甘薯新品种(系)的抗病鉴定与筛选

鉴定了福建省泉州市农业科学研究所新育成的311个甘薯品种(系)对甘薯瘟与蔓割病的抗性,结果表明抗薯瘟Ⅰ、Ⅱ型菌和蔓割病的品种(系)分别有153(占64.29%)、37(占15.55%)和238(占76.53%)份.进一步鉴定了抗病品种(系)薯块产量、品质等性状,筛选出泉薯647、23、11、932、721、848、052、145、153、922等综合表现较好的抗病品种(系).同时分析了抗病品种(系)组合双亲的抗源构成,结果抗(MR～HR)薯瘟Ⅰ型菌和抗(MH～HR)蔓割病的品种(系)均主要选自双亲抗性为R×R组合,分别为94(占61.44%)和132(占55.46%)个;抗(MR或R)薯瘟Ⅱ型菌品种(系)主要选自双亲抗性为R×R、R×S、S×R和 S×S等4类组合,各有6～11(占16.22%～29.73%)个.     

冰菜乙醇提取物乙酸乙酯和正丁醇相的化学成分分离鉴定

本研究以冰菜（Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.）为实验材料,运用多种柱色谱和波谱技术,从冰菜乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯和正丁醇相中共分离鉴定得到了11个单体化合物,其中苯丙素类化合物2个,分别是顺式对羟基肉桂酸（化合物4）、阿魏酸（化合物3）;生物碱类化合物2个,分别是烟酸（化合物6）、ethane-1,2-diyldinicotinate（化合物7）;糖苷类化合物5个,分别是2-ethoxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol（化合物5）、3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl(E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acrylate（化合物8）、(E)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-(4-(3-hydroxyprop-1-en-1-yl)-2-methoxyphenoxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol（化合物9）、6-(1R,2S-2-hydroxy-4-(S,E-3-hydroxybut-1-en-1-yl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl)oxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4-triol（化合物10）、E-4-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethyl-4-(3-((3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)but-1-en-1-yl)cyclohex-2-en-1-one（化合物11）;苯丙呋喃酮类化合物1个:黑麦草内酯（化合物2）;甾体类化合物1个:β-谷甾醇（化合物1）。本研究丰富了冰菜中的化学成分,也为更好地开发利用冰菜的功能性成分提供理论依据,有利于冰菜的推广种植。     

Efficacy of Plectranthus glandulosus (Lamiaceae) and Callistemon rigidus (Myrtaceae) Leaf Extract Fractions to Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

As part of on-going efforts to use eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides, methanol crude extracts of Plectranthus glandulosus and Callistemon rigidus leaves were sequentially fractionated in hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol to establish the most active fraction(s) against Callosobruchus maculatus in cowpea. Cowpea seeds (25 g) were treated with 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 g/kg of extract to evaluate the contact toxicity and F₁ progeny production of the beetles in the laboratory. Mortality was recorded 1, 3, and 7 d postexposure. P. glandulosus hexane fraction was more toxic than the other fractions recording 100% mortality at 4 g/kg, within 7 d with LC₅₀ of 0.39 g/kg. Hexane fraction of C. rigidus showed superior toxicity, causing 100% mortality at 4 g/kg within only 1 d of exposure with LC₅₀ of 1.02 g/kg. All the fractions greatly reduced progeny emergence, with C. rigidus hexane fraction being the best progeny inhibitor. Fractions of P. glandulosus and C. rigidus leaves had sufficient efficacy to be a component of storage pest management package for C. maculatus.     

茶籽壳原花青素的鉴定与分析

利用大孔吸附树脂HPD200A分离茶籽壳原花青素,采用花青素反应、UV法、TLC法对产品进行定性分析,并利用HPLC法对产品进行定量分析。结果表明：20%乙醇洗脱所得的样品Ⅰ和60%乙醇洗脱所得的样品Ⅱ均为原花青素。定量分析表明：样品Ⅰ和Ⅱ的得率分别为15.00mg/g和36.90mg/g;纯度分别为97.22%和76.46%;HPLC分析表明,样品Ⅰ含有D,L-C 0.05%、EGCG 0.35%和可可碱0.02%;样品Ⅱ含有EGCG 0.01%、可可碱0.02%和咖啡碱0.07%。     

Evaluation of new clones of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) for inulin and sugar yield from stalks and tubers

Six clones of Jerusalem artichoke, five new clones (coded as 17, 22, 56, 69 and 70) and the control cultivar “Violette de Rennes” were evaluated for variability in sugars yield, when the plant is utilised as stalk, tuber and “integral crop”.Among the above harvesting methods, the integral crop (stalks and tubers at flowering time), showed the highest yield potential of total sugars (fructose+glucose) and inulin (18.6 and 17.9 t/ha, respectively). This was obtained by the clone Violette de Rennes, which also had the greatest inulin chain length, in the text reported as average degree of polymerisation (DP).Clone 69 produced the highest yield of sugars and inulin, when the stalks are harvested at flowering (10.4 and 8.0 t/ha, respectively), while clone 17, with the conventional harvest of tubers at the end of crop cycle, reached 13.3 and 13.7 t/ha of total sugars and inulin, respectively. The average inulin chain length (DP) was highest at flowering time in both stalks and tubers with a range of 7.5–11.2 in the genotypes studied, while, at the final harvest of tubers, it significantly decreased reaching values ranging from 4.8 to 6.7. Among the organs analysed, the tubers at stalk harvest, showed both the highest inulin content and the longest inulin chain, expressed as DP.The genetic variability was very high among the clones for the other characters studied, such as flowering time, sugar content in different organs, photosynthesis activity, leaf chlorophyll content, etc. In particular, the “refractometrically measured” solids, in extracted tissue juice, expressed as the Brix-value (a very quick method), exhibited a significant positive relationship with the tuber inulin content (0.90^** and 0.85^**, n=6, in the first and second harvest, respectively), confirming its suitability as a fast screening method in breeding, avoiding time consuming and expensive laboratory analysis.     

多重易位小麦新品种（系）的选育及细胞学鉴定

为了进一步研究多重染色体易位在培育小麦新品种（系）中的潜在价值,对四川省农业科学院作物研究所育成的小麦品种川麦62进行了荧光原位杂交分析,发现川麦62含5BS·7BS和5BL·7BL易位染色体。从杂交组合内麦8号/2^*川麦62的后代中选育出了农艺性状优异的高代稳定品系16EW381和16EW458,原位杂交鉴定发现16EW458是含6VS·6AL、5BS·7BS和5BL·7BL的三重易位系,16EW381是含6VS·6AL、5BS·7BS、5BL·7BL、3BS·5AS和3BL·5AL的五重易位系。同时,产量比较和抗病性鉴定结果表明,16EW381和16EW458产量及对条锈病和白粉病的抗性有明显提高。综上,本研究将为今后的小麦育种及种质创新提供一个新的思路。     

利用SSR分子标记鉴定"梅桥"大豆种质纯度

"梅桥"大豆是安徽省淮北地区农家菜用大豆品种,长年的连续种植导致纯度比较混杂,产量明显下降,利用SSR分子标记技术对92单株"梅桥"大豆种质纯度进行鉴定,以期为梅桥大豆的提纯复壮提供理论依据。结果表明:采用改良的CTAB方法,可以提取高质量的大豆基因组DNA;在优化SSR-PCR反应体系的基础上,筛选出8对SSR引物,平均每个引物得到条带数10.6个,条带的多态性频率为70.9%,梅桥大豆的种质纯度为38.04%。     

Identification of New CTX Analogues in Fish from the Madeira and Selvagens Archipelagos by Neuro-2a CBA and LC-HRMS

Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is caused by consumption of fish or invertebrates contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). Presently CP is a public concern in some temperate regions, such as Macaronesia (North-Eastern Atlantic Ocean). Toxicity analysis was performed to characterize the fish species that can accumulate CTXs and improve understanding of the ciguatera risk in this area. For that, seventeen fish specimens comprising nine species were captured from coastal waters inMadeira and Selvagens Archipelagos. Toxicity was analysed by screening CTX-like toxicity with the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (neuro-2a CBA). Afterwards, the four most toxic samples were analysed with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Thirteen fish specimens presented CTX-like toxicity in their liver, but only four of these in their muscle. The liver of one specimen of Muraena augusti presented the highest CTX-like toxicity (0.270 ± 0.121 µg of CTX1B equiv·kg⁻¹). Moreover, CTX analogues were detected with LC-HRMS, for M. augusti and Gymnothorax unicolor. The presence of three CTX analogues was identified: C-CTX1, which had been previously described in the area; dihydro-CTX2, which is reported in the area for the first time; a putative new CTX m/z 1127.6023 ([M+NH₄]⁺) named as putative C-CTX-1109, and gambieric acid A.     

国内新发危险性橡胶树拟盘多毛孢叶斑病鉴定及其病原学研究

基于目前橡胶树拟盘多毛孢叶斑病在境外主要植胶国爆发流行的态势,以及对天然橡胶产业经济带来的巨大影响。笔者前期对我国海南、云南、广东等省橡胶主产区的13个农场和胶园进行了病害踏查,在我国海南省乐东县志仲镇乐东保显农场发现了疑似橡胶树拟盘多毛孢叶斑病病样。本研究将该疑似病样病原菌进行分离、纯化和致病力测定,并通过形态学和分子系统学分析,确定该病原菌为新拟盘多毛孢属（Neopestalotiopsis）的Neopestalotiopsis aotearoa Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous;基础生物学特性分析表明,该病原菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的适宜温度为28℃,孢子致死温度为50℃;适宜pH为6.5,最适碳源为蔗糖和D-葡萄糖,最适氮源为硝酸钾和大豆蛋白胨;最适培养基为PDA,培养8 d后产孢。初步明确了该病的病原及其基础生物学特性,为提前储备防治该病的相关技术措施提供理论依据。     

甜菜品种瑞马(RIMA)引种鉴定

2000年包头华资实业股份有限公司由荷兰引进单粒二倍体甜菜杂交种瑞马(RIMA)，在2002～2003年的内蒙古自治区甜菜品种区域试验(抗丛组)中，平均根产量、含糖率和产糖量分别为58182．0kg／hm^2、14．77％和8575．8kg／hm^2，分别比对照提高216．5％、0．44度和238．2％；在2003年的生产试验中，根产量为71329．5kg／hm^2．含糖率为14．53％，病情指数为16。2004年通过内蒙古自治区农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

甜菜品种瑞福(RIVAL)引种鉴定

1999年包头华资实业股份有限公司引进由荷兰安地公司选育的单粒二倍体甜菜品种瑞福(RIVAL)，在2000年和2002年的内蒙古自治区甜菜品种区域试验(抗丛组)中，平均根产量分别比对照甜研303增产156．8％和271．5％；平均舍糖率分别比对照低0．53度和提高0．16度；平均产糖量分别比对照增加145．2％和280．0％。在2001年的丛根病区生产试验中，根产量、舍糖率和产糖量分别比对照提高347．2kg／hm^2、5．03度和405．6％，病情指数为18。各项指标达到了耐病型品种标准。2004年通过了内蒙古自治区农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

豆豉中5株产纤溶酶菌的筛选与鉴定

采用酪蛋白平板初筛的方法,从全国14种纳豆和豆豉中分离到39株具有蛋白酶活力的菌株;又以猪血粉平板进行复筛,并采用纤维蛋白平板法测定纤溶酶活力,得到5株产纤溶酶能力较强菌株,分别命名为CQDC-03、CWND-03、NCDC-02、YJND-01和FJDC-02。对其进行16S r DNA序列分析,结果表明:CWND-03、CQDC-03和Bacillus subtilis相似性为99%,NCDC-02和Bacillus subtilis相似性为98%。因而CQDC-02、CWND-03和NCDC-02认定为Bacillus subtilis,YJND-01和FJDC-02是否为Bacillus subtilis的新种还有待进一步鉴定,但确定其为Bacillus属。     

国产人工打洞沉香中一个新的2-(2-苯乙基)色酮二聚体

为进一步研究国产人工打洞法所结沉香中的化学成分,本研究采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20、半制备高效液相等色谱方法从其乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离纯化得到2个单体化合物.根据核磁共振(NMR)、质谱(MS)等波谱数据分别鉴定为2-(2-苯乙基)色酮二聚体(+)-3′,3′′′-dihydroxy-4′,4′′′-di...     

茶叶中HRGP分离鉴定及稀土诱导

对茶多糖中蛋白质的分离及组分测定表明,茶叶中存在富含羟脯氨酸的糖蛋白（ＨＲＧＰ）,羟脯氨酸与多糖呈紧密结合状态。在未经蛋白酶及Ｓｅｖａｇ法纯化的ＨＲＧＰ中,羟脯氨酸含量约为８％～１０％;在纯化的ＨＲＧＰ中,羟脯氨酸要占其中氨基酸组分的３０％以上。ＨＲＧＰ具水溶性,可用煮提法制备,茶渣中很少存在。ＨＲＧＰ与植物的抗性有关。在正常的茶树或经修剪造成损伤的茶树上,喷施稀土均可诱导其体内产生脯氨酸和使脯氨酸向羟脯氨酸转化。文中还对糖蛋白的提取、纯化条件,羟脯氨酸的存在状态、形成途径及稀土的诱导机理进行了讨论。     

一个水稻小热休克蛋白的异源表达及寡聚特性分析

【目的】在前期研究中,本实验室已克隆了一个水稻小热休克蛋白基因(OsSHSP17.6),并发现该基因的表达明显受到热激和病毒侵染调控,表明该蛋白可能在逆境胁迫过程中起重要作用。本研究的目的在于进一步明确OsSHSP17.6的特性。【方法】在本研究中,进一步将该基因亚克隆至原核表达载体p ET-32a并导入大肠杆菌E.coli BL21(DE3)pLysS诱导表达,通过亲和层析的方法纯化了该重组蛋白,进一步用于非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和Western blotting分析。【结果】异源表达的重组OsSHSP17.6能减轻IPTG对宿主菌的毒害。非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和Western blotting分析显示纯化的重组OsSHSP17.6蛋白在体外能形成同源二聚体和寡聚体。【结论】这些结果支持OsSHSP17.6是一个有功能的分子伴侣蛋白并表明该蛋白可能通过形成同源寡聚体的方式参与逆境胁迫反应,这为进一步明确OsSHSP17.6的功能机制奠定基础。     

Identification of powdery mildew resistance loci in wheat by integrating genome-wide association study(GWAS) and linkage mapping

Wheat powdery mildew(Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici, Bgt) is a disease of increasing importance globally due to the adoption of high yielding varieties and modern sustainable farming technologies.Growing resistant cultivars is a preferred approach to managing this disease, and novel powdery mildew resistance genes are urgently needed for new cultivar development.A genome-wide association study was performed on a panel of 1292 wheat landraces and historical cultivars using 5011 single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)markers.The association panel was evaluated for reactions to three Bgt inoculants, OKS(14)-B-3-1, OKS(14)-C-2-1, and Bgt15.Linkage disequilibrum(LD) analysis indicated that genome-wide LD decayed to 0.1 at 23 Mb, and population structure analysis revealed seven subgroups in the panel.Association analysis using a mixed linear model(MLM) identified three loci for powdery mildew resistance on chromosome 2 B, designated QPm.stars-2BL1,QPm.stars-2BL2, and QPm.stars-2BL3.To evaluate the efficacy of GWAS in gene discovery,QPm.stars-2BL2 was validated using F2 and F2:3 populations derived from PI420646 × OK1059060-126135-3.Linkage analysis delimited the powdery mildew resistance gene in PI 420646 to an interval where QPm.stars-2BL2 was located, lending credence to the GWAS results.QPm.stars-2BL1 and QPm.stars-2BL3, which were associated with four SNPs located at 457.7–461.7 Mb and two SNPs located at 696.6–715.9 Mb in the Chinese Spring reference IWGSC RefSeq v1.0, respectively, are likely novel loci for powdery mildew resistance and can be used in wheat breeding to improve powdery mildew resistance.     

Fractionation of Oat (1→3), (1→4)-β-D-Glucans and Characterisation of the Fractions

A commercial sample of oat β-glucan was fractionated through stepwise precipitation with ammonium sulphate to yield four fractions. These were analysed for apparent viscosity values, relative molecular weights using high-performance size-exclusion chromatography, and chemical structure by methylation analysis and analysis of water-soluble fragments released from the fractions by lichenase. Fractions exhibiting lower molecular size and decreased limiting viscosity values were precipitated at higher concentrations of ammonium sulphate. Methylation analysis indicated that in all fractions β-(1→3) and β-(1→4) linkages represented more than 90% of all linkages present. The β-(1→3) to β-(1→4) ratio in the fractions decreased with molecular size. β-glucan fractions with distinct physical and structural characteristics were obtained with the ammonium sulphate fractional precipitation technique.     

中国胯姬小蜂属(膜翅目:姬小蜂科)——新记录种

海南桉树林地受桉树枝瘿姬小蜂(Leptocybe invasa FisherLa Salle)为害较重,为了有效防治桉树枝瘿姬小蜂,于2014年12月~2015年7月在海南三亚、东方、儋州、临高等地开展了桉树枝瘿姬小蜂寄生性天敌资源的调查。在为期8个月的调查期间,收集到了大量桉树枝瘿姬小蜂及其寄生蜂,并对其生物学进行了观察。其中一种寄生蜂,孟氏胯姬小蜂(Quadrastichus mendeli KimLa Salle),为国内首次报道,确定为中国新纪录种。本研究对孟氏胯姬小蜂进行了描述,同时对其生物学进行了补充。     

黄麻种质资源的鉴定与利用分析

我国保存的黄麻种质资源共10个种。对栽培种种质资源的鉴定表明:根据植株所含色素及形态差异归为40个形态类型;按全生育期长短划分成特早熟、早熟、中熟、晚熟和极晚熟五种生育类型。经过对经济性状、纤维产量、纤维品质、抗病性等主要性状的鉴定、分析和归纳,评选出丰产种质35份。纤维质优种质14份,圆果种对炭疽病具明显抗性种质26份,长果种抗黑点炭疽病种质3份。文中还对各类资源的价值及利用途径进行了分析。