大豆原生质膜及混合细胞器膜脂脂肪酸对干旱胁迫的反应

本文分析了大豆复叶、真叶、子叶和发育子叶原生质膜及混合细胞器膜脂脂肪酸的组成、配比以及脂肪酸不饱和指数对干旱胁迫的反应。研究结果表明:大豆原生质膜及混合细胞器膜脂中主要有六种脂肪酸:豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸,还有少量的月桂酸和花生酸和一种未标记的脂肪酸。干旱胁迫不改变大豆不同叶类组织原生质膜和混合细胞器膜脂脂肪酸的组成,但配比和组分含量却发生了很大变化。脂肪酸组分中变化最显著的是亚麻酸,其次是亚油酸和棕榈酸。亚麻酸与脂肪酸不饱和指数呈极显著的正相关。耐旱型品种(庆选101)膜脂对干旱的反应,为脂肪酸的饱和化作用较慢,不饱和脂肪酸含量高于不耐旱品种(黑农11)。同一品种不同叶类对干旱的抗性表现的顺序为:复叶>真叶>发育子叶>子叶。     

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Tanzawaic Acid Derivatives from a Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium steckii 108YD142

Chemical investigation of a marine-derived fungus, Penicillium steckii 108YD142, resulted in the discovery of a new tanzawaic acid derivative, tanzawaic acid Q (1), together with four known analogues, tanzawaic acids A (2), C (3), D (4), and K (5). The structures of tanzawaic acid derivatives 1–5 were determined by the detailed analysis of 1D, 2D NMR and LC-MS data, along with chemical methods and literature data analysis. These compounds significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production and the new tanzawaic acid Q (1) inhibited the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins and mRNA expressions in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Additionally, compound 1 reduced the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrated that the new tanzawaic acid derivative inhibits LPS-induced inflammation. This is the first report on the anti-inflammatory activity of tanzawaic acid Q (1).     

Effects of an insect–nematode–fungus pest complex on grain yield and composition of specialty low linolenic acid soybean

Linolenic acid is a precursor to components in plant defense responses to pests and pathogens. Soybean cultivars with altered seed linolenic acid contents have been developed for improved oil qualities, specifically reduced fatty acid content with increased stability. We examined how three common soybean pests, the soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines), brown stem rot (BSR) caused by Cadophora gregata and the soybean aphid (SBA; Aphis glycines), affect yield and seed linolenic acid percentage of low linolenic acid cultivars. In a micro-plot field experiment, soybean cultivars with varying concentrations of linolenic acid in the seed (ultra-low or low) and resistance to SCN (susceptible or resistant) were grown at a central Iowa research farm. Plots were kept free of pests (control) or artificially infested with a single pest (SCN, BSR or SBA) or the combination of all three pests (multiple pest). The use of resistant cultivars (SCN and BSR) or an insecticide at an economic threshold (SBA) was analyzed to determine the efficacy of current management recommendations for low linolenic acid soybean production. Seed was collected at the end of the season to measure yield and grain composition. All three pests alone or in combination were capable of reducing yield, but only the three pests in combination were capable of affecting seed linolenic acid percentages, increasing linolenic acid percentages by 11.7% in SCN-susceptible cultivars. For all three pests, current management recommendations (resistant cultivars or economic thresholds) provided protection of both yield and grain composition, indicating no changes in management are necessary for altered linolenic acid soybean cultivars.     

添加有机酸改善木薯叶青贮品质和营养成分

为了改善木薯叶青贮品质,研究有机酸对木薯叶青贮品质及营养成分的影响,以确定青贮木薯叶最适合的有机酸种类及添加量。本研究以华南7号木薯幼嫩茎叶为原料进行青贮试验,设对照组、甲酸（0.2%）、乙酸（0.2%）和丙酸（0.2%）处理组,30 d后测定木薯叶青贮饲料pH、乳酸（LA）、乙酸（AA）、丙酸（PA）和丁酸（BA）含量以及主要营养成分含量。结果表明,木薯叶直接青贮品质较差,添加有机酸处理与对照相比显著降低青贮饲料的pH和丁酸含量（P<0.05）,降低中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量（P<0.05）,提高了饲料相对值（RFV）。添加有机酸可以改善木薯叶青贮品质并提高营养价值,添加乙酸（0.2%）和丙酸（0.2%）青贮品质较好,可作为木薯叶青贮添加剂。     

胡麻种质资源主要品质性状的分析与评价

为了充分利用胡麻种质资源,促进胡麻品质育种,对国内外280份胡麻种质资源的主要品质性状进行了测定分析。结果表明：(1) 280份资源的粗脂肪平均含量38.3%,变幅为35.12%～45.27%,变异系数最小（3.22%）;木酚素平均含量3.45 mg/g,变幅1.08～7.24 mg/g,变异系数最大（30.88%）;亚麻酸含量平均48.03%,变幅35.62%～57.82%,变异系数为7.07%。(2) 相关分析显示,粗脂肪含量与油酸含量极显著负相关,与硬脂酸含量负相关,与其他性状正相关;木酚素含量与亚油酸含量极显著正相关,与棕榈酸含量正相关,与硬脂酸、油酸、亚麻酸含量负相关;亚麻酸含量与棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸和亚油酸含量显著负相关。(3) 主成分分析将主要品质性状聚为4个主成分,油酸因子、亚油酸因子,木酚素因子和粗脂肪因子。(4) 系统聚类分析在欧氏距离D=42.8水平上聚为5大类群,第Ⅰ类粗脂肪和亚麻酸含量比较高;第Ⅱ类木酚素和亚油酸含量比较高;第Ⅲ类棕榈酸和硬脂酸含量比较高;第Ⅳ类油酸含量比较高;第Ⅴ类亚油酸含量比较低。以上分析可为胡麻种质资源利用和品质育种提供依据。     

HPLC法测定菠萝果实中8种维生素含量的研究

优化了利用高效液相色谱法测定菠萝果实中脂溶性维生素（VA、VE）和水溶性维生素（VC、 VB3、 VB12、 VB6、 VB2、 VB1）的方法; 脂溶性维生素以甲醇 ∶ 乙酸乙酯（V甲醇 ∶ V乙酸乙酯=95 ∶ 5）溶液为流动相, 流速为1.0 mL/min, 柱温25 ℃, 检测波长275 nm。 水溶性维生素以0.005 mol/mL己烷磺酸钠（pH3.2）∶ 甲醇（V乙烷磺酸钠∶ V甲醇=7∶ 3）为流动相, 流速为1.0 mL/min, 柱温30 ℃,于254 nm处测定吸光值。试验结果表明： 其线性相关系数在0.999 7～1.000 0之间, 线性关系良好。VA、 VE的峰面积RSD分别为1.48％、1.31％;VC、 VB3、 VB12、 VB6、 VB2和VBl的峰面积RSD分别为1.35％、 1.78％、 1.50％、 1.52％、 0.93％和1.10％。VA、 VC、 VB3、 VB6的平均加样回收率分别为94.2％、 102.3％、 91.0％、 95.2％。     

Tensile,Thermal, and Electrical Conductivity Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites Using Itaconic Acid Based Dispersants

We prepared itaconic acid based dispersants (IBDs) by the copolymerization of itaconic acid with acrylic acid, acrylamide, or vinyl sulfonic acid, and compared the efficacy of the IBDs on carbon fiber (CF) dispersion in a water-based system, against that of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) which is widely used as a dispersing agent. The procedure to fabricate nonwoven CF (NCF)/PP composites using IBDs includes the following steps: the synthesis of IBDs, the dispersion of CFs in water by the IBDs, the formation of a NCF, and hot pressing of NCF with polypropylene (PP) layer. We determined the tensile, thermal properties, and the electrical conductivity of non-woven CF/PP composites. It was found that using IBDs as a CF dispersing agent led to the CF/PP composites having better tensile, thermal, and electrical properties, as compared to when SDS was used as a dispersing agent.     

Protective Effect of Chitin Urocanate Nanofibers against Ultraviolet Radiation

Urocanic acid is a major ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing chromophore. Chitins are highly crystalline structures that are found predominantly in crustacean shells. Alpha-chitin consists of microfibers that contain nanofibrils embedded in a protein matrix. Acid hydrolysis is a common method used to prepare chitin nanofibrils (NFs). We typically obtain NFs by hydrolyzing chitin with acetic acid. However, in the present study, we used urocanic acid to prepare urocanic acid chitin NFs (UNFs) and examined its protective effect against UVB radiation. Hos: HR-1 mice coated with UNFs were UVB irradiated (302 nm, 150 mJ/cm²), and these mice showed markedly lower UVB radiation-induced cutaneous erythema than the control. Additionally, sunburn cells were rarely detected in the epidermis of UNFs-coated mice after UVB irradiation. Although the difference was not as significant as UNFs, the number of sunburn cells in mice treated with acetic acid chitin nanofibrils (ANFs) tended to be lower than in control mice. These results demonstrate that ANFs have a protective effect against UVB and suggest that the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of NFs influence the protective effect of ANFs against UVB radiation. The combination of NFs with other substances that possess UV-protective effects, such as urocanic acid, may provide an enhanced protective effect against UVB radiation.     

海洋共生菌Aspergillus sp.HDf2新活性次生代谢产物研究(英文)

对紫海胆共生真菌Aspergillus sp.HDf2的次生代谢产物进行分离和鉴定。采用摇瓶液体发酵,运用柱层析等方法对其发酵液成分进行分离纯化,经波谱解析和质谱分析进行结构鉴定,并运用滤纸片法对化合物进行体外抗金黄色葡萄球菌的活性测试。结果从该真菌发酵产物中鉴定出2个secospiculisporic acid新类似物,分别为secospiculisporic acid B(1)和secospiculisporic acid C(2),其中化合物1具有弱抗菌活性,抑菌直径为9.2 mm(20 mg/mL)。首次对化合物1的NMR数据进行了归属,化合物2为secospiculisporic acid类的新化合物。     

傅立叶近红外漫反射非破坏性测定花生种子主要脂肪酸含量

应用傅立叶变换近红外漫反射光谱技术非破坏性地快速定量分析了花生种子的油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸等主要脂肪酸含量。建立的油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸预测数学模型交叉验证的统计参数为:油酸的决定系数(R2)为98.74%,均方差(RMSECV)为1.87;亚油酸的决定系数(R2)为98.97%,均方差(RMSECV)为1.5;棕榈酸的决定系数(R2)为96.02,均方差(RMSECV)为0.52;硬脂酸的决定系数(R2)为73.91%,均方差(RMSECV)为0.37。分析结果的准确度接近常规化学方法,完全能满足花生品质育种的要求,并在遗传后代中筛选出油酸/亚油酸比值高达15.00以上的材料4份。高比值材料的油酸与亚油酸总和比一般花生品种高2个百分点以上,而棕榈酸含量低3个百分点多。     

艾纳香中绿原酸类化学成分研究

为全面了解海南传统黎药艾纳香抗菌药效物质基础,本研究采用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶色谱以及高效液相色谱技术对艾纳香提取物进行系统化学成分研究。结果显示:共分离鉴定6个绿原酸类成分:3,5-O-二咖啡酰奎尼酸乙酯(1),3,5-O-二咖啡酰奎尼酸甲酯(2),3,4-O-二咖啡酰奎尼酸甲酯(3),3,4-O-二咖啡酰奎尼酸(4),3,5-O-二咖啡酰奎尼酸(5),1,3,5-O-三咖啡酰奎尼酸(6)。化合物1~6均为首次从该植物中分离得到,其中化合物1为新天然产物。抗细菌活性评价显示化合物3对枯草芽孢杆菌及化合物6对金黄色葡萄球菌均具有较强抑制活性,MIC值均为64μg/mL,推测绿原酸类为艾纳香的重要抗菌活性组成。     

Analysis of linoleic acid hydroperoxides generated by biomimetic and enzymatic systems through an integrated methodology

An integrated methodology for the identification and quantification of linoleic acid hydroperoxides (HPODEs) mixtures, obtained by the Fenton's reaction and by enzymatic oxidation, is reported. Unambiguous identification of the HPODEs formed (13-hydroperoxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoic acid, 13-hydroperoxy-(9E,11E)-octadecadienoic acid and 9-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid) was performed by HPLC-MS/MS analysis, while quantification was carried out by HPLC-UV using an external calibration, based on the collection of chromatographic peaks, and measuring of total hydroperoxides by ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange (FOX) method.     

Differential effects of domoic acid and E. coli lipopolysaccharide on tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 release by rat neonatal microglia: evaluation of the direct activation hypothesis

The excitatory amino acid domoic acid is the causative agent of amnesic shellfish poisoning in humans. The in vitro effects of domoic acid on rat neonatal brain microglia were compared with E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a known activator of microglia mediator release over a 4 to 24 hour observation period. LPS [3 ng/mL] but not domoic acid [1 mM] stimulated a statistically significant increase in TNF-alpha mRNA and protein generation. Furthermore, both LPS and domoic acid did not significantly affect TGF-beta1 gene expression and protein release. Finally, an in vitro exposure of microglia to LPS resulted in statistically significant MMP-9 expression and release, thus extending and confirming our previous observations. However, in contrast, no statistically significant increase in MMP-9 expression and release was observed after domoic acid treatment. Taken together our observations do not support the hypothesis that a short term (4 to 24 hours) in vitro exposure to domoic acid, at a concentration toxic to neuronal cells, activates rat neonatal microglia and the concomitant release of the pro-inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9), as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1).     

Preparation of high hydroxyl equivalent weight polyols from vegetable oils

Multiple novel vegetable oil-based polyols were synthesized from the reaction-addition to epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) by a series of acid acyl moieties derived from vegetable oils. The acid acyl moieties were linoleic acid (LA), ricinoleic acid (RC), ricinoleic acid estolide (RC estolide) and hydrolyzed bodied soybean oil (HBSBO). LA and RC were commercially available but RC estolide and HBSBO were synthesized by enzymatic catalytic reactions. In the reaction-addition, ESBO was heated with the acid acyl moieties at 170 °C, atmospheric pressure without any catalyst and solvent. The synthesized vegetable oil-based polyols had acid numbers less than 10 (mg KOH/g), hydroxy numbers of 82–152 (mg KOH/g), and hydroxyl equivalent weights of 370–680. The polyols made from RC estolide and HBSBO had improved numbers of OH equivalent weight comparing to the numbers from alkoxyl hydroxyl soybean oil which is widely used commercial soy-based polyols.     

不同来源甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养后代脂肪酸组成

利用气相色谱技术测定4个不同来源的零芥酸DH系群体的脂肪酸组成,结果表明:脂肪酸组成呈偏态分布,不同群体各脂肪酸含量有差异;同一脂肪酸成分在不同群体中变异程度不同;具有相同脂肪酸含量的两个亲本杂交,后代(DH系)脂肪酸含量变异程度最大.小孢子培养有利于油酸偏高、亚油酸和亚麻酸偏低的基因型成胚,并且从DH系中选择出脂肪酸组成发生较大变化的单株.     

Thermal and mechanical properties of environment-friendly ‘green’ plastics from stearic acid modified-soy protein isolate

Most plastics, at present, are petroleum-based and do not degrade over many decades under normal environmental conditions. As a result, efforts towards developing environment-friendly and biodegradable ‘green’ plastics for various commercial applications have gained significant momentum in recent years. Soy protein isolate (SPI)-based ‘green’ plastics have been shown to suffer from high moisture sensitivity and low strength. These properties have limited their use in most commercial applications. They are also difficult to process into sheets without any plasticizer. The commonly used plasticizer, glycerol, tends to leach out over time producing time-dependent properties, which is highly undesirable for commercial applications. The objectives of the current research are to reduce the moisture sensitivity and simultaneously improve the tensile properties of SPI by incorporation of stearic acid without affecting its biodegradability. The effect of stearic acid and glycerol on the tensile and thermal properties of SPI has been characterized using various techniques to determine the interaction mechanisms between stearic acid and soy protein. Mechanical properties were characterized using Instron tensile tester. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques have been used to determine the effects of stearic acid and glycerol on the surface chemistry, thermal transitions and thermal degradation of the stearic acid modified SPI plastic (resin). The tensile test results show that Young’s modulus increased on increasing the stearic acid content, reaching the maximum value at about 25% (by weight of SPI powder) stearic acid. Further increase in stearic acid content from 25 to 30% led to a reduction in Young’s modulus. The moisture content, fracture stress, strain, and energy at break decreased steadily on increasing the stearic acid from 0 to 30% for SPI containing 30% glycerol. At 25% stearic acid content, the modulus and the fracture stress increased significantly, whereas the fracture strain, energy at break and the moisture content decreased on reducing glycerol content. Scanning electron microscopy photomicrographs of fractured surfaces showed a layered structure for stearic acid modified-SPI resin. TGA measurements showed that the thermal degradation of stearic acid modified-SPI resin initiated at higher temperature than the SPI resin. DSC scans indicated that stearic acid modified-SPI resin had a small degree of crystallinity, which was confirmed by X-ray diffraction patterns. Modifying SPI resin with stearic acid has been successful in obtaining better tensile and thermal properties as well as reduced moisture sensitivity without any processing problems.     

Effect of silage additives and wilting on silage fermentation, digestibility and intake, and on liveweight change of young cattle

Data from thirty-three experiments conducted at three ADAS Experimental Husbandry Farms were used to compare unwilted non-additive-treated silage with silage treated with formic acid, a formalin and formic-acid mixture, a calcium-formate and sodium-nitrite mixture, a formalin and sulphuric-acid mixture and wilted silage made without or with formic acid or a formalin and formic-acid mixture.
Formic acid significantly reduced pH and wilting significantly increased silage pH compared with other treatments. Formalin-acid mixtures significantly reduced pH compared with untreated silage. Formic acid in conjunction with formalin or wilting significantly increased water-soluble carbohydrate in silage compared with other treatments except wilting. Formic acid either alone or combined with either formalin or wilting significantly reduced silage butyric acid content compared with other treatments. Formic acid treatment either alone or combined with formalin significantly increased lactic acid as a proportion of total silage acids compared with other treatments except sulphuric acid-formalin.
All treatments significantly increased silage dry matter (DM) intake compared with untreated silage and intakes of wilted silage were significantly greater than of unwilted silage. Daily liveweight gains on all treatments were significantly higher than on untreated silage.
Herbage water-soluble carbohydrate necessary for successful preservation as silage without additive use was approximately 30 g (kg DM)⁻¹ and with additives containing formic acid it was approximately 25 g (kg DM)⁻¹.
It is suggested that formic acid application to unwilted silage either alone or in conjuction with formalin was the best treatment for improving subsequent preservation as silage, and that animal performance was enhanced by addition of acid-formalin additives to unwilted herbage or formic-acid application to unwilted or wilted herbage.     

耐黄腐酸水稻品种筛选及其生理响应

前期研究发现,在淹水条件下黄腐酸能显著抑制稗草生长,具有防控水田稗草的潜力,而评估黄腐酸对水稻的安全性是利用其进行稻田稗草防治的重要前提,因此,对水稻安全性进行系统测评具有重要意义.本研究在模拟田间淹水条件下加入0.8 g/L黄腐酸溶液处理24个水稻品种幼苗,测定其株高、根长和株鲜重的抑制率,筛选出耐黄腐酸水稻品种并对...     

Effect of Acid Aluminous Soil on Photosynthetic Parameters of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Potato is grown worldwide, in some cases in very acid soils. Aluminum (Al) is a major limiting factor for crop productivity in acid soils. Al toxicity was studied mainly on plant roots, while less attention was given to its effects on leaves. Al tolerance observed in solution cultures has rarely been correlated with Al tolerance in acid soils. Al tolerance was assessed in 12 potato cultivars grown in nutrient solutions containing 0, 25, and 50 μmol Al L^?1 by its relative root elongation (RRE). The effect of acid soil with high level of exchangeable Al on leaf mineral content, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, water use efficiency (WUE), and light use efficiency (LUE) was studied on cultivars, with the greatest differences in RRE (cv. Tresor, 63.1 and 42.5% and cv. Canberra, 23.3 and 19.2%, for the 25 and 50 μmol Al L^?1 treatments, respectively), grown for 49 days after planting (DAP) in acid and limed soil. Growth in acid soil significantly reduced concentrations of nitrogen (?18.51%) and magnesium (?27.17%) in the leaves in cv. Canberra and concentrations of potassium and copper in both cultivars. Canberra grown in acid soil showed a significant decrease in chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate, from 28 to 49 DAP, and in transpiration rate and LUE when averaged across all measurements, while cv. Tresor was not affected. Physiological disorders observed on leaves of plants grown in acid soil can be correlated with the differences in Al tolerance observed in nutrient solutions.