In the fasting‐feeding mode, the duration of metamorphosis was extended and the body lengths of the individuals, which experienced successful metamorphosis to the post‐larval stage 1, were much shorter. In the feeding‐fasting mode, the extension of initial feeding period led to dramatically increased survival rate and body lengths, while there was no significant difference in duration of metamorphosis of those groups that reached to post‐larval stage. The 50% point‐of‐no‐return and the 50% point‐of‐reserve‐saturation were 3.85 days and 4.81 days respectively. The results of this study indicate that E. carinicauda mysis have the ability to withstand or recover from relatively extended starvation, but to ensure the success of commercial seedling, timely and adequate feeding is necessary. The information obtained from this study could provide a basis to optimize the feeding schedule of artificial seedling of E. carinicauda.     

Effects of photoperiod and night‐time aeration rate on swim bladder inflation and survival in Pacific bluefin tuna,Thunnus orientalis (Temminck & Schlegel), larvae

Success of swim bladder inflation (SBI) is crucial for early survival of Pacific bluefin tuna (PBF) larvae, because it reduces larval sinking death by enhancing buoyancy. In Experiment 1, we examined the effect of photoperiod on SBI and survival in PBF larvae by comparing photoperiods of 9L: 15D (9L), 14L: 10D (14L: natural photoperiod), 19L: 5D (19L) and 24L: 0D (24L) during 2–10 days post hatch (dph). In Experiment 2, the combined effects of photoperiod (24L and 14L) and nighttime aeration rate (enhanced night‐time aeration: ENA of 1300 mL min^?1 as a countermeasure for sinking death and 130 mL min^?1) on the survival and SBI were also examined during 2–10 dph. Moreover, in Experiment 3 the effect of photoperiod on vertical distribution of larvae in night‐time was examined on 3–5 dph. Photoperiod of 24L in Experiment 1 significantly inhibited SBI compared with 14L and 19L; nevertheless, it significantly improved survival compared with other photoperiods with a dark period. On the other hand, the shortened light period (9L) showed significantly reduced SBI and also survival. In Experiment 2, the countermeasure for sinking death of ENA under 24L did not further improve the survival; rather it tended to reduce the survival. In Experiment 3, larvae distributed less in the bottom layer in 24L than in 14L, suggesting the reducing effect of 24L on sinking death. The results indicate that 24L without ENA is suitable for survival which is the most serious problem in PBF larviculture.