浅谈玉树中药资源合理开发利用

玉树藏族自治州地处青藏高原中部，位于青海省的西南部。全州土地面积２６．７万ｋｍ２，草场面积１　２５５０．９９万ｈｍ２，其中可利用草场面积９００．５０万ｈｍ２，占草场总面积的７１．６９％，中药资源相当丰富。为了顺迎西部大开发的发展战略，开发玉树产业，振兴中医事业，应把丰富的中药资源合理配置、开发利用，并逐步将资源优势转化为经济优势。１　　中药资源现状、分布、蕴藏量据１９９０年中药普查结果，玉树地区中药资源品种多，分布广，蕴藏量丰富。本地区动植物、矿物质等药材资源有９１３种。植物药８０８种；其中：真…     

甘肃宕昌县野生黄芪资源调查研究

采用踏查及实地样方调查的方法,对甘肃宕昌县野生黄芪资源进行了全面普查,旨在揭示该生态区野生黄芪资源的分布特点和药材储量。结果表明,宕昌县境内7个不同的植被类型,仅南河乡针叶林和阔叶林灌丛发现有野生黄芪居群分布,野生黄芪出现样地占宕昌县总调查样地的10.6%,野生黄芪出现样方占宕昌县调查总样方的0.38%。宕昌县野生黄芪资源分布面积约为2.53km2,药材储量约为19.368 9t。说明宕昌县境内野生黄芪资源极其稀少,分布范围极其狭窄。     

甘肃岷县野生当归资源分布特点及其与栽培当归生长特性的比较研究

通过踏查和实地样方调查相结合的方法,对甘肃岷县野生当归资源进行全面普查,旨在揭示该生态区野生当归资源分布特点、药材储量及其与栽培当归的差异性。结果表明,首次在甘肃岷县寺沟乡马烨林场石台山、马坞乡繁荣村4社和马坞乡沙金村上十子等3处阔叶林样地及附近发现野生当归居群,均属于马烨、马沿林牧区,分布面积约为17.9 km²,药材储量约为1094.9 kg。野生当归除株高、根色和大小以及茎色等与栽培当归有一定的差异外,其他植物学特征与栽培当归基本一致。与栽培当归相比,野生当归植株的叶片数、株高、地上部鲜重、根粗、根鲜重和根干重等生长指标均显著低于栽培当归,分别为栽培当归的64.7%,64.5%,47.6%,28.6%,26.2%和38.1%。栽培当归中,麻口病的发病率为17.5%,其他病害发病率为5.0%,而野生当归中,未发现麻口病和其他病害。以上结果说明,尽管野生当归生产性能低于栽培当归,但野生当归具有较强的抗病性,是当归抗病新品种选育的宝贵基础材料,保护和发掘利用野生当归种质资源(尤其是道地产区的野生资源)显得至关重要。建议有关部门将岷县野生当归分布区域尽快加以保护。     

趣谈中药产地一道地药材

1中药道地药材及其成因 道地药材又称地产药材,即某地出产货真质优的药材,其形成有多方面的原因,如得天独厚的自然条件,丰富的药材资源,成熟的药材生产技术等。《神农本草经》说：“药有生熟土地所出。”陶弘景《本草经集注》提出：“诸药所出,皆有境界”。孙思邈《千金翼方》有“药出州土”等记载。近代曹炳章《增订伪药条辩》中说：“诸药有天生地产之正所,则道地正品”。     

野生小品种药材前景看好

近几年来，黄芪、五味子、麝香、柴胡等野生动植物小品种药材，资源破坏现象严重，收购量剧减，市场供应日趋，价格不断攀升，有不少农民朋友想上这些小品种药材的开发项目，为此，专家提醒农民，小品种药材受市场供求情况，生长周期，自然灾害，人为炒作囤积，外贸出口等诸多因素影响较大，因此要立足当地资源优势，因地制宜地进行开发。     

甘肃宕昌县野生湿生扁蕾资源调查

依据全国第四次中药资源普查技术方案,通过套样方踏查和调查相结合的方法,对甘肃宕昌县野生湿生扁蕾资源全面调查,旨在揭示其资源现状及蕴藏量,为其动态监测及开发利用提供科学依据。结果表明,在该县7个生态区,53个样地,265个套方,1060个样方中,发现分布有野生湿生扁蕾居群的生态区有3个,占调查总生态区的42.86%;样地有3个,占调查总样地的5.66%;套方有11个,占调查总套方的4.15%;样方有26个,占调查总样方的2.45%。分布面积约1.27 km²,药材蕴藏量3474.36 kg,经济量2605.77 kg,年允收量912.02 kg。植株性状Shannon-Weaver多样性指数2.11~2.86,农艺性状差异大,10个性状变异系数变幅23.08%~61.83%,侧根数变异最大,叶对数变异最小,单株鲜重和干重、花朵数、基部节间长等性状变异程度也均高于平均值。在海拔2234~2699 m范围内,随海拔升高,株高、茎粗、花朵数、单株重均呈增大趋势。湿生扁蕾受威胁及优先保护综合评价级别系数为0.60,受威胁级别为二级,保护等级为II级。以上说明宕昌县域内野生湿生扁蕾种质资源表型多样性丰富,但资源分布稀少,分布区域狭窄,需采取措施加以保护利用。     

中药材及其饮片质量的制约因素

1种质不够优良与稳定对于某种物种而言,种质资源包括栽培品种(类型)、野生种、近缘野生种在内的所有可利用的遗传材料。种质资源是药材生产的源头,种质的优劣对药材的产量和质量有决定性的影响。种质资源在药材优良品种形成过程中起着关键性的作用,是培育优良物种的基础,尤其是野生近缘植物和古老的地方种是长期自然选择和人工选择的产物,具有独特的优良性状和抵御自然灾害的特性。如人参、地黄、浙贝母在长期的人工种植过程中,由于自然选择及长     

川西北高原野生才芒麦种质资源考察初报

对川西北高原16个县野生老芒麦种质资源进行了考察，考察结果表明：13个县均有野生老芒麦存在，共收集到176份野生老芒麦种质资源，其中严格按居群采样法采集单株156份；川西北高原野生老芒麦分布范围广，生态类型多，表型差异大，具有较丰富的遗传多样性、此外，对川西北高原野生老芒麦种质资源的保护和利用提出了建议。     

中药提取分离新技术

我国的中药生产水平与世界先进的天然药物提取水平差距甚大，影响了我国中药产品在世界药品市场的地位。中国已经加入WTO，国内中药和天然产物生产企业要想在竞争中赢得主动，必须采用先进的提取分离技术，才可能使我国中药产品生产和销售在国际市场占有更多的份额。因此，我国已将提取分离技术作为今后重点发展的枝术之一。在发达国家，药材从投料开始，整个操作在连续封闭环境下进行，自动化程度高，经粉碎后的药材定时投入提取设备，提取液连续从提取罐中排出，药液和药渣均在封闭的管道中运行，保持了环境的整洁，提高了药材资源的利用率，其提取效率是常规的3～4倍。由于自动出渣离心机分离效率高，整个生产过程采用计算机控制，避免了由于人为因素造成的产品质量不稳定的情况。随着多学科互相渗透和对浸提原理及过程研究的深入，新的提取技术不断出现，提高了中药制剂的质量。因此，我国在大力研发推广适宜于工业化应用的提取分离新技术、新设备的同时，应加强自主创新和技术集成，提高生产自动化控制水平，才能使我国中药提取技术水平和产品整体大幅度提高，增强在国际市场的竞争力，将资源优势转变成经济效益。     

贵州中药的特色优势及产业发展现状

中药是中国特有的传统资源,有着悠久的历史,是中国对外贸易的重要组成部分。改革开放以来。中药出口进入一个崭新的发展时期,出口量逐年增多。贵州是我国著名的道地药材主产区之一,享有“川广云贵,道地药材”的美称。药材“道地”是贵州中药的特色之一。同时贵州具有极其丰富的中药及民族药资源优势。改革开放以来,贵州省中药生产及开发有了突飞猛进的发展,医药工业已成为支撑全省工业发展的五大产业之一。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -