Low numbers of repeat units in variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) regions of white spot syndrome virus are correlated with disease outbreaks

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is the most important pathogen in shrimp farming systems worldwide including the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The genome of WSSV is characterized by the presence of two major ‘indel regions’ found at ORF14/15 and ORF23/24 (WSSV‐Thailand) and three regions with variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) located in ORF75, ORF94 and ORF125. In the current study, we investigated whether or not the number of repeat units in the VNTRs correlates with virus outbreak status and/or shrimp farming practice. We analysed 662 WSSV samples from individual WSSV‐infected Penaeus monodon shrimp from 104 ponds collected from two important shrimp farming regions of the Mekong Delta: Ca Mau and Bac Lieu. Using this large data set and statistical analysis, we found that for ORF94 and ORF125, the mean number of repeat units (RUs) in VNTRs was significantly lower in disease outbreak ponds than in non‐outbreak ponds. Although a higher mean RU number was observed in the improved‐extensive system than in the rice‐shrimp or semi‐intensive systems, these differences were not significant. VNTR sequences are thus not only useful markers for studying WSSV genotypes and populations, but specific VNTR variants also correlate with disease outbreaks in shrimp farming systems.     

Water pollution by Pangasius production in the Mekong Delta,Vietnam: causes and options for control

In this paper, we analyse water pollution caused by farming and processing Pangasianodon hypophthalmus in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. The results show that 1 tonne of frozen fillets releases 740 kg BOD, 1020 kg COD, 2050 kg TSS, 106 kg nitrogen and 27 kg phosphorus, of which wastewater from fish ponds contributes 60–90% and sludge from fish ponds and wastewater from processing facilities contributes 3–27% of the total emissions. Overall, the combined waste emissions from Pangasius production and processing account for <1% of the total TSS, nitrogen and phosphorus loads in the Mekong Delta. Despite the relatively low contribution to water pollution, further reductions are possible through more efficient use of inputs and low-cost treatment and re-use of effluent streams. The use of cleaner production technologies and the development of wastewater treatment plants could be applied to large farms and processing facilities to reduce water pollution in Pangasius processing. Low-cost options for small-scale farms include the optimization of the discharge design for the re-use of wastewater.     

Geosmin causes off‐flavour in arctic charr in recirculating aquaculture systems

The ‘earthy’ and ‘muddy’ off‐flavours in pond‐reared fish are due to the presence of geosmin or 2‐methylisoborneol in the flesh of the fish. Similar off‐flavours have been reported in fish raised in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS); however, little information is available regarding the cause of these off‐flavours. Our hypothesis was that earthy and muddy off‐flavour compounds, found previously in pond‐raised fish, are also responsible for off‐flavours in fish raised in RAS. In this preliminary study, we examined water, biofilms in RAS and fillets from cultured arctic charr known to have off‐flavours and requiring depuration using instrumental [solid‐phase microextraction procedure and gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS)] and human sensory analyses. Geosmin was present in the samples taken from the biofilter and on the side walls of the tanks. Two‐methylisoborneol was only found in low levels in the samples. The GC‐MS results indicated the presence of geosmin in the fillets (705 ng kg^?1), but lower levels were found in the water (30.5 ng L^?1). Sensory analyses also detected an earthy flavour (i.e., geosmin presence) in the fillets, and, therefore, it appears that geosmin is the main compound responsible for the off‐flavour in RAS. Further studies are being performed to identify the microorganisms responsible for geosmin production in RAS.     

Current status of farming practices of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Aquaculture of catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage), locally known as “ca tra”, and commonly referred to as striped catfish, river catfish and sutchi catfish, in Vietnam, having recorded a production of 683,000 tonnes in 2007, valued at about 645 million US$ is one of the largest single species based farming system, restricted to a small geographical area, in the world. The product is almost totally exported to over 100 countries as frozen fillets, as an acceptable alternative to white fish. Catfish is farmed mostly in earthen ponds, up to 4 m deep, in nine provinces in the Mekong Delta in South Vietnam. The results of the grow-out system of catfish farming in the Mekong Delta from a survey of 89 farms are presented. The farm size ranged from 0.2 to 30 ha with a mean of 4.09 ha. The frequency distribution of the yield in tonne/ha/crop and tonne/ML/crop corresponded to a normal distribution curve, where 75% of the farms yielded 300 tonnes/ha/crop or more. It was found that the yield per crop was significantly correlated (p < 0.05) to stocking density, pond depth and volume but not to pond surface area. Yields per crop was significantly different (p < 0.05) between upper and lower provinces of the Mekong Delta and water source (river versus channels), amongst others. It was evident that diseases and/or symptoms were observed to occur mostly in accordance with the onset of rains. In this paper the history of the catfish farming in the Mekong Delta is briefly traced, and current harvesting and marketing procedures as well as pertinent social elements of the farming community are dealt with.     

渔用配合饲料中左旋肉碱含量的测定

建立了亲水作用色谱-串联质谱法(HILIC-MS/MS)检测渔用配合饲料中左旋肉碱含量的方法。样品用超纯水超声提取,提取液稀释后经HILIC色谱柱分离,以乙腈和乙酸铵(含0.15%甲酸)溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,三重四级杆串联质谱多反应监测(MRM)方式扫描,外标法定量。结果表明,左旋肉碱在0.2~100 ng/mL范围线性良好(r>0.999);检出限0.5μg/kg,定量限1.5μg/kg。在20、50和100 mg/kg添加水平下,回收率为75.2%~111%,相对标准偏差RSD为3.4%~9.9%(n=6)。该方法前处理简单、快速,定性定量准确,适合于渔用配合饲料中左旋肉碱的准确定性定量。     

紫菜中六六六、滴滴涕和扑草净的检测

利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定紫菜中六六六、滴滴涕和扑草净的残留量。试样用乙腈提取,经石墨化炭黑/氨基复合柱净化,采用气相色谱-电子轰击源质谱测定,检测模式采用选择离子监测(SIM),外标法定量。研究结果显示,六六六方法定量限为5.0μg/kg,滴滴涕为2.5–5.0μg/kg,扑草净为2.5μg/kg。各组分加标回收率在78.5%–112.0%之间,相对标准偏差在3.6%–10.3%之间。结果表明,该方法简便、快速,其准确度和精密度能够满足紫菜中六六六、滴滴涕和扑草净同时检测的要求。     

Data envelopment analysis for production efficiency improvement: An empirical application on brine shrimp Artemia franciscana culture in the Mekong Delta,Vietnam

Artemia culture in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, is becoming more and more important to satisfy the global demands of cyst production. Nevertheless, Artemia cyst productivity in the Mekong Delta has been fluctuating largely due to not only technical inefficiencies and external factors but also farms’ characteristics. This study employed a data envelopment analysis to evaluate the production efficiencies in correlation with biological and cost inputs of Artemia culture in Vinh Chau and Bac Lieu located in the Mekong Delta. The key factors affecting technical efficiency (TE) were determined using ordinary least squares regression model. The empirical results indicated that production efficiencies of farms in Vinh Chau and Bac Lieu were similar with metatechnology ratios of 0.97 and 0.96 respectively. About 62.8% of surveyed farms were operating in technically inefficient circumstances. Farmers’ experience, educational level and culture technique training participation had positive effects on TE, while climate effects and water problems have been proved to have negative effects on TE. To improve production efficiency, inefficient farms are suggested to have moderately increasing combinations of organic fertilizer, chemical and feed. The use of probiotics should be reduced as it increases production cost and affects TE. Notably, a collaboration of scientists and feed processing companies is recommended to produce a specific formulated feed for Artemia in commercial scales. This study also proposes adaptive policies for local governments and cooperatives to assist coastal famers in the Mekong Delta overcome technical inefficiencies, improve cyst productivity and obtain economic sustainability in Artemia culture.     

大连湾、辽东湾养殖水域有机氯农药污染状况

采用毛细管GC ECD法测定大连湾、辽东湾表层沉积物及表层、微表层海水中 16种有机氯农药 (OCP16 )的含量。结果表明 ,辽东湾海区表层海水OCPs平均质量浓度为 4 1.94ng/L ,显著高于大连湾海区 4 .5 2ng/L的平均值 ,但 2个湾OCPs质量浓度均未超出渔业水质标准。辽东湾表层沉积物OCPs平均质量分数为 10 .15ng/g ,也明显高于大连湾表层沉积物 6.17ng/ g的平均水平。表明辽东湾有机氯农药污染程度较大连湾重。大连湾各站位微表层海水OCPs含量显著高于表层水 ,显示微表层海水对OCPs有较强的富集作用 ,平均富集系数为 5 .1～ 15 .4。     

Community livelihood and patterns of natural resources uses in the shrimp‐farm impacted Mekong Delta

This case study looks at changing livelihood strategies of the coastal population in Soc Trang Province in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, and their impacts on natural resources. It provides an opportunity not only to document the impact of shrimp farming on coastal livelihood but also to better understand the link between brackish water aquaculture development and natural resource use. The approach includes a socio‐economic survey in six villages of the province focusing on risk strategies and livelihood diversification. Shrimp farming was found to be less risky and more profitable for households and private companies with a higher investment capacity than for poorer households. Households facing a high risk in shrimp farming diversified their aquaculture production, with other high‐value species like mud crab and elongated goby as a coping mechanism. The use of natural resources' collection is shifting from home consumption towards market‐oriented sales of juvenile mud crabs, clams or fish (elongated goby) to supply seed for brackish water aquaculture developments.     

鳗鲡肌肉中孔雀石绿代谢物隐性孔雀石绿染料残留标准物质的研制

为建立鳗鲡肌肉中孔雀石绿代谢物隐性孔雀石绿染料残留标准物质的研制和定值方法,以一定质量浓度孔雀石绿对鳗鲡进行药浴给药,使孔雀石绿在鱼体内自然代谢,从而使鳗鲡体内含有隐性孔雀石绿残留。经均质、真空包装及辐照处理后,获得一批500个独立包装的的鳗鲡肌肉样本。采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对该样本进行均匀性和稳定性检验,经8家独立实验室协同定值及不确定度评估,其特性值为2.82μg/kg,扩展不确定度为0.39μg/kg(k=2)。所建立的制备方法为染料残留鳗鲡基体标准物质的实验室制备提供了一种参考。     

固相萃取-液相色谱串联质谱法同时测定养殖海水中17种喹诺酮类药物

建立了固相萃取-液相色谱串联质谱法(SPE-LC-MS/MS)同时检测养殖海水中17种喹诺酮类药物残留的分析方法。海水经酸化处理后,采用HLB固相萃取柱富集、净化目标化合物,通过对比水样在不同上样pH、淋洗液与洗脱液等条件下的回收率,以此对前处理方法进行优化。收集到的洗脱液经氮气吹干后用流动相定容至1 ml,待测。色谱流动相A相为0.1%甲酸水溶液,B相为乙腈,所有药物经梯度洗脱进行分离,在LC-MS/MS正离子模式的多反应监测模式下进行定性定量分析。17种化合物可以在10 min中内得到较好的分离,线性范围为1–200 ng/ml,线性相关系数均大于0.999,检出限均在2–10 ng/L范围内,定量限均在5–20 ng/L范围内。以空白海水为基质,在20、100、200 ng/L三个不同添加水平下采用内标法定量的加标回收率均在71.3%–125.0%范围内,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.44%–12.27% (n=5)。采用该方法对黄海灵山湾近岸4个养殖场进行海水采集并检测,共检测出4种喹诺酮类药物,分别是恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星和环丙沙星,其中,恩诺沙星浓度最高。研究表明,该方法快速、可靠,适用于养殖海水中喹诺酮类药物的检测。     

Population structure of the climbing perch,Anabas testudineus,in the lower Mekong River basin

Abstract Genetic variation in the climbing perch Anabas testudineus (Bloch) was investigated by sequencing 1047 base pairs of the mitochondrial ND2 gene. A total of 367 fish samples were collected from the Mekong River. The samples were separated into two genetically differentiated intra‐specific groups, the Laotian and Cambodian group, showing a population structure roughly in accordance with geographical location. Genetic differentiation between groups was confirmed by high pairwise F‐statistic values (0.52–0.98). Molecular clock analysis indicated that both populations were separated approximately 240 000 years ago. Additionally, samples within both groups could be divided into several regional small populations. Their genetic variation might have been supported not only by environmental factors including physical barriers, but also by historical events such as migration routes and/or timing of invasions into the Mekong River. These results could be valuable in identifying management units for the conservation of the species and its resource.     

Multiresidue determination of antibiotics in aquaculture fish samples by HPLC–MS/MS

An analytical method based on HPLC with MS/MS detection was developed and optimized in order to determine the most useful antibiotics (sulphonamides and tetracyclines) used in aquaculture. A simple extraction procedure, without any clean‐up step, was evaluated in order to obtain maximum analyte recovery from fish samples (Sparus aurata). A mixture of methanol:water 70:30 (v/v)+1 mL EDTA 0.1 M was selected as optimum extractant solution. Because no matrix effects were observed, a standard calibration curve prepared in mobile phase was used for quantification purposes. Antibiotic‐free fish samples were spiked at different concentration levels and analysed by the optimized HPLC method. The average recoveries (n=6) obtained were satisfactory, ranging from 88% to 110% at 100 μg kg^?1. The proposed methodology provided limits of detection for the tested antibiotics in the 1.2–16 μg kg^?1 range, lower than 100 μg kg^?1, the maximum residue level established by the European Union. Finally, commercial fish samples from different origins were analysed in order to confirm the usefulness of the developed methodology.     

气相色谱-质谱法检测鱼肉中MS-222残留

本文建立了鱼肉中MS-222残留GC-MS检测方法.鱼肉样品经乙腈提取,氮吹浓缩,盐酸溶液引导MS-222电离,Waters Oasis MCX固相萃取柱净化后,气相色谱-四极杆质谱检测.方法检出限为2.5 μg·kg-1、定量限为5.0 μg·kg-1;0.0025～1.0 μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好（R≥0.9996）;MS-222浓度范围在5.0～ 100.0 μg·kg-1的鱼肉加标样,日内和日间平均回收率为78.4％～91.2％,相对标准偏差为3.62％ ～9.49％.结果表明,该检测方法适用于低浓度水平鱼肉中MS-222残留检测.     

Use of planted biofilters in integrated recirculating aquaculture‐hydroponics systems in the Mekong Delta,Vietnam

The feasibility of using planted biofilters for purification of recirculated aquaculture water in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam was assessed. The plant trenches were able to clean tilapia aquaculture water and to maintain good water quality in the fish tanks without renewal of the water. NH₄‐N was removed efficiently in the plant trenches, particularly in the trenches with Canna glauca L., probably because of plant uptake and nitrification–denitrification. Plant uptake constituted 6% of N and 7% of P in the input feed. Approximately 1.0 m³ of water was needed per kg of fish produced, and 370, 97 and 2842 g fresh aboveground biomass of Ipomoea aquatica Forssk., Lactuca sativa L. and C. glauca, respectively, were produced. The leafy vegetables provide some extra income besides fish products, whereas C. glauca provides nice flowers and contributes to a significant nutrient removal with annual uptake rates of 725 kg N and 234 kg P ha^?1 year^?1. This research demonstrates that integrated recirculating aquaculture‐hydroponics (aquaponics) systems provide significant water savings and nutrient recycling as compared with traditional fish ponds.     

Pond production of the mud crabs Scylla paramamosain (Estampador) and S. olivacea (Herbst) in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, using two different supplementary diets

The production performance of Scylla paramamosain and S. olivacea reared together in ponds and provided with different supplementary diets (crustaceans or trash fish) were evaluated with that of an unfed control group relying only on natural food available within the pond. Each treatment was conducted in triplicate. The aim was to evaluate two production strategies over a 130‐day grow‐out trial: (1) production to 200 g crab^?1, which is the minimum preferred marketable size in the Lower Mekong Delta (LMD) and (2) production to 300 g crab^?1, the size that fetches the highest market price. Growth production models were estimated which revealed that the rearing period required to produce crabs of 200 g was 102 days with supplementary feeding, compared with 120 days for the unfed control group. The rearing period needed to produce 300‐g‐sized crabs was estimated to be 144 days and 186 days for the supplementary fed and unfed groups respectively. The additional risk involved in rearing mud crabs to 300 g is not considered worthwhile, under similar culture conditions as observed in this trial, as a decrease in pond water quality and higher mortality rates were observed in the final month of culture needed to achieve this larger size.     

Annual sex hormonal profiles, gonad development and age determination of the Mekong giant catfish (Pangasianodon gigas, Chevey)

Annual sex hormonal profiles, gonad development and age determination of 18 (13–14 kg body weight) and three (145–226 kg body weight) Mekong giant catfish (MGC) (Pangasianodon gigas, Chevey) reared in earthen ponds in Chiang Mai and from the Mekong River in Chiang Rai, Thailand, respectively, were investigated. The hormonal profiles were determined from blood samples of the fish by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay during May to August in 2000. The highest testosterone levels of 0.06 ng mL^?1 in both sexes and the highest oestradiol of 47.8 and 14.23 pg mL^?1 in females and males, respectively, were observed in May. The gonadosomatic index was found to be 0.07 for males and 0.38 for females from ponds in comparison with 2.27 for males and 8.29 for females from the Mekong River. Higher development stages of spermatocytes and oocytes of the cultured fish in May than in February and November were demonstrated. No mature germ cells were obtained from either the males or females, indicating no sexual maturity. The average age of fish was determined from the annual rings of the cross‐section of the pectoral fins by a stereomicroscope. The average age of fish in earthen pond determined from the annual ring was 8 years, which agreed with the actual culture records, while those from the Mekong River were 21 years. This information will be beneficial for the breeding programmes and conservation of the MGC.     

微生物对石油烃降解代谢产物的分析方法研究

对实验室内微生物降解原油的代谢产物进行了色谱、质谱、紫外光谱等一系列研究，建立了微生物对原油代谢产物的分析方法。实验表明，微生物降解原油代谢产物主要是乙酸和以棕榈酸为主的脂肪酸与鼠李糖形成的糖酯类表面活性剂。     

用液相色谱串联质谱法测定渔业水样中6种农药的含量

本文建立了一种快速检测渔业水质样本中酰胺类除草剂乙草胺、丙草胺、丁草胺、三嗪类除草剂莠去津、烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫嗪、三唑类杀菌剂苯醚甲环唑6种农药含量的液相色谱串联质谱法。采用乙腈-水-甲酸梯度洗脱、电喷雾电离方式、多反应监测模式测定考察检出限、线性范围、日内精密度及日间精密度。在三种加标浓度下,该方法的回收率为78.2%~104.7%。用液相色谱-四级杆-飞行时间质谱对疑似目标物质进行定性,用精确质量数、同位素丰度比和二级碎片解析方式等解析定性结构。该方法能够满足检测这六种农药的要求,能准确定性,自建的谱库可为渔业污染事故鉴定和水产品质量安全风险评估做支撑。