Killing two bugs with one stone: a perspective for targeting multiple pest species by incorporating reproductive interference into sterile insect technique

The sterile insect technique is an environmentally friendly method to control and even eradicate agricultural and veterinary insect pests without using chemical pesticides in excess. However, the continuous production and release of sterile insects is economically costly and eradication programs using sterile insects have not always been successful owing to the incomplete mating ability of the sterile insects. Here we focus on the theory and empirical findings of interspecific negative mating interaction, known as reproductive interference, to develop a more cost‐effective and value‐added pest management program. We suggest that sterile insects can be used for simultaneous control of both wild‐type conspecifics and closely related pest species by taking advantage of the fact that, when species recognition abilities are incomplete, courtship and mating are often misdirected toward heterospecies. This new approach might help mitigate economic damage and human health crises caused by pest insects. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

农业害虫自动识别与监测技术

随着计算机和互联网技术的发展,信息技术已被广泛地应用于植物保护领域,推动农业害虫的监测走向信息化、智能化和精准化。我们综述了农业害虫自动识别与监测技术的最新研究进展,分析了各种技术的特点与优势。这些技术均需要特定的设备获取农业害虫及其生境的信息,提取昆虫信息特征,并利用这些特征进行昆虫种类的识别与计数,达到害虫监测的目的。图像识别技术适合于自动识别与监测栖息于作物表面的害虫,昆虫雷达(厘达或激光雷达)技术特别适合于自动识别与监测高空中飞行的害虫,而声音识别技术在自动识别与监测隐蔽害虫方面具有优势。最近发展起来的基于深度学习的害虫识别方法避免了传统的手工设计特征方法,提高了害虫识别的鲁棒性,展示了一旦建立完整的昆虫信息库就可以实现害虫自动识别与监测的可能;这给昆虫学家提出了一个艰巨的任务,即鉴定和正确标识机器学习所需的大量的昆虫信息。     

Advances in insect phototaxis and application to pest management: a review

Many insects, especially nocturnal insects, exhibit positive phototaxis to artificial lights. Light traps are currently used to monitor and manage insect pest populations, and play a crucial role in physical pest control. Efficient use of light traps to attract target insect pests is an important topic in the application of integrated pest management (IPM). Phototactic responses of insects vary among species, light characteristics and the physiological status of the insects. In addition, light can cause several biological responses, including biochemical, physiological, molecular and fitness changes in insects. In this review, we discuss several hypotheses on insect phototaxis, factors affecting insect phototaxis, insect‐sensitive wavelengths, biological responses of insects to light, and countermeasures for conserving beneficial insects and increasing the effect of trapping. In addition, we provide information on the different sensitivities to wavelengths causing positive phototactic behavior in > 70 insect pest and beneficial insect species. The use of advanced light traps equipped with superior light sources, such as light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), will make physical pest control in IPM more efficient. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

绿肥害虫发生与防控研究现状与发展趋势

绿肥作物不仅能够提供地肥、改善土壤结构,而且还可以提供优质饲料,对我国农牧业生产安全具有重要意义,也是我国实现化肥减量、保持农业绿色发展的重要途径之一。我国绿肥种质资源丰富,绿肥害虫种类较多,但有关绿肥害虫研究的基础目前还较为薄弱,一些主要绿肥作物以及绿肥与主栽作物不同配置模式下害虫的发生种类与发生规律尚不清楚,相应的监测与防控技术缺乏。本文在系统分析国内外文献的基础上,结合国家绿肥现代农业产业技术体系的研究进展,综述了目前国内外主要绿肥作物上害虫发生的种类与规律、绿肥害虫的风险评估、不同绿肥-主作物种植模式下害虫发生规律与防控研究的现状。针对国内外绿肥害虫防控研究的现状及存在的问题,结合我国农业产业结构的调整,提出了今后绿肥害虫防控研究的主要方向。     

鞘翅目昆虫诱捕器野外应用技术探讨

鞘翅目昆虫是我国最常见的农林业有害生物,给农林生产造成了巨大损失。基于昆虫趋光性、趋色性和趋化性所研发的昆虫诱捕器作为一种绿色防控手段,目前已广泛应用于农林虫害的监测、预防和控制中,成为了害虫综合防控体系的重要组成部分。明确害虫诱捕装置的设计原理及各因子对诱捕效率的影响是有效实施虫害绿色生物防控的前提,本文陈述了国内外害虫诱捕器的应用进展及设计原理,进而探讨不同因子（如形状、颜色、材质、引诱剂和高度等）对鞘翅目害虫野外诱捕装置诱捕效果的影响,旨在为提高装置诱捕效果提供借鉴和参考,加快新型诱捕技术的研究及应用进程。     

中国水稻害虫治理对策的演变及其展望

本文简要回顾了中国水稻害虫的变迁、相应的对策演变,从中了解、总结害虫发生与人类治虫对策之间的因果渊源,指出只有师法自然、通过生态工程实施生态治理技术才能持续双赢。     

农田生物多样性对昆虫的生态调控作用

随着农田作物的单一性种植,植食性昆虫暴发、物种流失等问题日益突出,化学农药大量应用于作物有害生物的防治更加剧了对农田生态系统的破坏和不稳定性.因此,从生物多样性-农田生态系统-植食性昆虫的相互关系入手,探讨生物多样性的保护及其在农业有害生物防控上的应用,回归农田生态系统动态平衡的生态调控举措,成为可持续发展农业领域中研究的焦点之一.本文综述了农田生物多样性对昆虫生态影响的重要性及其生态功能,进一步阐述了农田生物多样性在农业生产中的应用及前景.     

害虫种群区域性生态调控的系统策略

害虫种群的区域性分布特征和生态调控已经成为近十年来综合治理研究的热点问题。经过几十年的发展,害虫生态调控的防控技术表现了可持续和绿色等特征,但从田块到区域尺度的生态调控系统策略还不完善,很多仍需依赖传统的化学防治为辅助。面对农业害虫区域性灾变的重大农业生态学问题,本文总结了害虫种群的区域性分布特征,包括区域性、异质性、扩散性、突发性、协同性五大特征;重点阐述了害虫种群区域性生态调控的系统策略,形成了预防性管理、靶向式调控、成灾后治理三位一体的害虫“防控治”生态调控体系,协调多种生态调控技术在区域水平内“防控治”才能有效遏制害虫种群的持续暴发;对害虫种群的区域性管理进行了展望,未来害虫种群的区域性生态调控不仅要考虑经济指标,还需要具备安全、高效、精准、可持续四大核心特点。因此,害虫种群的区域化生态调控是未来保障农业生产和生态安全的必然选择。     

Insecticide‐induced hormesis and arthropod pest management

Ecological backlashes such as insecticide resistance, resurgence and secondary pest outbreaks are frequent problems associated with insecticide use against arthropod pest species. The last two have been particularly important in sparking interest in the phenomenon of insecticide‐induced hormesis within entomology and acarology. Hormesis describes a biphasic dose–response relationship that is characterized by a reversal of response between low and high doses of a stressor (e.g. insecticides). Although the concept of insecticide‐induced hormesis often does not receive sufficient attention, or has been subject to semantic confusion, it has been reported in many arthropod pest species and natural enemies, and has been linked to pest outbreaks and potential problems with insecticide resistance. The study of hormesis remains largely neglected in entomology and acarology. Here, we examined the concept of insecticide‐induced hormesis in arthropods, its functional basis and potential fitness consequences, and its importance in arthropod pest management and other areas. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry     

Ecological pest management and control by using allelopathic weeds (Ageratum conyzoides,Ambrosia trifida,and Lantana camara) and their allelochemicals in China

The development of pest management and control is striving toward a future of sustainable agriculture. Weeds cause serious problems in agricultural ecosystems and attempts to control them have met with limited success. However, many weeds are allelopathic; that is, they can produce and release allelochemicals to interact with other plant competitors and to attack microbes or insect and other animal predators. These allelopathic weeds and their allelochemicals may be put into use for ecological pest management and control or employed for other uses. Currently, little attention has been paid to how allelopathic weeds and their allelochemicals potentially can be utilized as an important part of pest management and control in agricultural ecosystems. This review outlines recent research regarding the potential for pest management and control by allelopathic weeds and their allelochemicals by studying the cases of Ageratum conyzoides, Ambrosia trifida, and Lantana camara and provides examples of allelopathic weeds and their allelochemicals that have been incorporated into ecological pest management and control in China.     

十字花科作物根肿病生防菌研究进展

根肿病严重危害油菜、白菜、甘蓝、芥菜在内的十字花科作物,因此研究一种有效的防治方法以降低该病害的发生是非常重要的。十字花科作物根肿病的病原菌—根肿菌能以休眠孢子的形式长期存在于土壤中,一旦环境条件适宜即可萌发并迅速传播。生防菌是从拮抗病原菌和诱导植物抗性的角度寻求防治病害的一种方法。作者首先对获得十字花科作物根肿病生防菌的方法进行阐述,重点总结了生防菌的来源和筛选的方法。为了更好地利用生防菌,又简要综述了生防菌菌株的分类鉴定、发酵及拮抗物质等方面的研究进展,分析了施用生防菌的方式和时间。并指出了目前存在的问题及开发应用的前景。     

Insect resistance to insecticides

The past 40 years have seen insect resistance to insecticides develop from a scientific curiosity to an immense practical problem that threatens man's ability to control not only the insect pests of agriculture but also the insect vectors that transmit major human and animal diseases. The spread of genes for cross and multiple resistance among insect pests has rendered most of our present insecticides obsolescent and very few novel insecticides are under development as substitutes. The most feasible strategy to maintain adequate control of insect pests is integrated pest management or I P M, in which insecticide management is a useful component. However, much of our present planning for the future of insect control is carried out in ignorance of past failures. We must learn from the past if we are to retain the use of chemical insecticides as a viable component of IPM.     

昆虫隐存种的鉴定方法及其在有害生物防控与物种保护中的应用

昆虫中存在很多外部形态高度相似但具生殖隔离的隐存种,这给物种分类和相关研究带来更多挑战。目前,关于昆虫隐存种的研究日益受到关注。该文基于筛选出的368篇中文文献对昆虫隐存种的鉴定方法及其潜在研究价值和应用领域进行系统总结,发现自2003年DNA条形码技术提出以来,关于昆虫隐存种分类的研究迅速增加,已有鉴定方法可概括为4类,分别为分子分类（298篇,80.98%）、生态分类（191篇,51.90%）、生化分类（4篇,1.09%）和细胞分类（4篇,1.09%）。基于单一分类方法的研究最多（241篇,65.49%）,其中分子分类的使用最多（172篇,46.74%）,其次是生态分类（64篇,17.39%）;基于2种分类方法的研究次之（125篇,33.97%）,其中分子分类与生态分类的联合使用最多（124篇,33.70%）;采取3种及以上分类方法的研究较少（2篇,0.54%）。目前,昆虫隐存种鉴定研究主要应用于农业病虫害防治（262篇,71.20%）、物种多样性评估（74篇,20.11%）、疾病防控（27篇,7.34%）和生境保护（6篇,1.63%）等领域。开展昆虫隐存种的研究有利于促进有害生物防控和物种保护,建议未来将整合分类学评估体系纳入到昆虫隐存种研究中并在分类实践中探讨隐存种演化机制。     

Plant and insect virus-like particles: emerging nanoparticles for agricultural pest management

Virus-like particles (VLPs) represent a biodegradable, biocompatible nanomaterial made from viral coat proteins that can improve the delivery of antigens, drugs, nucleic acids, and other substances, with most applications in human and veterinary medicine. Regarding agricultural viruses, many insect and plant virus coat proteins have been shown to assemble into VLPs accurately. In addition, some plant virus-based VLPs have been used in medical studies. However, to our knowledge, the potential application of plant/insect virus-based VLPs in agriculture remains largely underexplored. This review focuses on why and how to engineer coat proteins of plant/insect viruses as functionalized VLPs, and how to exploit VLPs in agricultural pest control. The first part of the review describes four different engineering strategies for loading cargo at the inner or the outer surface of VLPs depending on the type of cargo and purpose. Second, the literature on plant and insect viruses the coat proteins of which have been confirmed to self-assemble into VLPs is reviewed. These VLPs are good candidates for developing VLP-based agricultural pest control strategies. Lastly, the concepts of plant/insect virus-based VLPs for delivering insecticidal and antiviral components (e.g., double-stranded RNA, peptides, and chemicals) are discussed, which provides future prospects of VLP application in agricultural pest control. In addition, some concerns are raised about VLP production on a large scale and the short-term resistance of hosts to VLP uptake. Overall, this review is expected to stimulate interest and research exploring plant/insect virus-based VLP applications in agricultural pest management. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.     

Using research and education to implement practical bed bug control programs in multifamily housing

Multifamily housing facilities serving low‐income populations have been at the forefront of bed bug outbreaks. Research conducted in the past 8 years has consistently proven that integrated pest management (IPM) is the best approach for successful suppression of bed bug infestations. Bed bug IPM in multifamily settings is especially dependent upon a collaborative community or building‐wide effort involving residents, building staff and pest control technicians. Other components of a bed bug IPM program include regular monitoring to detect early‐stage bed bug infestations and combined use of non‐chemical and chemical interventions. Lastly, to reduce reinfestation rates and costs associated with bed bug control, it is critical to continue periodic monitoring and implement preventive control measures even after successful elimination of bed bugs has been achieved. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

河南省苗期玉米田草地贪夜蛾幼虫与常见其他种类害虫的识别特征

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)是全球预警的一种重大农业害虫。2019年1月份入侵我国,半年时间已迅速扩散和蔓延至21个省市。在黄淮海夏玉米地区,草地贪夜蛾幼虫与甜菜夜蛾、棉铃虫、亚洲玉米螟、劳氏黏虫等鳞翅目害虫常常混合发生。这几种幼虫特别是低龄幼虫的形态特征及取食为害玉米的症状相似,容易混淆,给田间鉴定带来困扰。本文详细比较了草地贪夜蛾与甜菜夜蛾、棉铃虫、亚洲玉米螟和劳氏黏虫的低龄和高龄幼虫的形态差别,以期为黄淮海玉米田苗期草地贪夜蛾的准确监测和预报提供技术支撑。     

Assessing the integrated pest management practices of southeastern US ornamental nursery operations

BACKGROUND: The Southern Nursery Integrated Pest Management (SNIPM) working group surveyed ornamental nursery crop growers in the southeastern United States to determine their pest management practices. Respondents answered questions about monitoring practices for insects, diseases and weeds, prevention techniques, intervention decisions, concerns about IPM and educational opportunities. Survey respondents were categorized into three groups based on IPM knowledge and pest management practices adopted. RESULTS: The three groups differed in the use of standardized sampling plans for scouting pests, in monitoring techniques, e.g. sticky cards, phenology and growing degree days, in record‐keeping, in the use of spot‐spraying and in the number of samples sent to a diagnostic clinic for identification and management recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: Stronger emphasis is needed on deliberate scouting techniques and tools to monitor pest populations to provide earlier pest detection and greater flexibility of management options. Most respondents thought that IPM was effective and beneficial for both the environment and employees, but had concerns about the ability of natural enemies to control insect pests, and about the availability and effectiveness of alternatives to chemical controls. Research and field demonstration is needed for selecting appropriate natural enemies for augmentative biological control. Two groups utilized cooperative extension almost exclusively, which would be an avenue for educating those respondents. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

The potential and prospects of proximal remote sensing of arthropod pests

Bench‐top or proximal remote sensing applications are widely used as part of quality control and machine vision systems in commercial operations. In addition, these technologies are becoming increasingly important in insect systematics and studies of insect physiology and pest management. This paper provides a review and discussion of how proximal remote sensing may contribute valuable quantitative information regarding identification of species, assessment of insect responses to insecticides, insect host responses to parasitoids and performance of biological control agents. The future role of proximal remote sensing is discussed as an exciting path for novel paths of multidisciplinary research among entomologists and scientists from a wide range of other disciplines, including image processing engineers, medical engineers, research pharmacists and computer scientists. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry     

The role of allelopathy in agricultural pest management

Allelopathy is a naturally occurring ecological phenomenon of interference among organisms that may be employed for managing weeds, insect pests and diseases in field crops. In field crops, allelopathy can be used following rotation, using cover crops, mulching and plant extracts for natural pest management. Application of allelopathic plant extracts can effectively control weeds and insect pests. However, mixtures of allelopathic water extracts are more effective than the application of single-plant extract in this regard. Combined application of allelopathic extract and reduced herbicide dose (up to half the standard dose) give as much weed control as the standard herbicide dose in several field crops. Lower doses of herbicides may help to reduce the development of herbicide resistance in weed ecotypes. Allelopathy thus offers an attractive environmentally friendly alternative to pesticides in agricultural pest management. In this review, application of allelopathy for natural pest management, particularly in small-farm intensive agricultural systems, is discussed.     

农林害虫诱捕器应用技术

随着我国农作物绿色防控体系的不断完善和升级,害虫治理由化学防治到综合治理再到生态防控进行转移,诱杀技术已成为害虫生态防控的核心技术之一。昆虫诱捕器的研制已发展成由简单到复杂,功能更加多样和实用,现广泛应用在蔬菜、果树、花卉、茶叶、森林等农作物和林业植被的害虫诱杀方面,并取得了显著成效,期望未来在绿色植保中发挥更大作用。本文从农林作物害虫的监测和诱杀防治的角度考虑,对不同构造以及诱集昆虫种类的诱捕器进行了分类,阐述了诱捕器的悬挂高度、布设密度、形状、大小和颜色以及诱芯载体颜色、光源波长等因素对害虫诱捕效率的影响,旨在为农林害虫的绿色防控提供专业的技术指导。