水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的抗性及其机制研究进展

作物品种抗虫性是害虫综合治理中重要的技术措施。筛选抗性材料和评价其抗性机制是作物育种和害虫综合治理的关键所在。本文综述了水稻品种对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的抗性及其机制,并介绍了抗稻飞虱的基因及其在育种上的应用。可为水稻抗稻飞虱品种的选育和利用以及稻飞虱的综合治理提供借鉴。     

药剂诱导稻飞虱再猖獗及科学用药

稻飞虱是典型的再猖獗型重大害虫。害虫再猖獗包括生态再猖獗和生理再猖獗,前者主要由药剂杀伤天敌使天敌功能崩溃引起,后者指药剂刺激害虫生殖导致害虫增殖倍数显著增加。刺激稻飞虱生殖的药剂包括大部分有机磷、菊酯类、氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂,及一些除草剂和杀菌剂(如井冈霉素、多菌灵)等。通过蛋白质组学、转录组学、基因表达谱分析及基因沉默试验证实化学药剂刺激稻飞虱生殖主要涉及与生殖和代谢相关基因的上调表达,但同一药剂对稻飞虱组团物种产生物种间基因功能生态位分离。这就需要在深入理解化学农药对生态系统中组团物种的正负效应和生殖影响的基础上进行精准用药技术设计。本文综述了一些农药对稻田害虫天敌行为、生殖、捕食功能及稻飞虱生殖影响的机理,并基于同种药剂对稻飞虱组团内不同物种生殖的相反效应,提出稻飞虱多物种共存时的科学用药技术。     

Biology of Southern rice black‐streaked dwarf virus: a novel fijivirus emerging in East Asia

Southern rice black‐streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) was first reported in southern China in 2001 and causes a striking disease on rice and maize that leads to serious yield losses in several East Asian countries, such as China, Vietnam and Japan. A large research effort has been directed to understanding the virus and controlling the disease. Its geographic distribution, disease cycle via its insect vector, genome organization, relationship with host plants, and epidemiology are summarized in this review and the important role played by the vector, the white‐backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera), is emphasized. Countermeasures to control the disease that have been developed and applied include molecular detection for precise forecasting, chemical, physical, and ecological pest management. There is widespread insecticide resistance in the vector population but it is hoped that current efforts to develop rice cultivars resistant to the virus will eventually provide effective and cost‐effective control.     

褐飞虱生物型的分子生物学研究进展

综述了国内外有关褐飞虱生物型分子生物学研究的最新进展,内容包括褐飞虱生物型的分子多态型、生物 型发生与转化的分子基础、生物型与抗性、生物型与共生菌之间的关系等。     

稻飞虱自然种群变动与药剂防治技术研究

模拟稻飞虱迁入和田间系统调查结果表明：褐飞虱增殖倍数与迁入基数关系不显著，而与水稻生育期有密切关系，最高虫量在孕穗至齐穗期。白背飞虱最高虫量在分蘖末期，其数量和结构变化与水稻生育期无明显关系。若虫是为害水稻的主要虫态。药剂防治试验结果表明：选用虱纹灵防治稻飞虱可兼治纹枯病，优于叶蝉散和甲胺磷。防治1次以水稻孕穗初期施药（均在低龄若虫高峰时）为好。防治２次以始穗期为适期。     

稻飞虱自然种群变动与药剂防治技术研究

模拟稻飞虱迁入和田间系统调查结果表明：褐飞虱增殖倍数与迁入基数关系不显著，而与水稻生育期有密切关系，最高虫量在孕穗至齐穗期。白背飞虱最高虫量在分蘖末期，其数量和结构变化与水稻生育期无明显关系。若虫是为害水稻的主要虫态。药剂防治试验结果表明：选用虱纹灵防治稻飞虱可兼治纹枯病，优于叶蝉散和甲胺磷。防治１次以水稻孕穗初期施药（均在低龄若虫高峰时）为好。防治２次以始穗期为适期。     

索线虫科线虫对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的寄生动态及其防控效果

为明确田间水稻白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(St?l)的主要寄生性天敌索线虫科线虫的寄生动态及防控效果,于2013—2015年在湖南省长沙市宁乡市通过田间调查和线虫罩笼法研究了索线虫科线虫对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的寄生动态以及优势种长沙多索线虫Agamermis changshaensis Bao,Luo et Luo对褐飞虱的防控效果。结果表明,在长沙市,索线虫科线虫寄生白背飞虱始见期为6月底至7月初,1个月后出现高峰期,基本与白背飞虱发生高峰期同步;对褐飞虱寄生高峰期早稻多发生在7月中下旬,而晚稻在8月底至9月中旬。索线虫科线虫对白背飞虱雌虫、高龄若虫和雄虫最高寄生率分别为16.95%、14.81%和7.69%;而对褐飞虱雌虫、高龄若虫和雄虫最高寄生率分别为43.33%、20.93%和11.63%。2014年和2015年罩笼盆栽试验结果表明,处理后45 d长沙多索线虫对褐飞虱的防控效果分别为36.11%和33.19%。研究结果表明长沙多索线虫可以作为水稻稻飞虱绿色防控的一种重要辅助性措施。     

水稻的主要养分组成和显微结构对灰飞虱取食选择性的影响

通过测定灰飞虱在12个不同类型水稻品种上的取食选择性和稻株的含水量、可溶性糖含量、蛋白质含量及粗纤维含量,激光共聚焦显微镜观察稻叶片和茎杆的结构及硅化细胞分布,从养分组成和显微结构两个方面研究灰飞虱对寄主的选择性及其影响因子.结果表明:在植株的养分组成中,对灰飞虱取食选择性起决定性作用的是粗纤维含量,它与虫口密度显著负相关,相关系数达-0.96;而蛋白质含量和含水量均与虫口密度显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.79和0.89,植株可溶性糖含量对灰飞虱取食选择性影响不显著.在显微结构方面,植株硅化细胞体积和密度大、叶脉间距小、叶脉宽的水稻品种对灰飞虱的非选择性强.     

分子标记在水稻稻瘟病病害系统研究中的应用

 现行水稻品种稻瘟病抗性寿命短已成为水稻生产的主要障碍之一,造成水稻品种稻瘟病抗性容易丧失的主要原因是现时尚未有客观、可靠的技术方法获知育种地区真实的病原菌群体结构及其演化规律,另外,对水稻品种稻瘟病抗性的遗传基础不十分清楚也是其原因之一。本文概述了近几年来分子标记在稻瘟病病原菌群体结构分析和抗病品种抗病遗传分析中的应用,以及抗性基因标记技术的发展,并探讨应用分子标记辅助获得稻瘟病稳定控制的策略及实际应用中的若干问题。     

多靶标杀虫剂——三氟苯嘧啶混配剂对水稻害虫的田间防治效果

基于兼治水稻害虫二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟和稻飞虱的杀虫单剂缺乏的现状,2014-2015年采用田间小区试验评价了三氟苯嘧啶与氯虫苯甲酰胺、溴氰虫酰胺、甲氧虫酰肼、茚虫威、阿维菌素或甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐混配以及吡蚜酮与氯虫苯甲酰胺混配对以上几种害虫的防治效果。结果表明,三氟苯嘧啶与氯虫苯甲酰胺混配最为理想,能有效控制二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟和稻飞虱为害;药后14~21d对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果分别为89.40%~93.62%和86.57%~90.81%,药后42d对稻飞虱的防治效果为77.60%~82.24%。其次为三氟苯嘧啶与溴氰虫酰胺混配,对二化螟和稻飞虱高效且兼治稻纵卷叶螟;药后14~21d对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果分别为80.43%~86.75%和67.31%~75.30%,药后42d对稻飞虱的防治效果为79.07%~84.30%。三氟苯嘧啶与甲氧虫酰肼、茚虫威、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐或阿维菌素混配对稻飞虱高效,但难以有效控制二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟为害。而吡蚜酮与氯虫苯甲酰胺混配对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟高效,但后期对稻飞虱的控制作用一般。在水稻生产实践中,使用三氟苯嘧啶与氯虫苯甲酰胺或溴氰虫酰胺混配,可有效控制二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟及稻飞虱为害。     

水稻稻飞虱和纹枯病系统控制研究

在系统分析历史资料、深入研究稻飞虱和纹枯病发生为害规律基础上,组建病虫测报模型,探讨控害丰产配套栽培技术及提高化防水平,定性定量地建立以准确的测报为前提,合理施肥、密植技术为主的生态控制为基础,按复合防治指标进行化学防治,系统控制稻飞虱、纹枯病,经近几年来的应用,收到显著的经济、生态及社会效益。     

水稻稻飞虱和纹枯病系统控制研究

在系统分析历史资料、深入研究稻飞虱和纹枯病发生为害规律基础上,组建病虫测报模型,探讨控害丰产配套栽培技术及提高化防水平,定性定量地建立以准确的测报为前提,合理施肥、密植技术为主的生态控制为基础,按复合防治指标进行化学防治,系统控制稻飞虱、纹枯病,经近几年来的应用,收到显著的经济、生态及社会效益。     

杂交稻对褐稻虱和白背飞虱的抗性研究

本研究对我国南方稻区的38个杂交稻组合进行了对褐稻虱和白背飞虱的抗性测定,结果有9个组合兼抗褐稻虱和白背飞虱,仅抗其中1种飞虱的各占6个。采用经过改进的生存率及蜜露测定法,研究了杂交稻组合对两种飞虱的抗性机制,证明:杂交稻多数组合对白背飞虱的抗性机制以耐害性为主,其中部分组合兼有一定程度的抗生性;而对褐稻虱的抗性机制,多数组合表现以抗生性为主。对白背飞虱在某些地区推广杂交稻后上升为主要害虫的原因也作了探讨。     

秀山县治理稻飞虱的植保工作实践与思考

秀山县稻飞虱自20世纪60年代以来,上升为水稻最主要的害虫,成为全国稻飞虱常年重灾县之一。近年来通过深入研究和有效治理,其发生为害得到很好控制,形成重发生而最终造成的损失小。为此,笔者在总结治理经验的同时,对新时期稻飞虱的治理提出了建议。     

江西省稻飞虱发生特点及成灾机制浅析

稻飞虱是造成水稻大面积减产甚至绝收的一类重要迁飞性害虫。20世纪70年代以来,在江西境内多次猖獗发生,造成了严重的经济损失。稻飞虱在江西稻区的频繁暴发与迁入虫量、水稻品种、田间管理措施以及当地的环境条件密切相关。由于存在有利于稻飞虱迁入和扩散的条件,在今后较长时期内该类害虫仍会是江西稻区的主要害虫。     

我国西南稻区白背飞虱,褐稻虱的迁飞和发生特点

由于西南稻区的地理位置、地势、地形、气候和水稻种植制度等因素的影响,白背飞虱和褐稻虱的迁飞和发生情况与我国东部稻区相比较,有其不同的特点: 迁飞特点有:贵州东南部迁入期较早,全区迁入虫量大,白背飞虱为春季迁入的优势种;云南境内,从南向北地势逐步抬升,迁入期和主要为害时期亦逐渐推迟,虫种由褐稻虱较多而变成白背飞虱为优势虫种;四川盆地迁入始期和主要迁入期由东向西推进;主害代的迁入虫源路径多;夏季短、中距离的迁飞频繁,有的年分在中稻上常造成两次主害时期等。发生特点有:常年三省的东、南部地区发生程度重,三省的西、北部地区发生程度轻;近期迁入虫量是中稻或晚稻上主害代的主要虫源;虫量相应集中,加重为害程度;另方面天敌种类多,数量较大,对飞虱种群数量有一定的抑制作用。上述迁飞和发生特点可作为拟定西南稻区对两种稻飞虱预测预报和防治策略的理论依据。     

The Relationship Between Pathogen-induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) and Multigenic (horizontal) Resistance in Plants

Plants have developed mechanisms to successfully co-exist in the presence of pathogenic organisms. Some interactions between plants and pathogens are based on recognition of specific elicitor molecules from avirulent pathogen races (avr gene products), which is described in the gene-for-gene resistance theory. Another type of resistance, multigenic (horizontal) resistance, is a less well-studied phenomenon that depends upon multiple genes in the plant host. All plants possess resistance mechamisms which can be induced upon pre-treatment of plants with a variety of organisms or compounds. This general phenomenon is known as induced systemic resistance (ISR). At least in some plant species, ISR depends on the timely accumulation of multiple gene products, such as hydrolytic enzymes, peroxidases or other gene products related to plant defences. The pre-treatment of plants with an inducing organism or compound appears to incite the plant to mount an effective defense response upon subsequent encounters with pathogens, converting what would have been a compatible interaction to an incompatible one. Our studies in three plant–pathogen systems clearly document that multigenic-resistant plants constitutively express specific isozymes of hydrolytic enzymes that release cell wall elicitors, which in turn may activate other defense mechanisms. ISR induces constitutive accumulation of these and other gene products prior to challenge. ISR is known to function against multiple organisms, and there is no specificity observed in the accumulation patterns of defense-related gene products when ISR is induced. It is therefore hypothesized that the constitutive accumulation of specific isozymes of hydrolytic enzymes, or other defense related gene products, is an integral part of both multigenic resistance and the phenomenon of ISR. Further, plants in which ISR has been activated appear to move from a latent resistance state to one in which a multigenic, non-specific form of resistance is active.     

Possible connection between imidacloprid-induced changes in rice gene transcription profiles and susceptibility to the brown plant hopper Nilaparvatalugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

The chemical pesticide, imidacloprid (IMI) has long-lasting effectiveness against Hemiptera. IMI is commonly used to control the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Some chemical pesticides, however, can induce the susceptibility of rice to BPH, which has indirectly led to the resurgence of BPH. The mechanism of the chemical induction of the susceptibility of rice to BPH was not previously understood. Here, a 44 K Agilent Rice Expression Microarray was used to identify changes in gene expression that accompany IMI-induced rice susceptibility to BPH. The results showed that 225 genes were differentially expressed, of which 117 were upregulated, and 108 were downregulated. Gene ontology annotation and pathway analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes were mainly classified into the eight functional groups: oxidation reduction, regulation of cellular process, response to stress, electron carrier activity, metabolic process, transport, signal transducer, and organismal development. The genes encoding plant lipid transfer protein, lignin peroxidase, and flavonol-3-O-methyltransferenase may be important responses to the IMI-induced susceptibility of rice to BPH. The reliability of the microarray data was verified by performing quantitative real-time PCR and the data provide valuable information for further study of the molecular mechanism of IMI-induced susceptibility of rice.     

三氟苯嘧啶·溴氰虫酰胺对水稻稻飞虱及螟虫的田间防治效果评价

2015-2016年,采用田间小区试验评价了23%三氟苯嘧啶·溴氰虫酰胺SC、10%三氟苯嘧啶SC、10%溴氰虫酰胺SC与50%吡蚜酮WG对稻飞虱、二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟等水稻害虫的防治效果。结果表明,23%三氟苯嘧啶·溴氰虫酰胺SC能有效控制稻飞虱、二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟为害;药后3～30 d对稻飞虱的防治效果为75.12%～100.00%,药后15～30 d对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果分别为82.09%～99.12%和78.34%～95.71%。10%三氟苯嘧啶SC、50%吡蚜酮WG对稻飞虱高效,但对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟效果很差;药后3～30 d对稻飞虱的防治效果分别为81.94%～97.76%和74.91%～93.56%,药后15～30 d对二化螟的防治效果分别为18.23%～43.14%和35.34%～42.71%、对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果分别为20.04%～48.06%和13.62%～34.78%。10%溴氰虫酰胺SC对稻飞虱有一定效果却难以控制其危害,但对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟高效;药后3～30 d对稻飞虱的防治效果为33.28%～62.11%,药后15～30 d对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果分别为90.51%～96.60%和86.51%～95.26%。综上,建议在对稻飞虱、二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟发生做好监测预报的基础上,采用如下措施:若只有稻飞虱发生达到防治指标而二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟轻发生,只需使用10%三氟苯嘧啶悬浮剂25 g/hm^2即可;若稻飞虱发生较轻未达到防治指标,而二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟达到防治指标,则只需使用10%溴氰虫酰胺悬浮剂45 g/hm^2即可;当稻飞虱、二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟均达到防治指标时,建议于稻飞虱低龄若虫盛发期或二化螟及稻纵卷叶螟低龄幼虫盛发期施用1次23%三氟苯嘧啶·溴氰虫酰胺SC 34.5 g/hm^2,对水450～750 L/hm^2茎叶均匀喷雾。     

抗虫材料为主体的集成技术对稻飞虱的防控效果

本文研究了由新的抗虫材料‘中9A 07/WH1462’与控氮、晒田和天敌保护等措施有机结合的环境友好集成技术体系对稻飞虱的控制效果。结果表明,该技术体系在未施用化学农药的情况下,使稻飞虱等害虫种群数量得到有效控制,较好地保护了天敌,使稻田节肢动物群落结构得到一定优化。集成技术稻田的害虫所占比例比对照田降低了57.6%,其天敌所占比例比对照田增加了19.6%,同时集成技术稻田的水稻产量比对照田增加了10.9%。