Development of simple sequence repeat markers in Pyropia yezoensis (Bangiales,Rhodophyta) by high‐throughput sequencing technology

Pyropia yezoensis is one of the most important economical seaweeds across the world and major efforts are underway to increase the production. However, its genome is relatively unexplored. In this study, genome sequence of wild‐type strain LS was determined through paired‐end sequencing of small‐size fractionated genomic library. In total, 283,606 contigs were assembled and 20,620 SSR‐containing sequences were identified. Most of the SSRs contained tri‐ and di‐nucleotide motifs (95.42% and 2.34% respectively), of which GCC was the most abundant (15.7%). Furthermore, 1,253 pairs of primer sets were designed and 124 of them were selected randomly for validation. The results showed that 120 pairs were successful in PCR, and the remaining four failed to generate PCR product at various conditions. Among the 120 pairs of which the PCR products were subsequently sequenced by Sanger sequencing, 104 pairs amplified SSRs with the same motif and repeat times, three pairs with the same motif but different repeat times and 13 pairs with different motifs. Moreover, 21 primer pairs amplified polymorphic products between LS and an improved strain HT, and tri‐nucleotide SSRs showed higher polymorphism frequency when compared to di‐nucleotide SSRs. These SSR markers may enrich the current molecular resources in P. yezoensis.     

结合线粒体D-loop序列和SSR标记对宝石鲈养殖群体遗传多样性的分析

采用线粒体D-loop序列及SSR标记分析广东4个宝石鲈(Scortum barcoo)养殖群体的遗传多样性。D-loop序列分析显示,长度为598bp的D-loop片段上有14个多态性位点,共定义8个单倍型。4个群体单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性指数分别为0.0000~0.5435、0.00000~0.00176,表明4个群体遗传多样性水平均较低。利用11个SSR位点分析显示,4个群体期望杂合度(He)=0.396~0.516、PIC=0.320~0.420,说明各群体遗传多样性处于中低水平。虽然二种方法获得的遗传分化指数FST上存在差异,分别为0.4035(D-loop)和0.0445(SSR),但二种分析结果均显示4个广东群体的遗传多样性较低、亲缘关系较近,因此有必要引进原种以丰富国内养殖群体的遗传多样性。     

Identification of quantitative trait loci for growth‐related traits in the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus

The swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) is an economically important species in Asian aquaculture. Implementing growth‐related traits of P. trituberculatus into genetic breeding programmes is an ongoing effort. We used a previously published genetic linkage map of P. trituberculatus, containing 55 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and 172 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) techniques to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for growth‐related traits in a single full sibling F₂ family. Ten growth‐related traits were measured for QTL mapping. Composite interval mapping identified 9 QTL on the female map and 16 on the male map. Individual QTL with additive effects explained 11–38% of the phenotypic variance for various traits using the female parent's map, and from 1% to 21% using the male parent's map. Two QTL explaining a large percentage of variation in body weight were detected on chromosome 17 on the female map, and on chromosome 16 on the male map, and contributed 38% and 18% of the phenotypic variance respectively. This is the first study to report the detection and positioning of major QTL affecting growth in a true crab species (Brachyura). The mapping of growth‐related QTL in this study raises the possibility of improving the growth of P. trituberculatus through marker‐assisted selection.     

ISSR-PCR技术在对虾中的应用初步研究

采用ISSR（Inter Simple Sequence Repeats)技术对中国对虾（Penaeus chinensis)进行了PCR扩增。优化了PCR反应体系和反应参数。对PCR产物进行聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和银染检测，从100条ISSR引物中筛选了40条有清晰产物的引物，每条引物检测到的位点数从1到19不等，平均每条引物可检测到位点数为7．7个。实验发现：中国对虾简单重复序列区主要由两碱基循环组成。通过分析ISSR－PCR技术本身的原理，探讨了该技术相对于同工酶检测和RAPD技术在遗传多样性分析中的优势所在，以及该技术用于遗传标识的确认和遗传图谱构建方面的前景。     

ISSR标记在坛紫菜不同色泽丝状体种质鉴定中的应用

ISSR标记在坛紫菜不同色泽丝状体种质鉴定中的应用=Application of ISSR markers in germplasm identification of different color’s Porphyra haitanensis filament strains［刊,中］/谢潮添（集美大学水产学院,厦门361021）,纪德华,陈昌生,徐燕,张元//水产学报,—2007,31(1).-105～111 用ISSR分子标记技术对4个不同色泽坛紫菜（Porphyra haitanensis）丝状体品系（分别为桔黄色,褐绿色,棕红色和紫色）及1个野生型对照丝状体品系（褐红色）进行了遗传分析,共筛选出11条引物,PCR反应得到了129个扩增位点,多态位点比率达88.4％,有效等位基因数为1.6369,期望杂合度为0.3609,Shannon多样性指数为0.5265;根据Nei方法计算了这5个坛紫菜丝状体品系间的遗传相似性系数和遗传距离,结果发现4个不同色泽丝状体间的平均遗传距离为0.5727,它们同野生型对照的平均遗传距离为0.6564,同时应用UPMGA法对它们进行了聚类分析。最后应用引物812扩增的4个多态性位点构建了这5个不同坛紫菜丝状体的DNA指纹图谱,使每一品系都具有独特的DNA指纹,并将其转化成了计算机可以识别的数码指纹,可以方便地应用于坛紫菜丝状体的种质鉴定中。结果表明ISSR分子标记技术可以作为坛紫菜丝状体种质鉴定的有效技术手段,提供快捷、准确的鉴定结果。图3表5参24 关键词：坛紫菜; ISSR标记; 遗传分析; 种质鉴定 E-mail: cschen@jmu.edu.cn     

文蛤转录组中微卫星位点生物信息分析#br#

采用生物信息学方法分析了文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)转录组中微卫星序列(简单重复序列,simple sequence repeat)的分布规律。结果表明:在文蛤转录组SSR中,单碱基重复序列的数量最多,有3001个;其次为三碱基和四碱基重复序列,分别为2254和2200个;二碱基重复序列1052个;五碱基重复序列332个;六碱基重复序列最少,仅13个。文蛤转录组SSR共包含26种重复基元,其中优势基元为单碱基重复A/T有2809个,其次为三碱基重复AAC/TTG有907个,四碱基和二碱基重复中的AAAC/TTTG和AT/TA分别有588和561个,说明文蛤转录组微卫星位点的分布对A/T具有偏好性。文蛤完整SSR的平均长度为18.34 bp,长度分布在12~20 bp,约占41%。研究结果将为研究文蛤SSR标记开发、群体遗传多样性、遗传连锁图谱、种质资源鉴定和分子遗传育种等后续研究提供基础数据。     

印尼虎鱼RAD-seq数据中微卫星标记的初步筛选及特征分析

采用RAD-seq(Restriction-site associated DNA sequencing)对印尼虎鱼(Datnioides pulcher)进行简化基因组测序,获得13308 806个高质量干净读长(HQ clean reads),利用SSR搜索软件在所得序列中共检测到26359个SSR位点,由496种重复基序组成,主要分布在三、四、五碱基重复类型中,单碱基重复序列中最多的类型为A/T,二碱基重复序列中以AC/GT和AG/GT重复单元为主,三碱基重复序列中以AGG/CCT、AGC/CTG、AGG/CCT为优势类型;在数量上,二碱基重复类型SSR位点最多(19492个),占总SSR位点的73.95%;除了单核苷酸类型外,SSR基序的重复次数主要集中在4-9之间,多态性SSR数目为2 783个。根据SSR位点两翼序列,利用Primer5.0成功设计出20 066对SSR引物,引物设计成功率为76.13%,依据测序数据中的重复类型和重复数,随机选择100个二至五碱基重复类型SSR在6个虎鱼样本中验证其可用性和多态性,有73对引物通过扩增可获得有效目的片段,其中20个SSR验证为具有多态性。开发所得SSR序列可用于印尼虎鱼及其近缘物种遗传分析、遗传图谱构建以及分子标记辅助育种等工作,同时也证实了利用简化基因组测序技术开发SSR标记和发现样品间具有多态性的SSR标记的可能性。     

Identification of RAPD‐SCAR marker linked to white spot syndrome virus resistance in populations of giant black tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon Fabricius

White spot disease (WSD) caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) creates severe epizootics in shrimp aquaculture industry worldwide. Despite several efforts, no such permanent remedy was yet developed. Selective breeding using DNA markers would be a cost‐effective strategy for long‐term solution of this problem. In the present investigation, out of 30 random primers, only one primer produced a statistically significant (P < 0.01) randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker of 502 bp, which provided a good discrimination between disease resistant and disease susceptible populations of Penaeus monodon from three geographical locations along the East coast of India. Because RAPD markers are dominant, a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker was developed by cloning and sequencing of 502 bp RAPD fragment, which generates a single 457 bp DNA fragment after PCR amplification only in the disease resistant shrimps. Challenge experiment was also conducted to validate this 457 bp SCAR marker, and the results suggested that the WSSV loads were 2.25 × 10³ fold higher in disease susceptible than that in disease resistant shrimps using real‐time PCR. Therefore, this 457 bp DNA SCAR marker will be very valuable towards the development of disease‐free shrimp aquaculture industry.     

Genetic linkage map of bay scallop, Argopecten irradians irradians (Lamarck 1819)

The bay scallop (Argopecten irradians irradians Lamarck 1819) has become one of the most important aquaculture species in China. Genetic improvement of cultured bay scallop can benefit greatly from a better understanding of its genome. In this study, we developed amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and simple sequence repeat markers from expressed sequence tags (EST‐SSRs) for linkage analysis in bay scallop. Segregation of 390 AFLP and eight SSR markers was analysed in a mapping population of 97 progeny. Of the AFLP markers analysed, 326 segregated in the expected 1:1 Mendelian ratio, while the remaining 74 (or 19.0%) showed significant deviation, with 33 (44.6%) being deficient in heterozygotes (A/a). Among the eight polymorphic EST‐SSR loci, one marker (12.5%) was found skewing from its expected Mendelian ratios. Eighteen per cent of the markers segregating from female parent were distorted compared with 21% of the markers segregating from male parent. The female map included 147 markers in 17 linkage groups (LGs) and covered 1892.4 cM of the genome. In the male map, totally 146 AFLP and SSR markers were grouped in 18 LGs spanning 1937.1 cM. The average inter‐marker spacing in female and male map was 12.9 and 13.3 cM respectively. The AFLP and SSR markers were distributed evenly throughout the genome except for a few large gaps over 20 cM. Although preliminary, the genetic maps presented here provide a starting point for the mapping of the bay scallop genome.     

草鱼全基因组微卫星特征分析与亲子鉴定

为分析草鱼全基因组微卫星特征并开发高多态性微卫星标记亲子鉴定平台,实验利用已发布的草鱼全基因组序列,开发高度多态、准确度高、重复单元在4～6碱基范围的微卫星标记.结果显示,在草鱼900.51 Mb基因组序列中共筛选到微卫星序列677363个,总长度12 835 407 bp,占全基因组长度的1.4254％,平均跨度为1...     

Identification of quantitative trait loci for growth-related traits in the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

The locations and effects of quantitative trait loci (QTL) were estimated for nine characters for growth‐related traits in the Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) using a randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplification fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and SSR genetic linkage map. Twenty‐eight putatively significant QTLs (LOD>2.4) were detected for nine traits (shell length, shell width, total weight, shell weight, weight of soft part, muscle weight, gonad and digestive gland weight, mantle weight and gill weight). The percentage of phenotypic variation explained by a single QTL ranged from 8.0% to 35.9%. The significant correlations (P<0.001) were found among all the growth‐related traits, and Pearson's correlation coefficients were more than 0.81. For the female map, the QTL for growth were concentrated on groups 1 and 4 linkage maps. On the male map, the QTL that influenced growth‐related traits gathered on the groups 1 and 9 linkage maps. Genetic linkage map construction and QTL analysis for growth‐related traits are the basis for the marker‐assisted selection and will eventually improve production and quality of the Pacific abalone.     

多元统计方法和SSR标记对不同海域文蛤及选育群体亲缘关系分析

近年来因文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)异地移养频繁造成遗传背景不明,对种质保护和选择育种工作造成了影响,进而阻碍了产业的持续发展.为挖掘不同海域文蛤群体的种质资源状况,评估子代群体的选育潜力,本实验采用聚类分析、主成分分析、判别分析等多元统计方法以及SSR标记手段对5个不同海域文蛤群体及江苏子三代文蛤选育群...     

半滑舌鳎微卫星标记的开发及其在F1家系中分离方式分析

利用富集文库-菌落原位杂交的方法筛选半滑舌鳎( Cynoglossus semilaevis)微卫星标记,构建富含(AC)和(AG)序列重复的半滑舌鳎微卫星富集文库,随机从文库中挑选1060个克隆,筛选得到883个(83.3％)阳性信号,菌落PCR检测742个阳性克隆片段的长度在500～1 200 bp范围内,随机挑选其中50个克隆进行测序,共设计引物33对,进行退火温度优化、多态性检测后,共得到20个多态的半滑舌鳎微卫星标记.对其进行分离方式分析,其中有17个位点符合孟德尔分离定律,共表现5种分离方式,可用于半滑舌鳎遗传连锁图谱的构建;另外有3个位点偏离孟德尔分离定律(P＜0.05).结果同时证明富集文库-菌落原位杂交是半滑舌鳎微卫星标记大量筛选和高密度遗传连锁图谱构建的一种行之有效的方法.     

Multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis of Edwardsiella piscicida isolates pathogenic to fish

This study describes a novel multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) based on six variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci for genotyping of 37 Edwardsiella piscicida (previously Edwardsiella tarda) isolates from multiple sources. The number of alleles identified for each of the six VNTR loci ranged from 3 to 5 with VNTR loci 1 (DI = 0.632) and 3 (DI = 0.644), displaying the highest degrees of polymorphism. MLVA typing of the 37 E. piscicida isolates resulted in the identification of five major clusters consistent with their geographical origins, and were designated as MLVA types I, II, III, IV and V. Types III and V were resolved further into subtypes largely consistent with outbreak source. An MLVA profile comprising a string of integers representing the number of tandem repeats for each allele provided a unique identification for each MLVA type and/or strain. The MLVA protocol described in the current study is robust, relatively simple, has a higher power of resolution than multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) and is capable of discriminating closely related isolates.     

ISSR标记在河蟹种质检测中的应用

将ISSR分子标记技术应用于天然水域河蟹(Eriocheir japonica)的遗传检测,结合来自母系的线粒体DNA分子标记鉴别,并通过对部分样本的细胞色素b基因变异位点测定,对ISSR标记检测结果做进一步分析和评价。对PCR/RFLP检测发现的2个携带中华亚种单元型的湛江青年河样本与来自鸭绿江、长江、闽江和南流江样本的ISSR检测与聚类分析表明:1)来自4个水系的河蟹聚为2大支,与中国大陆绒螯蟹的2个亚种分支相对应,即E.japonica sinensis和E.japonica hepuensis;2)来自南方水系湛江青年河的2个携带中华亚种单元型个体聚在北方的中华亚种(E.j.sinenesis)分支中。进一步对这2个样本的细胞色素b基因全序列测定分析表明,它们分别来源于中华亚种的ES2和ES15支系。提示ISSR标记可以提供天然水域河蟹种质混杂状况的核DNA方面的证据。同时表明,ISSR标记可以为河蟹种质资源的遗传研究提供有用的信息。[中国水产科学,2007,14(1):46-51]     

Clonal structure in Ichthyobacterium seriolicida,the causative agent of bacterial haemolytic jaundice in yellowtail,Seriola quinqueradiata,inferred from molecular epidemiological analysis

Bacterial haemolytic jaundice caused by Ichthyobacterium seriolicida has been responsible for mortality in farmed yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata, in western Japan since the 1980s. In this study, polymorphic analysis of I. seriolicida was performed using three molecular methods: amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and multiple‐locus variable‐number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Twenty‐eight isolates were analysed using AFLP, while 31 isolates were examined by MLST and MLVA. No polymorphisms were identified by AFLP analysis using EcoRI and MseI, or by MLST of internal fragments of eight housekeeping genes. However, MLVA revealed variation in repeat numbers of three elements, allowing separation of the isolates into 16 sequence types. The unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages cluster analysis of the MLVA data identified four major clusters, and all isolates belonged to clonal complexes. It is likely that I. seriolicida populations share a common ancestor, which may be a recently introduced strain.     

Identification of growth‐related nucleotide polymorphism in cultured Pacific bluefin tuna,Thunnus orientalis

Pacific bluefin tuna (PBF), Thunnus orientalis, is commercially one of the most important species of tuna. In this study, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) screening was conducted to find the growth‐related polymorphic DNA in cultured PBF. Fish hatched in 2007 were harvested at an age of 818–1994 days. They were categorized into superior, average and inferior growth groups, depending on their growth score at the time of harvest. On AFLP screening of 24 fish, with eight fish from each group, 215 polymorphic DNA fragments were observed. A second amplification, with EcoRI + ACC and MseI + CCC primers, generated a polymorphic fragment of 630 bp at a rate of 80.0% (n = 15) in the superior, 56.3% (n = 16) in the average and 20.0% (n = 15) in the inferior growth groups. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers, which could amplify both AFLP‐positive and AFLP‐negative loci, were developed using the consensus sequence outside the AFLP target fragment. Eleven haplotypes were obtained by sequence analysis of the PCR product at the AFLP target loci. Among those, haplotype 1 was statistically significant in the superior and average growth groups and could be used as a molecular marker for distinguishing the individuals with superior and average growth from those with inferior growth.     

松江鲈群体遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记技术对辽宁丹东和河北秦皇岛2个地区松江鲈(Trachidermus fasciatus)群体的遗传多样性进行了分析。结果显示:77个ISSR引物中有4个引物能扩增出清晰条带,4个引物对两个群体各24个样品扩增出27个位点。松江鲈丹东和秦皇岛两群体的多态位点比率均为44.44%,Shannon′s指数分别为0.2728、0.2836。Shannon′s指数和AMOVA分析均显示松江鲈的遗传变异主要来自于群体内个体间。松江鲈UPGMA系统树没有依据群体分别聚类,无明显遗传趋异。两个松江鲈野生群体的平均杂合度和多态位点与处于濒危状态的江豚类似,多态性位点比例低于濒危状态的平胸龟和长江刀鲚。结果表明:两个地区松江鲈群体的遗传多样性处于较低水平,遗传变异相对贫乏;松江鲈丹东和秦皇岛两个群体间无明显的遗传分化,亲缘关系较近。     

食用海带(Saccharina japonica)新品系遗传多样性研究

为获取3个食用海带(Saccharina japonica)新品系(“海天1号”、“海天2号”、“海天3号”)和“黄官1号”海带的遗传多样性和遗传结构信息,为海带种质保存及新品系培育提供理论依据,本研究采用SSR分子标记技术,从20对SSR引物中筛选出8对扩增效果好的引物,对4个海带品系的120个样本进行了种群遗传分析.结果显示,8对引物共检测到28个具有多态性的等位基因,9个特异性等位基因,平均每对引物检测到等位基因数为4.6250个.4个海带品系的Nei's基因多样性(H)和香农指数(I)平均值分别为0.3809和0.6702,遗传多样性水平偏低,且亲缘关系较近.其中,“海天1号”海带的H、I值最高,多态性位点最多,遗传多样性优于其他3个海带品系. “海天2号”、“海天3号”和“黄官1号”海带遗传多样性水平依次降低.聚类分析结果显示,“海天1号”与“海天3号”海带亲缘关系最近,而与“黄官1号”海带亲缘关系最远.AMOVA分析显示,4个海带品系92.06％的变异来源于品系内部,7.94％的变异来源于品系间.“黄官1号”海带的遗传多样性在4个海带品系中最低,以其作为亲本培育新品种时,应注意提高子代的遗传多样性.遗传多样性最高的是“海天l号”,可充分利用其优点培育优良的新品系.     

大连海域养殖裙带菜遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用简单序列重复区间(ISSR)分子标记技术对辽宁大连海域的河口(HK)、旅顺(LS)、金石滩(JST)、凌水(LSH)4个裙带菜养殖基地和1个实验室人工单一配子体杂交(ZJ)共5个种群45个裙带菜个体进行遗传多样性分析。14个ISSR引物共扩增出清晰可辨的位点176个,其中多态性位点170个,多态位点百分数为96.59%。结果分析表明,在群体水平上基因多样性指数为0.1280~0.2328,Shannon′s信息指数为0.194 4~0.345 8,Ne i的分析结果显示种群间的遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.456 6,分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示种群间的遗传变异占总变异的47.57%,种群内变异占总变异的52.43%。UPGMA聚类结果为河口(HK)、金石滩(JST)和凌水(LSH)种群相聚为一支,旅顺(LS)和杂交(ZJ)种群聚为另一支。ISSR分析结果表明,这5个裙带菜种群内?种群间的遗传多样性水平均较低,不宜用作育种和育苗的种源。