朊病毒致病机理研究进展

朊病毒是一种无核酸但具有感染力的异常朊蛋白,可引起人和动物的神经退行性病变,该病结局是死亡。作者就朊病毒中枢神经系统感染机理,局部组织P rP sc聚集分布与P rP sc对神经组织损伤的关系、朊病中正常P rP c生理功能、细胞死亡可能机制、朊病中的神经炎—小胶质细胞的反应、补体激活作用;朊病毒外周神经系统感染机理,入侵门户、胞内转运机制、外周感染靶器官、胞内聚集与复制、神经入侵及朊病进程中已发现的几种受体细胞的重要作用等作一综述,为进一步研究该病提供理论依据。     

朊蛋白在物种内、物种间的致病机理

朊蛋白(prion)是传染性海绵状脑病(transmissible spongiform encephalopathy,TSE)的唯一致病因子。在细胞内存在两种形式的朊蛋白,即正常形式PrP~c和致病形式PrP~(sc)(PrP~(res))。PrP~(sc)的出现是TSE发生的关键因素。本文阐述了朊蛋白的发现与意义及其在物种内、物种间的致病机理。     

朊蛋白多肽PrP 106-126对N2a细胞活性及PrP mRNA表达的影响

朊病(prion disease)是由正常细胞朊蛋白PrPC错误折叠成异常朊蛋白(朊病毒)引起的.朊病毒的神经致病性在病理学上表现为神经元空泡化、神经元丧失和胶质增生等.     

绵羊重组朊蛋白特异性抗体的制备

传染性海绵状脑病(transmissible spongiform encephalopathy,TSE)是一类累及人和动物的中枢神经系统的退行性、致死性疾病[1],其病因目前认为是神经细胞表面的一种正常朊蛋白PrPC构象发生改变形成异常朊蛋白PrPSc所致.     

朊蛋白基因家族在畜牧兽医中的研究进展

朊蛋白基因PRNP作为朊蛋白基因家族的一员,其编码的异常朊蛋白(prion)导致传染性海绵样脑病(TSEs)的发生。PRNP基因在定位、结构、表达和编码产物上与朊蛋白基因家族其他3个基因(PRND,PRNT和SPRN)存在很多相似之处,且该基因家族在不同种属之间十分保守,朊蛋白基因家族因此被称为"朊蛋白基因复合体"(prion gene complex)。已有资料表明,朊蛋白基因家族除了与TSEs的发生密切相关,其还对畜牧生产和兽医预防有着重要影响。论文介绍了朊蛋白基因家族的4个基因及其编码产物,而后依次阐述了该基因家族对畜牧生产的影响以及在兽医预防中的研究进展,以期为畜牧生产和兽医预防提供参考。     

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Ben-1株一个新的膜蛋白的特性研究

为研究Mycoplasma mycoides subsp.mycoides(Mmm)Ben-1弱毒疫苗传代致弱的机制,本研究通过比较Mmm Ben-1株和其兔体内传代致弱毒株Ben-470的全基因组序列,发现在Ben-470株中缺失了一个编码165个氨基酸(分子量约19 ku)的495 bp的假定蛋白基因,命名为p588,扩增该基因,并表达重组P588(rP588)蛋白,制备兔抗血清。经细菌膜蛋白不同组份的提取及western blot鉴定,结果显示P588是一种膜蛋白,并且rP588与CBPP国际标准血清呈阳性反应。通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察到rP588对牛肺细胞(EBL)具有明显的粘附作用,并且ELISA试验也证明该蛋白的这种粘附为特异性粘附。上述结果表明P588蛋白是Mmm Ben-1的一个粘附蛋白。     

我国部分地区传染性羊痒病基因型的分布情况调查

引起羊痒病的病原朊蛋白是一种正常的唾液酸糖蛋白(PrPc)在三级结构发生改变后形成的异常蛋白(PrPsc)。该病的发生与绵羊朊蛋白编码基因PRNP遗传多样性密切相关,主要表现在PRNP第136、154和171位密码子组成的PRNP基因型与绵羊对痒病的抗病性的联系。根据已建立的一种利用荧光定量PCR扩增反应对羊痒病抗性基因进行筛选的方法,对我国部分地区的无角多赛特绵羊羊痒病基因分布情况进行调查,从而从品种选育水平上杜绝羊痒病的发生。     

感染性朊蛋白的毒性与糖磷脂酰肌醇（GPI）的相关性

海绵状脑病(朊病)是一类神经退行性脑病,目前是世界上研究的热点问题之一。引起该病的病原是一种朊蛋白质,它与宿主自身的正常朊蛋白的一级结构相同,只是二级结构的构象有所不同。对海绵状脑病的致病机理至今仍不太清楚,作者针对目前研究的朊蛋白的致病性与GPI的关系作一综述。     

重组牛朊蛋白特异性抗体的制备及鉴定

以原核表达后经纯化的重组牛朊蛋白为免疫原,免疫prnp-/-基因敲除鼠。4次免疫后,利用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术,取脾细胞和SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞进行细胞融合。间接ELISA方法筛选出阳性杂交瘤细胞,采用有限稀释法对阳性杂交瘤细胞进行3次克隆,用间接ELISA筛选出了稳定分泌针对牛重组朊蛋白特异性单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株,命名为5C9D6。Western blotting鉴定结果表明,5C9D6均能特异性识别重组牛朊蛋白、健康牛、BALB/c脑组织匀浆中的PrPc,不识别prnp-/-基因敲除鼠脑组织匀浆液。本试验制备了可与牛、BALB/c鼠反应的单克隆抗体,同时也为牛海绵状脑病的研究及其诊断方法的建立奠定了基础。     

感染性朊蛋白的毒性与糖磷脂酰肌醇

海绵状脑病（朊病）是一类神经退行性脑病，目前是世界上研究的热点问题之一。引起该病的病原是一种朊蛋白质，它与宿主自身的正常朊蛋白的一级结构相同，只是二级结构的构象有所不同。对海绵状脑病的致病机理至今仍不太清楚，作者针对目前研究的朊蛋白的致病性与GPI的关系作一综述。     

朊病毒研究进展

朊病毒是一种不含核酸的蛋白浸染子,主要引起人和动物的中枢神经疾病。目前,由其引起的朊病毒病在世界多国已有发生,危害严重,经济损失巨大,并对人类的健康构成很大威胁。该病毒蛋白是一种膜糖蛋白,至少有两种基本形式,即PrPc与PrPsc,PrPsc对紫外线及消毒剂有很强的抵抗力;朊蛋白基因是单拷贝基因,高度保守,但在物种间可能存在易感性相关基因。病毒的复制呈指数增长过程,需朊病毒结合因子参与。病毒的致病性在于正常的朊病毒蛋白PrPc转变为PrPsc,PrPsc是发病的直接原因。另外,对其检测和防治目前也有了新的方法及措施。文章就朊病毒概念、蛋白、基因、复制、致病机理及检测与防治作了综述。     

麋鹿重组朊蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及初步鉴定

为研制鹿慢性消耗性疾病(chronic wasting disease,CWD)单克隆抗体,本研究以原核表达后经纯化的麋鹿重组成熟朊蛋白(PrP^c)为免疫原免疫PrP^c基因敲除小鼠(PrP^c-null mice)。两次加强免疫后,利用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术,取脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞进行细胞融合,间接ELISA方法筛选阳性杂交瘤细胞,采用3次有限稀释法实现杂交瘤细胞的亚克隆,筛选出5株能稳定分泌针对麋鹿重组成熟朊蛋白特异性单克隆杭体(McAbs)的杂交瘤细胞株5A5、3B2、6D12、5E3、1F5,其腹水ELISA效价均达到1∶10000以上。经鉴定,5株单抗均为IgG抗体,5A5、6D12、5E3株为IgG1亚类,3B2、1F5株为IgG2a亚类。Western blotting鉴定结果表明,获得的McAbs均能特异性识别麋鹿重组成熟朊蛋白和健康麋鹿脑组织匀浆中的PrP^c。本研究制备了CWD腹水McAbs,同时也为CWD的研究及其诊断方法的建立奠定了基础。     

Experimental transmission of abnormal prion protein (PrPsc) in the small intestinal epithelial cells of neonatal mice

Using an immunohistochemical method, we attempted to detect the transmission of abnormal prion protein (PrPsc) to the enterocytes of the small intestine of neonatal mice by oral exposure with sheep brain affected by scrapie. Five 1-day-old neonatal mice were exposed by oral inoculation to the homogenized brain of a scrapie-affected sheep. In the small intestine of all mice 1 hour after inoculation, immunoreactivity with antinormal prion protein (PrPc) antibody was seen in the cytoplasm of villus enterocytes. This finding suggests transmission of abnormal PrPsc into the cytoplasm of enterocytes. In control mice treated with normal sheep brain, no PrPc signal was seen in enterocytes of the small intestine. Immunopositivity for neurofilament protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein was seen in the cytoplasm of enterocytes of mice inoculated with scrapie and normal sheep brain. This suggests that the enterocytes of neonatal mice can absorb PrPsc and other macromolecular proteins of the sheep brain affected by scrapie and may be more important than previously thought as a pathway for PrPsc transmission in neonatal animals.     

Expression of alpha-hemoglobin stabilizing protein and cellular prion protein in a subclone of murine erythroleukemia cell line MEL

Alpha-Hemoglobin stabilizing protein (AHSP) functions as the erythroid-specific molecular chaperon for alpha-globin. AHSP gene expression has been reported to be downregulated in hematopoietic tissues of animals suffering from prion diseases though the mechanism remains to be clarified. Herein, we demonstrate that MELhipod8 cells, a subclone of murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells, have prion protein (PrPc) on the cell surface and have highly inducible expression of the AHSP and alpha- and beta-globin genes, resembling the expression pattern of the PrP and AHSP genes in bipotential erythroid- and megakaryocyte-lineage cells followed by erythroid differentiation in normal erythropoiesis. Moreover, MELhipod8 cells exhibit greater effective erythroid differentiation with a population of hemoglobinized normoblast-like cells than that observed for the parental MEL cells. These findings suggest that MELhipod8 cells could provide a mechanism for downregulation of the AHSP gene in prion diseases.     

朊蛋白与金属离子之间作用的研究进展

朊病毒(PrP^Sc)是由动物体内正常朊蛋白PrP^c构象改变形成的,PrP^Sc与PrP^C在氨基酸序列上完全一致,PrP^C中α-螺旋丰富而PrP^Sc富含β-折叠。目前,科学家还未研究清楚PrP的生理机能。人们普遍认为:人和动物感染朊病毒病时除PrP外还存在一些重要的辅助因子影响着PrP^C变构、PrP^Sc传播、PrP^Sc引起神经细胞凋亡等病变过程,因此,研究朊蛋白的各种辅助因子将有助于阐明这方面的问题,这些辅助因子包括各种金属离子,如Ca²⁺、Cu²⁺、Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺。作者概述金属离子对朊蛋白结构和功能的影响,以及它们在朊病毒病的发病过程中可能起的作用。     

Immunohistochemical detection of cellular prion protein (PrPc) in the rat central nervous system

A simple conventional method of immunohistochemistry (i.e. fixing the frozen sections in cold methanol) was used to determine the immunolocalization of cellular prion protein (PrPc), with good results. In the rat cerebrum, the cytoplasm of neural cells in the cortex and corpus stratum, pia mater, membrane limitans gliae superficialis, choroid plexus and blood vessel wall were immunostained. The formation of network structures of immunostained neural and/or glial fibers in the cerebral cortex was also observed. These immunostained network structures of neural and/or glial fibers were also observed in cultured neural cells. The results suggest that fixation of frozen sections and cultured cells with cold methanol is a useful method for detecting the immunolocalization of PrPc and that PrPc exists in the various components of the central nervous system of the rat.     

Features of follicular dendritic cells in ovine pharyngeal tonsil: an in vivo and in vitro study in the context of scrapie pathogenesis

Although the alimentary tract has been suggested as the most likely portal of entry in natural scrapie, a growing amount of data indicates that the respiratory system and more specifically the pharyngeal tonsils serve as a natural portal of entry for scrapie. This study describes for the first time the broad cell populations in the lymphoid compartment of pharyngeal tonsils and more specifically inside the lymphoid follicles where the scrapie agent accumulates during the period of latency. Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), stromal cells located in the light zone of the germinal centre of lymphoid follicles, seem to be the principal causal factor in the accumulation of the infectious agent in transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) diseases. Knowing that efficient lymphoreticular prion propagation requires PrPc expression, we analysed the expression of PrPc with the mouse monoclonal antibody Pri 909 both in situ and on FDC-cluster-enriched cell suspensions. In situ, a positive staining was observed in the germinal centre of pharyngeal lymph follicles. The germinal centre labelling was due to the presence of a follicular dendritic network as revealed after immunogold staining of isolated FDC clusters. Our results suggest that the pharyngeal lymphoreticular system and more specifically PrPc expressing follicular dendritic cells could serve as a prion "reservoir" during the latency phase, thus playing a key role during the scrapie lymphoinvasion.     

Glycosylation of prion strains in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

This is a review of prion replication in the context of the cell biology of membrane proteins especially folding quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, such as scrapie and BSE, are infectious lethal diseases of mammalian neurons characterised by conversion of the normal membrane protein PrPC to the disease-associated conformational isomer called PrPSc. PrPSc, apparently responsible for infectivity, forms a number of different conformations and specific N-glycosylation site occupancies that correlate with TSE strain differences. Dimerisation and specific binding of PrPc and PrPSc seems critical in PrPSc biosynthesis and is influenced by N-glycosylation and disulfide bond formation. PrPsc can be amplified in vitro but new glycosylation cannot occur in cell free environments without the special conditions of microsome mediated in vitro translation, thus strain specific glycosylation of PrPSc formed in vitro in the absence of these conditions must take place by imprintation of PrPc from existing glycosylation site-occupancies. PrPSc formed in cell free homogenates is not infectious pointing to events necessary for infectivity that only occur in intact cells. Such events may include glycosylation site occupancy and ER folding chaperone activity. In the biosynthetic pathway of PrPSc, early acquisition of sensitivity of the GPI anchor to phospholipase C can be distinguished from the later acquisition of protease resistance and detergent insolubility. By analogy to the co-translational formation of the MHC I loading complex, it is postulated that PrPSc or its specific peptides could imprint nascent PrPc chains thereby ensuring its own folds and the observed glycosylation site occupancy ratios of strains.     

中国黄牛PrPc成熟蛋白基因的克隆和序列分析

根据已发表的PrP^c蛋白基因序列，设计合成一对引物，并在2个引物的两端分别加入Bam HI和Nde Ⅰ酶切位点。以从中国黄牛肝脏中提取的基因组DNA为模板，经PCR扩增出一约640bp的目的基因片段，将此基因克隆于pET11a载体，构建了PrP^c蛋白基因重组质粒b-pET11a-PrP^c，转化DH－5α并进行序列测定。同源性分析表明：中国黄牛PrP^c成熟蛋白基因与目前国外发表牛的成熟蛋白PrP^c基因相比，有较大差异，发现了一个新的NdeⅠ酶切位点；推导的氨基酸序列有4个氨基酸差异，缺少一个8氨基酸重复区。