滴灌量对冬小麦光合特性及干物质积累过程的影响

为了解滴灌冬小麦光合作用、干物质积累与滴灌量的关系,通过田间试验,在1管5行的毛管配置条件下,设置3 300、3 900和4 500m3·hm-2三个灌水定额处理(分别用处理A、处理B和处理C表示),研究了滴灌量对冬小麦光合速率、蒸腾速率等光合参数、干物质积累时间和速率、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,自拔节期至乳熟期,处理B的叶面积指数始终高于处理A和处理C。叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均随灌水量的增大而增加,而胞间CO2浓度和单叶水分利用效率分别呈下降和先升后降趋势,净光合速率增幅随灌水量的增加而下降。全生育期单株干物质积累总体上呈"S"型曲线变化,处理B和处理C的干物质积累快速增长期分别比处理A延长了3d和4d;干物质最大积累速率和产量均以处理B最高,其中处理B产量分别较处理A和处理C提高了7.09%和4.55%;灌溉水利用效率在处理A和处理B之间差异不显著,二者较处理C增加了29.61%和18.99%。在本试验条件下,滴灌小麦的适宜灌水定额为3 300~3 900m3·hm-2。     

灌溉方式对大豆产量及品质的影响

于2009和2010年采取常规灌溉、固定隔沟灌溉和交替隔沟灌溉3种灌溉方式,设置15、22.5和30 mm3个灌水量,考察灌溉方式及灌溉量对大豆产量、植株性状、品质及土壤水分利用率(WUE)的影响.结果表明:2009年干旱条件下,灌水可极显著提高土壤水分利用效率和大豆产量,而且产量随灌水量的增加而显著增加,交替隔沟灌溉...     

不同水分处理对小麦氮素和干物质积累与分配的影响

为明确同一肥料水平下不同水分处理对小麦氮素和干物质积累与分配的影响,于2018-2019年在防雨棚条件下,以石麦26、藁优2018和冀麦418为材料,采用随机区组试验,设置不灌水（W1,0 mm）、起身水（W2,60 mm）、拔节水（W3,60 mm）、开花水（W4,60 mm）、起身水+开花水（W5,60 mm+60 mm）、拔节水+开花水（W6,60 mm+60 mm）共6个水分处理,分析了不同水分处理下小麦干物质和氮素积累与分配的特点。结果表明,小麦干物质积累量随灌水量的增加而增加。随着生育进程的推进,干物质积累量呈上升趋势,成熟期达到最大值;起身水显著增加拔节期干物重,开花期和成熟期不同处理间干物质积累量差异显著,成熟期W1处理下干物质积累量最小。开花后干物质积累对籽粒的贡献率因品种而异,冀麦418在W6处理下氮素利用效率和氮肥生产效率最高。W5和W6处理显著增加小麦籽粒产量、氮素吸收效率和氮肥生产效率,说明在小麦营养生长阶段水分正常供应的前提下开花期水分对小麦氮素吸收和向籽粒转运影响较大。W6处理为本试验条件下最佳的灌水处理。     

密度对高蛋白大豆生长动态及产量的影响

为揭示黄淮海地区高蛋白大豆生长动态及产量的影响,以冀豆21为材料,研究了不同种植密度(16.5万、19.5万、22.5万、25.5万株·hm~(-2))下,高蛋白大豆不同生育期株高、叶面积指数、干物质积累分配等指标生长动态及产量的影响。结果表明:随生育期延长和密度水平增大,株高和叶面积指数均呈上升趋势,均在鼓粒期达到最大;单株及各器官干物质积累量均随密度增加而减小;群体及各器官干物质积累量随密度增加先升高后降低,鼓粒期达到峰值,鼓粒期以后开始下降,以密度22.5万株·hm~(-2)处理最大;单株及群体积累的干物质前期主要用于营养器官生长,后期主要分配给生殖器官;群体植株产量随密度水平增大先增加后减小,当密度为22.5万株·hm~(-2)时,群体产量最高,为3 726.67 kg·hm~(-2)。     

密度对高产春大豆生长动态及干物质积累分配的影响

以黑农41为材料研究了种植密度对高产春大豆株高、叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累分配及产量的影响.结果表明:随密度的增加,株高、最大叶面积指数及光合势呈上升趋势,处理间光合势在鼓粒期差异最大,处理间群体干物质积累量的差异主要出现在鼓粒后;提高鼓粒期群体的光合势,增加鼓粒期间的物质生产是实现大豆高产的关键.以45万株/hm2处理产量最高(5547.81kg/hm2),干物质积累总量为14663.1kg/hm2.     

前作和施氮量对玉米-大豆套作体系下大豆干物质积累及产量的影响

为完善以玉米-大豆套作系统为核心的三熟模式配套栽培技术,提高玉米-大豆套作体系下大豆的产量,研究了小麦(A1)、豌豆(A2)、蚕豆(A3)及马铃薯(A4)4种前作处理和施氮0(B1),30(B2)和60(B3)kg·hm-23种水平对大豆农艺性状、干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明:前作豌豆和蚕豆处理与前作小麦相比,提高了大豆茎粗、分枝数和R2、R8期的单株干物质积累量,降低了株高,其中,前作为蚕豆处理的大豆茎粗、分枝数、单株干物质积累量比前作为小麦处理的高3.5%、5.9%和5.7%,产量也较小麦前作平均高197.94 kg·hm-2;不同前作下各施氮处理对大豆农艺性状及产量的影响表现不一致,前作蚕豆、豌豆处理,大豆株高和分枝数随施氮量的增加而升高,茎粗和产量随施氮量的增加呈先增后降的趋势;而前作小麦和马铃薯处理的大豆株高、茎粗、分枝数和产量则均随施氮量的增加而提高;所有处理中以A3B2处理组合大豆农艺性状较好,产量最高,即前作蚕豆和施氮30 kg·hm-2时有利于玉米-大豆套作体系下大豆农艺性状的改善和产量的提高。     

盐分胁迫下滴灌时间对棉花生长和产量的影响

为研究盐分胁迫下不同滴灌时间对棉花生长状况和产量的影响,在石河子大学农学院试验站进行了盐池试验,设计3个盐分处理（土水质量比为1∶5时的电导率分别为0.230、0.904、1.910 dS·m^－1）和2个灌溉时间处理（5月25日、6月5日）,测定棉花株高、干物质积累量、叶绿素含量、光合指标、产量等。结果表明,提前灌水使棉花株高增长的拐点提前,可以使棉花生长发育提前,棉花株高、干物质积累量及产量随着灌水时间的提前呈上升趋势。提前灌水对盐胁迫下的棉花生长有促进作用。     

灌溉频率和施氮量对滴灌春小麦干物质积累及产量的影响

通过大田试验,研究了不同灌溉频率和施氮量下,滴灌春小麦干物质积累、分配和产量的形成规律。结果发现,相同施氮量下,随着灌溉频率的增加,小麦的LAI、干物质累积最大速率和花后干物质贡献率均表现为中频灌溉(M)高频灌溉(H)低频灌溉(L);相同灌溉频率不同施氮量下,小麦的LAI、干物质累积速率和花后干物质贡献率则均表现为N2N3N1N0;MN2处理与HN2和LN2处理相比,小麦的LAI提高了11.3%和22.1%,干物质累积最大速率提高了2.3%和1.3%,花后干物质贡献率增加了1.71%和2.28%;小麦的库容量提高了12.3%和13.7%,差异均显著(P0.05)。产量构成的通径分析表明,小麦产量指标中,对滴灌春小麦产量的贡献依次为穗粒数穗数千粒重。灌溉频率和施氮量对小麦产量的互作效应明显,当施氮量为308.63kg·hm-2、灌溉频率约为6.52d一次时,滴灌春小麦产量达到最大值(8 804.2kg·hm-2)。     

大豆垄上三行窄沟密植栽培群体生理研究

为探讨垄上三行窄沟密植栽培对大豆群体生理的影响,选择垦丰16为材料,在4个密度(分别为30 × 104、33×104、36 × 104、39×104株·hm-2)栽培条件下,测定了大豆株高、叶面积指数、光合势、单株干物质积累及产量指标.结果表明:株高和叶面积指数随密度的增加而增加,出苗后66 d株高达最高;而单株干物质积累随密度的增加而降低;在鼓粒期各处理光合势均达最高.结果显示:单株籽粒重随密度的增加而降低,而群体产量随密度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,密度为36×104株·hm-2下,产量最高(4364 kg·hm-2).     

施氮量对滴灌冬小麦干物质积累、分配与转运的影响

为明确施氮量对滴灌冬小麦干物质积累、分配、转运及产量的影响,于2013-2015年连续两个冬小麦生长季,以新冬18号为试验材料,在大田滴灌条件下,设置了0(N_0)、94.5(N_1)、180(N_2)、240(N_3)、300(N_4)、360kg·hm~(-2)(N_5)共6个施氮量处理,通过单因素随机区组试验,研究了不同施氮量下滴灌冬小麦干物质积累、分配及转运的特点。结果表明,不同施氮量处理下滴灌冬小麦单茎干物质积累量随生育进程均呈"S"曲线变化。成熟期干物质积累量、花前干物质的转运量及其转运效率、花后同化物积累量均以N_3处理最高;花前干物质转运对籽粒产量的贡献率以及籽粒产量在两年中均随施氮水平的提高呈先增后减趋势,也均以N_3处理最高,其中产量两年分别较N_0处理增产68.01%和67.39%。因此,在本试验条件下,240kg·hm~(-2)施氮量最有利于滴灌冬小麦干物质积累、转运和高产。     

Growth of High-Yielding Soybeans and its Relation to Air Temperature in Xinjiang,China

Abstract

The growth and seed yields of 2 Japanese and 3 Chinese cultivars of soybeans cultivated in 2002-2005 using a drip irrigation system in the arid area of Xinjiang, China, were analyzed with respect to growth parameters and air temperature. Seed yield was very high in 2002, 2003 and 2004, but relatively low in 2005. The variation among years in seed yield clearly depended on pod number. The mean leaf area index (LAI) and crop growth rate (CGR) in 2005 was lower than those in the other 3 years. CGR showed significant positive correlations with mean LAI at the early growing stages, and with net assimilation rate (NAR) at the later growing stages. The increasing rate of pod number (IRP) was positively correlated with the mean LAI and CGR at the pod setting period, suggesting that an adequate supply of photosynthates would be required for pod setting. It was concluded that excellent growth in the years with high yields was supported by the large LAI before the pod setting periods and by high NAR and vigorous pod growth at the latter half of the growing season.     

Reduction of Phosphatic and Potash Fertilizer in Sweet Corn Production by Pre-transplanting Application of Potassium Phosphate to Plug Seedlings

Abstract

To develop a new fertilizing system with a reduced amount of phosphatic fertilizer in sweet corn production, we applied potassium phosphate to the plug seedlings before transplanting to the field, and examined its effects on growth, yield, photosynthetic activity and absorption of minerals. The amount of phosphatic and potash fertilizers necessary to grow sweet corn could be reduced by the pre-transplanting KP application (PTKPA) to the plug seedlings. We considered the mechanisms involved in the reduction of P and K application rate by PTKPA as follows; 1) PTKPA increased the P content of plant, which accelerated the root establishment. 2) The advanced root establishment not only reduced the duration of water stress, but also increased absorption of the essential nutrients such as N and Mg. 3) Higher content of N and Mg led to higher chlorophyll content and possibly protein content, which activated photosynthesis during the early growth stage. 4) Improved photosynthetic activities increased NAR during the early growth stage. 5) This increase in NAR accelerated leaf expansion, increasing LAI. 6) Larger LAI during the early growth stage led to larger LAI throughout the growing stage, resulting in a higher CGR and ear yield.     

Relationship of growth parameters and nutrients uptake with canola (Brassica napus L.) yield and yield contribution at different nutrients availability

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different nutrients on canola (Brassica napus L.) growth parameters, nutrient uptake and ultimately on seed yield. For this purpose a split plot experimental design, with 10 treatments in 4 replications was carried out in 2004-2005, in silt-clay soil at Baiecola Agricultural Research Station, Mazandaran Iran. Canola seed yield, growth parameters (CGR, LAI, RGR and NAR), dry matter accumulation and HI and nutrient content of the leaf were examined. NPK fertilizers together with S and Zn, singly or in combination were applied. The results showed that at treatments T5 (NP), T8 (NPK), T9 (NPKS) and T10 (NPKZn) the higher seed yield (> 2600 kg ha(-1)) coincided with TDM > 880 g m(-2) the peak CGR > or = 13.9 g m(-2) day(-1) and the maximum LAI > or = 4.1. The higher seed yield at T5, T8, T9 and T10 coincided with higher concentrations of nutrients: N, P, K, S and Zn in leaf at flowering having > or = 3.40%, > or = 0.25%, > or = 1.53%, > or = 110 ppm and > or = 22.7 ppm, indicating substantial levels of translocation of nutrients at various stages of plant growth and higher number of pods per plant (> or = 179). Combined application of NPKZn at T10 resulted in maximum seed yield (3090 kg ha(-1)), coinciding with the maximum number of pods per plant (230), maximum TDM (1043 kg ha(-1)), maximum CGR (20.09 g m(-2) day(-1)) and maximum LAI (4.69).     

杂种稻的光合适应性及光合生产力研究

 用不同光强生态型水稻品种Lemont和七桂早，利用化学杂交剂配制得杂种稻Le／七。对Le／七及其亲本在人工气候箱中高、低光强条件下处理30 d，每10 d作一次光合测定及生长分析。量子产量和单叶净光合速率的测定结果表明：Le／七对高、低光强的适应范围比双亲有所扩大，尤其是在高光强下量子产量相对降低值Le／七比七桂早明显为低。处理期间杂种Le／七比七桂早明显为低。处理期间杂种Le／七的光合生产力(以作物生长率CGR表示)和生物学产量增加值在高、低光强条件下均明显超过了其父本广东当地优良品种七桂早，其CGR和生物学产量高的主要原因是其叶面积指数(LAI)、净同化率(NAR)由于杂种优势比七桂早明显为高。     

A high seed yield and associated attributes of dry matter production achieved by recent Japanese soybean cultivars

Field experiments were carried out in 2014 and 2015 to characterize the associated attributes responsible for dry matter accumulation in high-yielding soybean. We attempted to create a high-yielding environment by introducing narrow-row planting at two planting densities, using a new cultivar ‘Hatsusayaka’ and a current leading cultivar ‘Sachiyutaka’ in an upland experimental field. Dry matter accumulation was assessed in terms of light interception and radiation use efficiency (RUE). Growth analysis was performed to evaluate the crop growth rate (CGR) and the contribution of the net assimilation rate (NAR) and mean leaf area index to CGR. Maximum soybean yields of 590 and 658 g m^?2 were obtained for Hatsusayaka and Sachiyutaka, respectively, in 2015 at the high planting density, with the corresponding maximum aboveground dry matter equaling 1463 and 1331 g m^?2 and maximum LAI equaling 8.5 and 7.6. Although cumulative intercepted solar radiation was lower than in previous studies, early canopy closure at around the beginning of the flowering stage and very high RUE (1.54 and 1.68 g MJ^?2 for Hatsusayaka and Sachiyutaka, respectively) contributed to the high dry matter accumulation. In contrast to the high yield in 2015, continuous excess soil moisture in early August 2014 may have inhibited nodule nitrogen fixation and decreased the nitrogen content, resulting in an extremely high specific leaf area and low leaf greenness, which agrees well with the low NAR during the corresponding period.     

马铃薯群体光合系统参数的研究

马铃薯群体LAI呈单峰曲线变化 ,峰值出现在块茎膨大中后期 ;NAR的变化趋势和LAI不同 ,即随着LAI的增加 ,NAR呈二次曲线下降 ;马铃薯群体LAD的变化在整个生育期内呈二次曲线变化。其最大叶面积持续期正处于块茎膨大和淀粉积累时期 ,是马铃薯一生中干物质积累最多的时期 ;马铃薯生产力的提高并非NAR的提高 ,而是LAD的延长。     

Post-flowering leaflet removals increase pod initiation in soybean canopies

Much of the yield variation in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) crops is related to changes in pod and seed number. Pod number is the result of pod initiation and pod abscission while seed number is the result of potential seed per pod and seed abortion. However, the physiological regulation of these processes is not well understood. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the role of post-flowering changes in source size and canopy structure on pod initiation, pod abscission and seed abortion in soybean. Two soybean genotypes: DM48 and A7409 (maturity groups IV and VII, respectively) were used. Leaflet removal treatments (L) consisted of removing none (L0), one (L1) or two (L2) lateral leaflets of every developed trifoliate leaf present. Leaflet removals were applied twice: the first at full bloom and the second shortly after the beginning seed stage. Crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI), light interception (LI), and relative leaf growth rate, were determined during the periods in which numerical components are established. For the period between the first and the second leaflet removal, CGR remained unchanged among L treatments in both genotypes because LAI reductions were compensated through an increase in the net assimilation rate of the remaining leaves. The first leaflet removal increased the relative leaf growth rate and the number of pods initiated (PI) and these increases were inversely related to the remaining LAI in both genotypes. Moreover, the inverse relationship between LAI and PI was sustained at LAI below and above critical (i.e., LAI for 95% LI) and was not related to CGR or LI. The number of pod abscised also increased with the level of leaflet removal during the first and main abscission period in both genotypes and the percentage of pod abscission was directly related to the seed growth rate per unit leaf area during the abscission period. Seed abortion was inversely related to LAI after the second leaflet removal. Only the highest level of leaflet removals (i.e., L2) was able to reduce seed size in both genotypes. Whereas pod abscission, seed abortion and seed size could be related to indicators of canopy assimilatory capability pod initiation was not, suggesting that other physiological mechanism/s operate in the regulation of pod initiation. In addition, our results suggest that early (i.e., at flowering) canopy closure may negatively impact pod initiation in soybean. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to document that the number of initiated pods is inversely related to LAI in soybean canopies.     

水氮运筹对新疆滴灌春小麦群体质量和产量的影响

为探明水氮运筹对滴灌春小麦群体质量和产量的影响规律,2017年和2018年在田间滴灌条件下设置1 500、3 750、6 000和8 250 m~3·hm~(-2)4种灌水量(分别用W1、W2、W3和W4表示)和0、225、300和375 kg·hm~(-2)4个施氮水平(分别用N0、N1、N2和N3表示),比较分析了不同水氮处理下春小麦品种(新春6号)的茎蘖数、茎蘖成穗率、LAI、粒叶比、花后干物质生产力和产量及其构成的差异。结果表明,两年中,春小麦茎蘖数、茎蘖成穗率、LAI、粒叶比、花后干物质生产力及产量在相同氮素营养条件下随灌水量的增加均呈先增后减趋势,且以W3最大;在相同水分条件下随施氮水平的提高也均呈先升后降趋势,且以N2最大。在所有处理中,W3N2处理的春小麦茎蘖数、茎蘖成穗率、LAI、粒叶比、花后干物质生产力和产量及其构成因素值均最高。因此,在本试验条件下,灌水6 000 m~3·hm~(-2)和施氮300 kg·hm~(-2)为滴灌春小麦最佳的水氮组合。     

盐粳228群体特征及对氮的响应

2010年对盐粳228进行氮肥试验,研究该品种高产群体特征及对氮的响应。结果表明:该品种抽穗后干物质积累占籽粒产量的71%~81%,茎叶的表观转运率少,容易获得高产。该品种抽穗期适宜的叶面积指数(LAI)为7.0~7.5,叶色呈"三黑三黄"节奏变化,后期生长速率(CGR)高,收获指数(HI)介于0.8~1.1之间。氮肥的适量施用(330kgN.hm-2)不仅可以保证叶色"三黑三黄"节奏变化,建立抽穗期适宜LAI的群体,还可以保持高产株型特征,提高抽穗后期的LAI、叶面积维持期、CGR和HI,最终实现高产。     

水肥一体化施磷对滴灌高产春玉米产量及肥料利用率的影响

磷肥的施用方式和施用量对提高作物的产量和磷肥利用效率有重要影响。研究常规一次性施肥和滴灌分次施肥以及不同磷肥用量对玉米生长及磷肥利用效率的影响,为进一步提高滴灌密植高产春玉米产量及肥料利用率提供理论依据。结果表明,在滴灌水肥一体化分次施磷模式下,磷肥用量在90 kg/hm2时玉米产量达到最大(16.66～17.29 t/hm2),比一次性基肥施入产量高8.3%～12.6%,经济效益平均提高11.0%;磷肥偏生产力和农学利用率比一次性基肥施入处理分别提高44.4%～50%和59.5%～73.65%。在滴灌水肥一体化条件下,在玉米开花前随水分次滴施水溶磷肥能有效提高玉米产量和磷肥利用率,同时能减少磷肥用量,提高经济效益。