三倍体毛白杨制备活性炭的研究

以三倍体毛白杨木屑为原料,经磷酸浸渍、马沸炉高温烧制后制备活性炭,并且通过模拟染料废水探讨其吸附性能.研究结果表明,活性炭适宜的制备条件为:木屑粒径40～60目,磷酸质量分数55%,固液体积比1∶2,活化温度400 ℃,活化时间4 h;该活性炭对碱性品红的最佳吸附条件为:30 ℃,pH值7,吸附时间4 h;其再生性能良好,与商品活性炭相比,具有更好的吸附性能.     

酯化改性铁杉木屑制备重金属吸附剂及其吸附性能

木屑是一种常见的农林废弃物,来源广泛、价格低廉。木屑作为一种天然的生物质材料对水中的重金属离子有一定的吸附能力,但吸附效率较低。为提高木屑的吸附效率,实现农林废弃物的资源化利用,以铁杉木屑、2-氨基对苯二甲酸(2-ATP)、2-巯基丙酸(2-MPA)为原料,制备2-氨基对苯二甲酸改性铁杉木屑(AmS)和2-巯基丙酸改性铁杉木屑(MmS)两种酯化改性的新型吸附剂,并研究它们对溶液中Hg~(2+)的吸附性能。考察Hg~(2+)初始浓度、溶液p H、干扰离子以及吸附时间等对吸附性能的影响,结果表明:两种吸附剂在pH 4～8时具有较高的吸附性能,在pH 5时,AmS和MmS吸附剂的最佳吸附效率分别为93.3%和95.5%;当溶液中存在0.2 mol/L的干扰离子Ca~(2+)时,AmS和MmS吸附剂的吸附效率仍能维持在70.4%和73.4%;吸附剂的动态吸附行为均符合伪二级动力学模型,速率控制步骤为化学吸附过程,能够在60 min内快速到达吸附平衡;吸附剂的等温吸附曲线均符合Langmuir模型,为单分子层吸附。吸附试验表明,298 K时AmS和MmS吸附剂对Hg~(2+)的最大吸附容量分别为121.8和149.1 mg/g,远高于改性前的铁杉木屑(5.6 mg/g),具有良好的应用前景。     

化学法木质颗粒活性炭生产新技术及应用

以杉松木屑为原料，采用连续炭、活化和逆流萃取回收活化剂的方法生产木质颗粒活性炭。试验结果表明：产品质量稳定，工艺流程合理，经载持15％的柠檬酸处理，对吸除含有微量碱性物质和酸性物质的恶臭效果良好，适用于冰箱和冰柜等容器的吸附除臭。     

微波改性废酵母菌吸附废水中铜(Ⅱ)离子热力学动力学研究

通过大量的实验研究了应用低成本吸附剂废酵母菌在微波改性后去除废水中重金属铜(Ⅱ)离子,并通过改变反应过程中的pH值、反应时间、初始浓度、废酵母菌投加量、反应温度等因素来影响吸附效果。研究结果表明:在pH值为7.0、反应时间为90min、温度为55℃、Cu2+初始浓度为40mg/L、微波改性废酵母菌投加量为4g/L时,微波改性酵母菌的最大吸附容量为41.84mg/g。吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温模式。吸附过程的热力学常数△G0、△H0和△S0分别为-6.12kJ/mol、9.2kJ/mol和48.19kJ/mol。说明废酵母菌对Cu2+的吸附是自发的吸热反应。微波改性废酵母菌对Cu2+的吸附动力学模型能够较好地符合准二级动力学方程。     

微波改性废酵母茵吸附废水中铜（Ⅱ）离子热力学动力学研究

通过大量的实验研究了应用低成本吸附剂废酵母菌在微波改性后去除废水中重金属铜（Ⅱ）离子,并通过改变反应过程中的pH值、反应时间、初始浓度、废酵母菌投加量、反应温度等因素来影响吸附效果。研究结果表明：在PH值为7．0、反应时间为90min、温度为55℃、Cu2＋初始浓度为40mg／L、微波改性废酵母菌投加量为4g／L时,微波改性酵母茵的最大吸附容量为41．84mg／g。吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温模式。吸附过程的热力学常数△G0、△H0和△S0,分别为-6．12kJ／mol、9．2kJ／mol和48．19kJ／mol。说明废酵母菌对Cu2＋的吸附是自发的吸热反应。微波改性废酵母菌对Cu2＋的吸附动力学模型能够较好地符合准二级动力学方程。     

陕南钨尾矿改性吸附剂的制备及其吸附性能研究

以陕南钨尾矿为原料,制备了不同类型的改性吸附剂,通过模拟废水吸附试验,研究了用于有机废水(亚甲基蓝溶液模拟)和无机废水(高锰酸钾溶液模拟)处理的改性吸附剂的最佳制备条件,以期为矿山固体废弃物资源化和水污染治理提供参考。     

竹炭的表面改性、基团表征与吸附性能

通过硝酸+微波加热和氨水吸附的方法对普通竹炭进行表面改性处理,运用红外图谱和元素分析对改性前后的竹炭进行表征.结果表明:含氧基团和含氮基团的含量明显增加.吸附试验结果表明:改性后竹炭对金属离子的吸附性能明显提高,其中,汞(Ⅱ)的吸附量提高25％以上,钯(Ⅱ)的吸附量提高32％以上,且吸附过程从以物理吸附为主转化为以化学吸附为主.     

利用木屑制备油气回收和液相脱色颗粒活性炭的研究

以木屑为原料用不同浓度的磷酸溶液做活化剂制备吸附汽油蒸汽的载体颗粒活性炭和液相脱色用颗粒活性炭。采用正交试验研究了磷酸浓度、磷酸与木屑的重量比、活化温度、活化时间等因素对活性炭吸附性能的影响。结果表明,最佳的工艺条件为:磷酸浓度85%,磷酸与木屑的质量比1.9:1,活化温度430℃,活化时间90min。在最佳工艺条件制得活性炭试样的丁烷工作容量为12.50 g·100 mL~(-1),亚甲基蓝吸附值为255 mg·g~(-1),活性炭试样的BET比表面积和孔容积分别为2 024.15 m~2·g~(-1)和1.654 3 cm~3·g~(-1)。     

环氧氯丙烷改性亚麻对碱性品红的吸附研究

以亚麻废料(FW)为原料,制备了环氧氯丙烷修饰的亚麻吸附剂(EP),并对其吸附碱性品红的性能做了较系统的研究。结果表明:未修饰的(FW)和环氧氯丙烷修饰的亚麻废料吸附剂(EP)对碱性品红吸附的最佳吸附时间均为180min,最大吸附量(q)值分别为77.04mg/g和86.35mg/g。最佳固液比为4.27时,对应的最大脱色率(E%)值分别为86.27%和93.15%。     

不同炭吸附材料对溶液中Hg^2＋的吸附性能比较

比较不同炭吸附材料：木炭、竹炭、改性木炭和改性竹炭对溶液中汞（Ⅱ）的吸附性能。研究了pH值、吸附剂用量、吸附平衡时间等因素对吸附量的影响。动力学研究表明：它们对汞（Ⅱ）的吸附均可用准一级动力学方程描述；并测定不同炭对汞（Ⅱ）吸附的表观速率常数。研究表明Freundlich等温吸附模型能较好的描述吸附过程。以中国饮用水标准中汞的限值0．001mg／L为标准，研究一定浓度及一定量含汞废水处理时，所需吸附剂投料量的估算方法和试验验证结果，结果表明：控制合适的吸附条件，竹炭能较完全有效的除去废水中的汞。     

Modified hardwood sawdust as adsorbent of heavy metal ions from water

The sawdust of oak and black locust hardwood was found to have good adsorption capacities for heavy metal ions. The leaching of coloured organic matters during the adsorption can be prevented by each of the following pre-treatments of adsorbents: with formaldehyde in acidic medium, with sodium hydroxide solution after formaldehyde treatment, or with sodium hydroxide only. The studies indicated that the leaching of coloured matters from modified hardwood sawdust was less than that from unmodified hardwood sawdust, namely between 70 and 94%, dependent on wood species and the method of modification. At the same time, adsorption capacities of modified adsorbents were higher than unmodified adsorbents when sodium hydroxide was applied for modification. When formaldehyde was applied for modification, the adsorption capacities of adsorbents remained unchanged. Only the application of sodium hydroxide was recommended for modification of hardwood sawdust.     

桉树栽培灵芝试验及灵芝营养成分分析

以桉树段木和桉木屑为基质,杂木屑为对照,开展了桉树栽培灵芝对比试验,并对灵芝主要营养成分和重金属含量进行了检测。结果表明:桉树栽培灵芝是可行的,桉树栽培灵芝菌丝生长快(桉木屑灵芝菌丝日长速9.75 mm·d-1、桉树段木灵芝菌丝日长速7.28 mm·d-1);桉木屑混合基质灵芝的单芝鲜重(47.66 g)比对照灵芝(47.11 g)高1.18%,而桉树段木灵芝(45.44 g)比对照的低3.53%;桉木屑基质灵芝多糖(1.64 g·100 g-1)和比对照灵芝多糖(1.44 g·100g-1)高13.89%,桉树段木灵芝多糖与对照的相同,桉木屑基质灵芝三萜化合物(1.88 g·100 g-1)比对照灵芝(1.38 g·100 g-1)高36.23%;桉树灵芝重金属含量均符合绿色食品食用菌的要求。     

绿色基本建设——变化世界中的一种新观念

文章简要介绍了绿色基本建设的起源、定义和基本要素,并结合国外的一些成功案例描述其建设规划原则以及策略措施,同时就绿色基本建设这一新概念对我国城镇化过程中的土地利用和保护提出个人看法。       

Epichlorohydrin and aspartic acid incorporated into sawdust and application as sorbent for methylene blue

In this paper, a new cation exchanger is prepared by activating sawdust with epichlorohydrin, followed by coupling the epoxy-activated sawdust with aspartic acid. The sawdust cation exchanger (SCE) was investigated for its methylene blue (MB) removal capacity from aqueous solution. The removal experiments were performed under various conditions such as different initial pH, SCE dosage, dye concentration, ionic strength, and contact time in a batch system. The highest sorption capacity of MB was obtained beyond pH 4. The 2.0 g/l or more of SCE could remove above 95% of MB from 250 mg/l of dye solution. Increasing the ionic strength of the solution caused decline of MB sorption. The sorption isotherm conformed well to the Langmuir model. The sorption process could be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.     

不同尾巨桉木屑处理对毛木耳产量及品质的影响

研究尾巨桉木屑培育基质不同处理方式对毛木耳产量、厚度和泡发直径、营养成分和氨基酸含量等指标的影响,结果表明:不同处理间毛木耳产量、厚度和大小、营养成分和氨基酸等存在一定差异.淋洗与不淋洗不能成为产量和营养成分的决定影响因子,粗细木屑进行混合的处理方式可提高毛木耳产量和生物学效率,细木屑淋洗处理后产量略有下降的同时品质有所提升,粗木屑则呈现相反的规律.尾巨桉粗、细及混合木屑均可不淋洗用于栽培毛木耳,但以混合木屑产量更高.     

Leaf and stem morphoanatomy of Petiveria alliacea

Petiveria alliacea is a perennial herb native to the Amazonian region and used in traditional medicine for different purposes, such as diuretic, antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory. The morphoanatomical characterization of the leaf and stem was carried out, in order to contribute to the medicinal plant identification. The plant material was fixed, freehand sectioned and stained either with toluidine blue or astra blue and basic fuchsine. Microchemical tests were also applied. The leaf is simple, alternate and elliptic. The blade exhibits paracytic stomata on the abaxial side, non-glandular trichomes and dorsiventral mesophyll. The midrib is biconvex and the petiole is plain-convex, both traversed by collateral vascular bundles adjoined with sclerenchymatic caps. The stem, in incipient secondary growth, presents epidermis, angular collenchyma, starch sheath and collateral vascular organization. Several prisms of calcium oxalate are seen in the leaf and stem.     

Biodegradation of nonlignocellulosic substances II: physical and chemical properties of sawdust before and after use as artificial soil

The physical properties of sawdust including porosity, water retention, and water drainage were analyzed to prove its suitability for use as an artificial soil in the automatic decomposer-extinguisher (GADE) machine. The physical and chemical properties of residual sawdust from the GADE machine were also analyzed, the mechanical abrasion of sawdust in the GADE machine was tested, and the morphology of this residue was observed through a scanning electron microscope to investigate changes of these properties in the medium of decomposing garbage. Sawdust, which showed a lower specific gravity and larger porosity than soil, is considered capable of supplying air to bacteria. It was found that sawdust became worn from the operation of the machine. The spaces of residual sawdust were still observed, but water drainage decreased. The portion of hollocellulose in residual sawdust decreased, although the extractives in it increased. Results indicated that the capacity of sawdust to function as an artificial soil in the GADE machine was decreased owing not only to the destruction of sawdust grain but also to the adherence of products from decomposition, such that sawdust needed to be replaced every few months.Part of this report was presented at the 43rd annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Morioka, April 1993     

超声波-微波对杉木锯屑液化的强化效应研究

以正辛醇为溶剂、浓硫酸为催化剂,探讨了超声波-微波（UW-MW）辅助对杉木锯屑液化的强化作用,考察了工艺参数的影响,并对液化产物进行了表征分析。研究结果表明：超声波-微波具有很好的传质传热强化效应,与传统液化相比,杉木锯屑超声波-微波辅助液化反应时间从60 min缩短至20 min,液化率提高了5.24%。在溶剂与锯屑质量比值6、催化剂H₂SO₄浓度0.6 mol/L时,杉木锯屑液化率达到64.30%;适当添加γ-戊内酯可提高液化率,γ-戊内酯用量40%时液化率达81.17%。液化过程中,少量熔融状物质沉积在残渣（SR）表面,阻碍了原料的进一步液化;纤维素与半纤维素的降解产物主要为小分子糖类等物质,富集在水相产物（WS）中;木质素的降解产物主要由芳香族等物质组成,分布在生物油（BO）产物中。     

New Positioning of Forest in Green Development

The role and position of forestry in response to the issue of climate change have been increasingly concerned by more and more countries and the international community.The cost incurred in forest carbon sequestration is lower than other options to mitigate climate change.However,the fund’s gap becomes the main barrier to reducing carbon emissions caused by deforestation and forest degradation(REDD) and enhancing carbon storage in forests(REDD +) and also becomes the concerns of governments,academic community and enterprises.Based on the comparative analysis of overseas forest carbon financing models,the paper pinpointed their development trend and proposed solutions to financing for forest carbon sink in China.