农村污染源现状与治理对策

通过调查分析农村污染源的类型与现状,提出了农村污染源的治理办法和可持续利用措施。     

烟属野生种主要植物学性状及黑胫病抗性评价

鉴定了烟属植物野生种生育期等植物学性状特性,评价了供试材料对黑胫病(0号及1号生理小种)的抗性,为开展远缘杂交花期相遇及亲本选配提供了基础数据。在玻璃温室内,本研究针对66份烟属植物野生种的生育期等7个植物学性状的调查,检测了烟碱及钾含量,并对黑胫病(0号及1号生理小种)抗性进行了评价。结果表明:供试材料播种到开花时间(DF)为35.00~357.00 d,平均121.67 d;种子千粒重(TSW)为0.02~0.20 g,平均0.09 g;株高(PH)为11.20~292.75 cm,平均119.19 cm;花冠长度(CL)为1.22~11.50 cm,平均3.98 cm;花冠直径(CD)0.67~7.80 cm,平均2.37 cm;最大叶长(MLL)为6.79~61.15 cm,平均25.17 cm;最大叶宽(MLW)为0.65~35.51 cm,平均11.84 cm。烟碱含量为0.03%~1.81%,平均0.34%;钾含量为0.32%~7.11%,平均3.56%。筛选到N.alata PI42334等11份资源同时抗黑胫病0及1号生理小种。     

少量油菜种子含油量快速测定方法及应用研究

构建了一种高通量的、测定少量油菜种子（约200mg）中粗脂肪含量的超声波提取装置,通过对种子浸泡时间、超声波提取时间、超声波提取温度做三因素三水平正交试验确定了最佳提取条件为：浸泡时间1.5h,超声波提取时间60min,超声波提取温度50℃。在优化的条件下,该方法测得同品种油菜籽样品中粗脂肪含量的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于3.6%（n＝8）,具有较好的重现性;且测定结果与标准方法相一致,具有较高的准确性。实验结果表明,本研究所构建的超声波提取法可满足一般少量油菜种子中粗脂肪含量的准确测定。该方法的建立,为油菜育种和基因工程研究中少量样品含油量的测定提供了一种快速测定的方法。     

Development of durable shrink-resist coating of wool with sol-gel polymer processing

Knitted wool fabric was pre-treated with the serine type protease, Esperase 8.0L (EC3.4.21.62), and sodium sulphite followed by an immersion treatment with a sol-gel hybrid polymer. To enhance the durability of the sol-gel treatment on wool, one of two different alkoxysilanes containing coupling epoxy or mercapto groups were added to the sol-gel hybrid. The combination of protease treatment with an immersion sol-gel treatment achieved wool fabric that was lightweight with a soft handle and had combined shrink-resistance and hydrophobic properties without fibre discoloration. The addition of an alkoxysilane with a mercapto coupling group within the sol-gel hybrid gave better performance than using an alkoxysilane with an epoxy coupling group in terms of polymer uptake, fabric shrink resistance, whiteness and durability to washing.     

Colored Potato Extracts Induce Superoxide Dismutase-2 mRNA Via ERK1/2 Pathway in HepG2 Cells

Rats fed a diet containing Shadow Queen (SQ), an anthocyanin-rich potato cultivar, previously showed an increase in the hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD)-2 mRNA level. We investigated whether an extract of SQ would directly increase the hepatic SOD-2 mRNA level in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, we estimated the intracellular signaling pathway for the induction of SOD-2 mRNA expression. HepG2 cells were stimulated using extracts of four crops, including SQ, for 12 h; only extracts of colored potatoes induced SOD-2 mRNA expression significantly. This induction of SOD-2 mRNA expression was blocked by an inhibitor of the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) 1/2 pathway. Furthermore, an extract of SQ increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 after 15 or 30 min of stimulation. These data indicate that an extract of SQ directly induces hepatic SOD-2 mRNA expression via activation of ERK1/2 pathway in HepG2 cells.     

水稻育秧工厂大棚周年综合利用高效模式研究

LI Jin-biao(Lai’an Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Lai’an, Anhui 239200)     

In vitro assessments of diverse plant pathogenic fungi treated with a novel growth control agent

The efficacy of an agent with an iodine-based active ingredient (a.i.) was evaluated for controlling the growth of fungi pathogenic to many different food crops. Even though iodine is a necessary mineral for mammals and is an approved food additive, interest in using iodine-based agrochemicals for fungal control is recent. Fusarium verticillioides (synonym=F. moniliforme J. Sheld) sensitivity to the iodine-base agent was determined using two methods. One method used an agar plug taken from an actively growing culture and the other method used isolated conidia. The concentration of the agent required to inhibit growth of F. verticillioides was greater for the culture plug than isolated conidia. Forty-eight strains of F. verticillioides were analyzed representing different states within the United States, countries outside the United States, monocot and dicot plant hosts, and mating types. All strains of F. verticillioides, regardless of geographic origin, plant host, or mating type were sensitive to the test compound. In addition, 25 species of fungi pathogenic to a diverse array of crops were analyzed and demonstrated to be sensitive to this agent. A pesticide developed with an iodine-based a.i. could be an effective control for diverse fungi pathogenic to a range of plant hosts.     

Regulatory mechanisms of rapeseed petal color formation: Current research status and future perspectives

Flower color, an important rapeseed character, has great practical value and research significance. It has become an area of intensive research in recent years. This paper summarizes the latest research progress on rape flower color in terms of variety, source, pigment composition, formation mechanism, and omics. Moreover, it provides an overview of rape flower color breeding and omics.     

Respiration und Freigabe von Aethylen in Beziehung zu den verschiedenen Entwicklungsphasen der Knollenbildung bei Kartoffeln

Zusammenfassung Die Geschwindigkeit der Respiration, die Freisetzung an Aethylen sowie die Gewichtszunahme an Knollen wurde w?hrend der Vegetation in der Zeit von Juni bis Oktober bei drei Kartoffelsorten (Resy, Karin, Kamyk) unter gleichen Anbaubedingungen geprüft. Die Anfangsphase der Knollenbildung wird durch eine starke Erh?hung der Respirationsaktivit?t und Freisetzung von Aethylen charakterisiert. In der Phase der Hemmung der Wachstumsaktivit?t der Pflanze vermindert sich dann die St?rke der Respiration sowie die Menge an Aethylen, das Knollengewicht steigt weiter an. Die Reihenfolge des Maximums der Respiration und Freisetzung an Aethylen ist nicht gleich, d.h. das Maximum der Respiration wird bei der Sorte Kamyk erreicht. Demgegenüber liegt das Maximum der Freisetzung von Aethylen bei der Sorte Karin. Die H?he der Respiration und die Freisetzung von Aethylen in Beziehung zum Knollengewicht scheint sortenspezifisch zu sein.     

厦门翔安区城市林业资源特点及发展对策

通过对厦门翔安区城市林业资源的林业用地、森林资源蓄积及结构等方面进行全面调查,分析当前翔安区林业的特点及存在的问题,并提出翔安区经济建设过程中促进城市林业可持续发展的几点建议。     

17份落花生种质资源营养价值评价

对17份落花生营养期干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分、无氮浸出物、磷和钙含量进行测定。结果表明：17份落花生粗蛋白质范围为15.23%～17.12%,平均值为16.04%;粗纤维范围为19.56%～22.33%,平均值为20.85 %;粗脂肪范围为5.15%～6.47%,平均值为5.73%;粗灰分范围为7.16%～9.37%,平均值为8.34%;无氮浸出物范围为32.16%～38.29%,平均值为32.51%;磷含量范围为0.20%～0.32%,平均值为0.27%;钙含量范围为1.24%～1.72%     

橡胶林土壤呼吸研究概述及展望

橡胶林生态系统是热带地区重要的人工生态系统,为热带地区的生态服务和经济发展做出了重要贡献,在世界森林生态系统中占有重要的位置。橡胶林土壤呼吸对调控大气CO2有着重要的作用,是全球变化背景下碳循环过程研究的一个重要环节。系统概述了橡胶林土壤呼吸的研究意义、研究方法、影响因素、时空变化以及对干扰的响应和组分区分,指出橡胶林土壤呼吸研究中存在的不确定性,并对后续研究的热点与方向进行展望。     

猪屎豆种质资源萌发期的耐旱性评价

为筛选耐旱性强的优异猪屎豆种质,本研究采用质量分数为15%的聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）溶液模拟干旱环境,以相对发芽势、相对发芽率、萌发耐旱指数、相对胚根长、相对苗高和活力指数作为评价指标,利用隶属函数法对228份猪屎豆种质资源的萌发期耐旱性进行综合评价。根据6个评价指标的平均隶属函数值将猪屎豆资源的耐旱性分为5个等级,其中耐旱等级为Ⅰ级的种质1份,来源于云南元江,平均隶属函数值为0.8;Ⅱ级种质13份,0.6≤平均隶属函数值<0.8;Ⅲ级种质105份,0.4≤平均隶属函数值<0.6;Ⅳ级种质105份,0.2≤平均隶属函数值<0.4;Ⅴ级种质4份,其平均隶属函数值小于0.2。     

中国花生生产的发展与优势分析

作为重要的油料和经济作物,同时还是我国重要的出口创汇农产品,花生在我国农业生产中占有重要的地位。文章分析了我国花生生产经历的不同的发展阶段,花生出口量及出口金额的增长趋势,我国花生生产的主要省份及单产较高省份的花生生产,同时提出了我国今后发展花生生产的建议。     

Changes in the physical and the sensorial properties of wheat bread caused by interruption and slowing of the fermentation of yeast-based leaven

Here we propose an original study on the effect of an interruption and slowing of the fermentation of yeast-based leaven on the physical properties of bread.     

氮素精准管理对小麦产量和氮素利用的影响

为实现氮素高效利用与小麦籽粒产量协同提高的目标,于2017-2018和2018-2019年在山东省泰安市和德州市两地进行了基于小麦氮肥需求特征的氮肥精准管理试验,设传统农户施肥(FN)和氮肥精准管理(PN)2个处理。结果表明,与传统农户施肥相比,氮肥精准管理可以在氮肥用量减少30.2%~44.8%的情况下,使小麦籽粒产量增加7.9%~11.6%,使氮素吸收效率提高43.4%~63.3%,使氮素表观利用率增加30.7%~68.7%,使氮素农学效率提高50.6%~81.3%,使氮肥偏生产力增加84.0%~103.2%。这说明,基于小麦需肥特征的氮肥精准管理能在显著降低氮肥投入量的同时取得较高产量,这为减氮增效协同目标的实现奠定了理论基础。     

濒危华石斛种子活力测定方法研究

华石斛(Dendrobium sinense)为濒危附生兰,具有重要的观赏和药用价值。因其种子细小,仅具未分化的原胚,造成种子难以保存,活力丧失较快。因此,筛选出快速、准确的种子活力检测方法,是兰科种子有效保存方法探讨的重要前提。本试验通过文献查询筛选后,采用四氮石坐法(TTC)和紫外分光光度计法(UVS)进行研究,通过测定染色率以及吸光值来反映种子活力,比较其检测方法的可靠性、准确性及操作难易度。结果表明:TTC法测定保存1~30 d的种子活力比实际萌发率高0.60%,变化幅度小,最高仅为0.4%,可信度大,但实验操作较繁琐;UVS法测定的种子活力比实际萌发率高0.04%,但变动幅度相对较大,高达3.09%,精确度相对TTC法较低,但实验操作简单。     

Quantifying damage as percentage potato tuber volume lost per peeler stroke

Summary Methods for quantifying external damage and bruising can be inaccurate and result in an index that is difficult to interpret. A new index was derived by taking measurements of peeled slices from cv. Record and developing a mathematical model to predict the percentage volume removed per peeler stroke for a range of potato cultivars. It was found that an average of 1.25% of the tuber volume was removed per peeler stroke. By counting the number of peeler strokes to remove damaged tissue and multiplying by 1.25, an estimate of the percentage tuber volume lost due to bruising or external damage can be obtained. The index can accommodate most types of damage and result in an index that is readily understood.     

ICP-MS 和 ICP-AES 在茶叶矿质元素分析及产地溯源中的应用

茶叶矿质元素作为茶叶品质指标关系着茶叶的品质与质量安全,同时由于茶叶矿质元素携带着地域特征指纹信息,因此已被人们作为重要的标志性物质用在茶叶产地溯源中。电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）由于其高通量性及低检出限等特性在茶叶矿质元素分析和产地溯源中应用较为广泛。本文重点介绍了 ICP-MS、ICP-AES 的工作原理,以及在茶叶矿质元素分析和产地溯源中的应用现状。促进高通量技术手段在茶叶安全领域的应用,以完善茶叶安全体系。     

Temporal and spatial variations of carbon isotope signature reveal substantial contribution of bracts and internode assimilates to grain filling of japonica rice

Carbon isotope composition(δ¹³C)of a plant organ is an inherent signature reflecting its physiological property,and thus is used as an integrative index in crop breeding.It is also a non-intrusive method for quantifying the relative contribution of different source organs to grain filling in cereals.Using the samples collected from two-year field and pot experiments with two nitrogen(N)fertilization treatments,we investigated the temporal and spatial variations of δ¹³C in source organs of leaf,sheath,internode,and bracts,and in sink organ grain.Constitutive nature of δ¹³C was uncovered,with an order of leaf(?27.84‰)13C of the leaf and sheath presented a diminishing trend from the top(flag leaf and its sheath)to the bottom(the last leaf in reverse order and its sheath).No obvious pattern was found for the internode.For temporal variations, δ¹³C of the leaf and sheath had a peak(the most negative)at 10 days after anthesis(DAA),whereas that of the bracts showed a marked increase at the time point of anthesis,implying a transformation from sink to source organ.By comparing the δ¹³C in its natural abundance in the water-soluble fractions of the sheath,internode,and bracts with the δ¹³C in mature grains,the relative contribution of these organs to grain filling was assessed.With reference to the leaf,the internode accounted for as high as 32.64%and 42.56%at 10 DAA and 20 DAA,respectively.Meanwhile,bracts presented a larger contribution than the internode,with superior bracts being higher than inferior bracts.In addition,N topdressing reduced the contribution of the internode and bracts.Our findings clearly proved the actual significance of non-foliar organs of the internode and bracts for rice yield formation,thus extending our basic knowledge of source and sink relations.