新型信息素诱剂对新疆梨园多种混合发生的夜蛾雄性具有较好诱集效果

<正>利用性诱剂干扰交配或诱杀钻蛀性蛾类害虫是果园害虫生物防治的重要途径之一,研发既诱雄蛾也诱雌蛾的新型诱剂近年来颇受关注。新疆农业大学农学院与南京农业大学植物保护学院合作在苹果蠹蛾性信息素基础上,加入寄主植物挥发物——梨酯、苯乙酮、香叶醇、冬青油和苯乙醇等制成若干配方,在南     

中国农科院植保所成功筛选华北大黑鳃金龟植物源引诱剂

正为研制华北大黑鳃金龟Holotrichia oblita的植物源引诱剂,中国农科院植保所研究人员选取7种植物挥发物单体,筛选各单体最佳引诱浓度并据此设计35个三元配方,通过华北大黑鳃金龟成虫触角电位反应试验及进一步的趋势行为反应试验筛选出对华北大黑鳃金龟雌、雄成虫引诱作用较强的配方,并通过笼罩引诱试验测试所筛选配方对成虫的引诱效果。     

植食性昆虫嗅觉识别植物挥发物机制的研究进展

自然环境中,昆虫与植物间存在密切的联系及持续的相互作用,其中植食性昆虫主要依靠嗅觉识别植物产生的挥发物来区分寄主或非寄主植物,研究植食性昆虫嗅觉对寄主植物挥发物的感受机制,有助于揭示植食性昆虫与寄主植物协同进化关系,筛选植物抗性品种及开发害虫绿色防控技术。本文综述了植物挥发物种类及特性和植食性昆虫对植物挥发物的响应、触角嗅觉感器神经元类型及功能、触角嗅觉相关蛋白种类及其功能,展望了昆虫化学生态研究中最新的研究思路、方法,为害虫的无公害防治提供理论依据。     

天津植保所在美国白蛾寄主识别化学机制研究中取得新进展

正近期,天津市植物保护研究所白鹏华助理研究员在《Frontiers in Physiology》上发表研究文章。该研究通过分析鉴定美国白蛾的5种喜食寄主植物挥发物成分,并综合分析了植物挥发物对美国白蛾触角的电生理反应、交配和产卵行为的影响,初步揭示了美国白蛾识别、定位寄主植物的化学生态机制。重大外来入侵害虫美国白蛾属鳞翅目灯蛾科多食性害虫,可为害400多     

黔东南有机兔眼蓝莓园金龟子种类及综合防控

为了摸清有机生产模式下,贵州省黔东南州有机蓝莓园金龟子昆虫的种类,于2013-2014年,对黔东南有机蓝莓园金龟子类昆虫进行了调查。结果显示黔东南有机蓝莓园金龟子类害虫有3科13属26种。3科为丽金龟科、鳃金龟科和花金龟科科。13属为弧丽金龟属、彩丽金龟属、异丽金龟属、喙丽金龟属、毛丽金龟属、齿爪鳃金龟属、云鳃金龟属、绢金龟属、等鳃金龟属、青花金龟属、星花金龟属、罗花金龟属和锈花金龟属。其中丽金龟科有中华弧丽金龟、曲带弧丽金龟和琉璃弧丽金龟等14种;鳃金龟科有暗黑鳃金龟、江南大黑鳃金龟和华脊鳃金龟等6种;花金龟科有斑青花金龟、小青花金龟和凸星花金龟等6种。丽金龟科的喙丽金龟、铜绿丽金龟和棉弧丽金龟,鳃金龟科的暗黑鳃金龟和黑绒鳃金龟,花金龟科的小青花金龟和白星花金龟等7种为优势种。结合黔东南有机蓝莓园金龟子种类、危害特点及GB/T19630-2011的规定,建议对黔东南有机蓝莓金龟子危害防治,在坚持"预防为主,综合防治"原则下,采取农业防控、物理防控和生物防控等综合防控措施。     

茶尺蠖性信息素识别的分子机制取得重要进展

<正>茶尺蠖作为鳞翅目蛾类害虫,其雌蛾合成释放的性信息素组分在雌雄两性通讯中发挥至关重要的生理作用。茶尺蠖雄蛾主要通过其高度灵敏的嗅觉感受系统特异的识别种内性信息素组分,进而搜寻和定位待交配的雌蛾,完成交配行为。基于反向化学生态学原理,研究茶尺蠖雄蛾识别性信息素的分     

茶尺蠖性行为习性初报

【研究目的】通过对茶尺蠖的性行为习性进行详细观察,掌握茶尺蠖性信息素释放规律;【结果】雌雄成虫寿命分别为5．33d、4．31d,性比为1：1．22。羽化主要集中在18：00～凌晨2：00,而交尾时间在21：00-24：00,其中23：00左右是交尾高峰;【结论】雌成虫有多次产卵现象,雄成虫具有多次交尾行为。采集性信息素的最佳时间在雌成虫羽化后第2天22：30左右。     

绵山天幕毛虫性信息素分泌腺研究

对绵山天幕毛虫雌蛾性信息素分泌腺进行了扫描电镜和透射电镜观察,结果表明:绵山天幕毛虫性信息素分泌腺位于腹部末端8～9间节间膜上,是一个可外翻的环状结构,腺体细胞为柱状,表皮分为2层:外表皮和内表皮。质膜上分布着微绒毛,并与内表皮连接。细胞质中含有液泡、线粒体、脂质粒、光面内质网。了解绵山天幕毛虫性信息素分泌腺位置、形态结构,对了解性信息素的合成和释放几率、改进性信息素的提取分离鉴定有重要意义。     

化学信息素对散居型东亚飞蝗聚集行为的影响

散居型是东亚飞蝗的一个重要生态型。对散居型蝗虫行为的深入研究为飞蝗的防治和预报提供重要依据。采用行为生物测定和触角电位测定（EAG）的方法对来自于群居型和散居型蝗虫的化学信息素对散居型东亚飞蝗聚集行为的影响进行了初步研究。研究结果认为,群居型蝗蝻粪便释放出的化学信息素对散居型蝗蝻有明显的聚集作用;散居型蝗蝻对所测试的不同龄期群居型蝗蝻信息素均表现出明显的电生理反应,其中粪便抽提物的电生理活性较强,散居型蝗蝻对来自于相同龄期或较高龄期的群居型蝗蝻的化学信息素的电生理反应较强,其中,雄性比雌性敏感;群居型成蝗粪便信息素抽提物对散居蝗蝻有明显的电生理活性,雄性成蝗释放出的化学信息素电生理活性较高;散居型蝗蝻对来自于散居型蝗虫的化学信息素也有一定电生理反应,但反应不明显。散居型飞蝗的行为和型变与环境中的化学信息有密切关系,进一步深入研究十分必要。     

小菜蛾性信息素与植物挥发性物质合理混配可以降低性诱剂成本

<正>福建省农业科技人员近期采用电生理方法,测定了小菜蛾雌、雄成虫对雌蛾性信息素(sex pheromone,SP)两种主要组分顺-11-十六碳烯醛(Z11-16:Ald)和顺-11-十六碳烯乙酸酯(Z11-16:Ac),以及性信息素与寄主植物5种挥发性物质混合物的触角电位反应。结果表明:当供试浓度为20.0克/升时,雄蛾对Z11-16:     

Transmission of Biochemical Flavor Constituents from Apricot and Plum to their Interspecific Hybrid

Intact fruit from five plum × apricot hybrids, two Japanese plums and seven apricots were sampled for their volatile constituents by headspace analysis to study the transmission of biochemical flavor constituents from apricot and plum to hybrids between them. Volatiles were collected in Tenax traps, eluted with ether, and examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Forty-one compounds from seven chemical classes were identified in the fruit samples. Seven of the identified volatiles were unique to plumcot, and not present in either the plum or apricot parent. Aromatic profiles from plumcot accessions more closely resemble apricot profiles rather than plum.     

Sexual crossing between two genetically female plants and sex genetics of kakrol (Momordica dioica Roxb.)

Summary Application of 200 to 800 mg/l silver nitrate (AgNO₃) to the female kakrol or teasle gourd (Momordica dioica Roxb.) plant was effective for inducing hermaphrodite flowers. Pollen grain viability of the hermaphrodite flowers was as high as that of normal male flowers. Crossing among female genotypes of different fruit morphotypes, taking pollen from the induced hermaphrodite flowers, produced fruits and seeds. Sex of hybrids between female and normal male segregated into male and female in equal proportion, while the hybrids from female homo-sexual crosses produced only female plants. This indicated that sex of kakrol is controlled by a single factor; male being heterozygous and the female is homozygous recessive. The possibility to evaluate both parents for fruit characteristics should facilitate breeding.     

化学药剂处理对蓖麻性别的影响

为明确不同浓度的化学药剂对蓖麻性别的影响,本试验以蓖麻两性系（E09004、E09009和E09002）和E09002单雌系为材料,分析了喷施不同浓度的GA3、NAA、乙烯利、6-BA和AgNO3对蓖麻雌雄花率的影响。结果表明：100 mg/L GA3有利于蓖麻雌花的形成,250 mg/L GA3则有利于雄花的分化,前者表现为雌花率上升,后者表现为雌花率降低;NAA和6-BA使雌花率增加,出现了纯雌株;乙烯利有利于雄花的分化,一定浓度的乙烯利可使两性株雄性化;AgNO3促雄效果明显,使两性株雄花率增加,单雌株出现少量雄花;同时试验还获得少数花性特殊（如全雄、纯雌）的材料。本研究为蓖麻的性别逆转诱导、单雌材料的繁殖及性别分化研究提供参考。     

Gas chromatography for detection of citrus infestation by fruit fly larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Tephritid fruit flies are serious economic pests worldwide. As larvae, they feed and develop within the pulp of host fruits, making infestation difficult to detect by visual inspection. At U.S. ports of entry, incoming produce shipments are checked for infestation by manually cutting open a small sample of fruit and searching for tephritid larvae. Consequently, there is a need for more sensitive, high-throughput screening methods. This study evaluated gas chromatography (GC) as a potential technology for improved detection of hidden infestation. Grapefruits (Citrus × paradisi Macfad.) infested with immature stages of the Caribbean fruit fly Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) were examined to determine if infested fruit emitted a chemical profile distinct from that of non-infested fruit. Peaks identified by GC analysis were grouped into three classes. Chemicals detected in similar quantities in all samples, or slightly elevated in infested samples, were regarded as non-diagnostic background volatiles. Chemicals highly elevated after oviposition, during the last instar exit stage, and in experimentally-pierced fruit were interpreted to be indicators of citrus peel injury, and included d-limonene and β-ocimene. Chemicals elevated exclusively in the larval infestation stages were considered indicators of feeding damage and potentially diagnostic of infestation, and included hexyl butanoate and an unidentified compound. The peaks associated with injury and feeding were also detectable with a portable ultra-fast GC analyzer that required less than 80 s per sample. Further studies will investigate the potential application of these results for development of a rapid, non-destructive screening method for detection of tephritid infestation.     

叩甲科昆虫性信息素研究及应用

应用昆虫性信息素进行害虫监测和防治是害虫综合治理重要措施之一。金针虫是一类重要的地下害虫,食性杂,危害隐蔽,成虫期是其唯一暴露的时期,利用叩甲性信息素是金针虫种群监测和防治的重要手段。本文对叩甲科昆虫性信息素的提取、分离鉴定及应用现状进行了综述,以期对我国在叩甲性信息素的研究提供一定指导。     

四季蜜龙眼夏季开花坐果特性及传粉昆虫种类调查

为了解四季蜜龙眼夏季开花坐果特性和传粉昆虫种类,于夏季开花期间选定花穗记录雌雄花和果实数量,并以随机网捕方式采集传粉昆虫进行鉴定。结果表明:四季蜜龙眼夏季花期平均每穗开花天数为12.9天,雌雄花比例为1:6.57,授粉受精期的温度处于25～36℃之间,在较高的温度条件下雌花坐果率达到27.6%;雌花脱落占雌花数的11.1%,小果脱落占雌花数的61.3%。传粉昆虫有5目13科21种,以花金龟科的种类最多,占总数的33.3%;其次为蜂类和蝇类昆虫,分别占总数的30.1%和24.1%。     

Breeding parthenocarpic pickling cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.): Necessity,genetical possibilities,environmental influences and selection criteria

Summary Parthenocarpic pickling cucumbers have been selected after crossing pickling and slicing cucumbers. On the best lines 90% of the female flowers set fruit (up to 75 fruits per plant within six weeks). At declining daylength productivity decreased, mainly because of a reduced flower initiation and partly by a reduced parthenocarpic potential.The correlation between several selection criteria and the possibilities of preselection of young plants is discussed.     

Effect of different cole crops on the biological parameters of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pieris brassicae</Emphasis> (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) under laboratory conditions

The effect of different cole crops was studied on biological parameters of Pieris brassicae (L.) in the laboratory at 28 °C, 65% RH, and 12L:12D photoperiod. The results indicated that host plants significantly affected the life history, i.e. survival of developmental stages, oviposition period, and sex ratio of P. brassicae. Comparative study on different host plant revealed that P. brassicae required a maximum of 40 days to complete generation on cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli. The survivorship and expectation of life declined gradually with the advancement of age; the life expectancy of newly deposited eggs was 23.96 days while it was 8.12 days at the time of adult emergence on cabbage. However, the fluctuations of mortality parameter were seen on all the cole crops. On cabbage, 100% hatching of eggs with low larval mortality were noticed. The highest net reproductive rate (R₀) occurred on cauliflower, i.e. 27.1 followed by cabbage 24.89, females per female per generation. Intrinsic rate of increase (r_m), was found to be highest (0.09558954) on cauliflower followed by broccoli and cabbage, 0.078886 and 0.077551 females per female per day, respectively. The smallest r_m (0.059469 females per female per day) occurred on radish which shows that P. brassicae did not perform well on radish. In addition, P. brassicae may double in 7.2 days on cauliflower, 8.7 days on broccoli, and 8.9 days on cabbage. The sex ratio was computed as 1.5:1, female:male, respectively on cabbage.     

Identifying volatile compounds associated with sensory and fruit attributes in diploid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Actinidia chinensis</Emphasis> (kiwifruit) using multivariate analysis

While the roles of sugars and acids in fruit flavour are well known and described, the roles of volatile compounds that contribute to flavour and odour are more difficult to define. The determination of volatiles that make a significant contribution to the flavour of kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) is essential for efficient and cost effective flavour breeding. The aims of this study were to explore associations between volatile compounds, sensory and fruit attributes of A. chinensis fruit and to identify potential key flavour impact volatiles, superior parents and selection methods, using multivariate analysis. We investigated the volatiles produced by ripe fruit of 24 genotypes selected by principal component analysis (PCA) to represent the diversity of taste and fruit characteristics in a breeding population. Seventy-two volatiles were detected. Extended use of multivariate analysis proved powerful for gaining maximum information from the limited plant material. The volatiles were successfully grouped into four clusters, using hierarchical clustering of variables based on phenotypic correlations between volatiles to avoid a singular correlation matrix in PCA. Based on these clusters, associations between volatiles, sensory and fruit attributes were explored using PCA and multiple linear regressions. Principal components provided a measure of the balance of complex volatiles that is likely to affect consumer responses. Thirteen potential key impact volatiles that made a substantial contribution to the flavour of A. chinensis fruit were identified. Five esters were strongly associated with the flavours and odours characteristic of ‘Hort16A’. Volatiles associated with ‘sour taste’, ‘fruit ripeness’, ‘atypical ‘Hort16A’-like odour’ and ‘atypical kiwifruit flavour’ were also recognized. Parents with potentially desirable volatile profiles and a possible selection method for flavour breeding were identified.