近50a西北干旱区气候变化趋势及对荒漠化的影响

西北干旱区干旱少雨,生态环境脆弱,土地荒漠化严重。本文根据近1951-2000年的逐月平均气温和月降水量资料研究了我国西北干旱区气候变化趋势,并结合近年来西北干旱区地表径流量变化,分析其对准噶尔盆地、塔里木盆地、河西走廊和柴达木盆地土地荒漠化影响。研究结果表明:(1)近50a西北干旱区气温都升高,变暖最显著的是北疆和柴达木盆地。降水量有增加趋势,其中南疆降水量增加趋势最大。北疆蒸发量有减少趋势外,其他区蒸发量都在增加,尤其南疆蒸发量增加趋势最大。(2)近50a来由于气候变暖,使蒸发量增大,塔克拉马干沙漠、河西走廊沙漠区和柴达木沙漠区的干旱危害加剧,这必然导致沙漠化的易发和其进程的加速。北疆气温升高,降水量增加,而蒸发量减少,有利于古尔班通古特沙漠区沙漠化进程的减缓。(3)气候变化和地表径流量变化有利于准噶尔盆地和塔里木盆地的土地荒漠化逆转,而使河西走廊和柴达木盆地的土地荒漠化发展迅速。     

Can climate change influence agricultural GTFP in arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China?

There are eight provinces and autonomous regions (Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province, Shanxi Province, and Shaanxi Province) in Northwest China, most areas of which are located in arid and semi-arid regions (northwest of the 400 mm precipitation line), accounting for 58.74% of the country's land area and sustaining approximately 7.84×10⁶ people. Because of drought conditions and fragile ecology, these regions cannot develop agriculture at the expense of the environment. Given the challenges of global warming, the green total factor productivity (GTFP), taking CO₂ emissions as an undesirable output, is an effective index for measuring the sustainability of agricultural development. Agricultural GTFP can be influenced by both internal production factors (labor force, machinery, land, agricultural plastic film, diesel, pesticide, and fertilizer) and external climate factors (temperature, precipitation, and sunshine duration). In this study, we used the Super-slacks-based measure (Super-SBM) model to measure agricultural GTFP during the period 2000-2016 at the regional level. Our results show that the average agricultural GTFP of most provinces and autonomous regions in arid and semi-arid regions underwent a fluctuating increase during the study period (2000-2016), and the fluctuation was caused by the production factors (input and output factors). To improve agricultural GTFP, Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Gansu should reduce agricultural labor force input; Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, and Shanxi should decrease machinery input; Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Shanxi should reduce fertilizer input; Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Gansu, and Ningxia should reduce diesel input; Xinjiang and Gansu should decrease plastic film input; and Gansu, Shanxi, and Inner Mongolia should cut pesticide input. Desirable output agricultural earnings should be increased in Qinghai and Tibet, and undesirable output (CO₂ emissions) should be reduced in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Gansu, and Shaanxi. Agricultural GTFP is influenced not only by internal production factors but also by external climate factors. To determine the influence of climate factors on GTFP in these provinces and autonomous regions, we used a Geographical Detector (Geodetector) model to analyze the influence of climate factors (temperature, precipitation, and sunshine duration) and identify the relationships between different climate factors and GTFP. We found that temperature played a significant role in the spatial heterogeneity of GTFP among provinces and autonomous regions in arid and semi-arid regions. For Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Tibet, a suitable average annual temperature would be in the range of 7°C-9°C; for Gansu, Shanxi, and Ningxia, it would be 11°C-13°C; and for Shaanxi, it would be 15°C-17°C. Stable climatic conditions and more efficient production are prerequisites for the development of sustainable agriculture. Hence, in the agricultural production process, reducing the redundancy of input factors is the best way to reduce CO₂ emissions and to maintain temperatures, thereby improving the agricultural GTFP. The significance of this study is that it explores the impact of both internal production factors and external climatic factors on the development of sustainable agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions, identifying an effective way forward for the arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China.     

新疆沙漠空间分布格局与类型结构

在对新疆沙漠区域环境特点分析的基础上,基于新疆1[JP18]∶[JP]1 000 000数字地貌图和TM影像数据及Google Earth等资料,利用GIS技术,编制了新疆沙漠分片图与沙漠类型分布图,对新疆沙漠空间分布与类型结构进行了分析。结果表明：① 新疆共有577块沙漠,可以划分为35片区。按照区域可分为塔里木盆地沙漠区、准噶尔盆地沙漠区、阿尔泰山沙漠区、准噶尔西部山沙漠区、昆仑山-阿尔金山沙漠区、天山沙漠区6个区;② 新疆沙漠面积达428 977.14 km²,占新疆总面积的26.12%;沙漠分布广泛,平原、丘陵和山地均有分布,但各区域的沙漠面积相差悬殊;沙漠在空间上呈聚集分布,主要分布在塔里木盆地和准噶尔盆地;沙漠景观破碎化程度具有很大空间差异性,在塔里木盆地和准噶尔盆地中面积较大沙漠的破碎化程度低,而在山地与两大盆地的过渡地带面积较小的沙漠破碎化程度较高。③ 新疆沙漠具有独特的地貌类型、稳定性和类型丰富度等类型结构,地貌类型以沙丘和沙垄为主,沙漠植被覆盖度差,以流动性沙丘和流动性沙垄为主,多数沙漠的类型丰富度贫乏,只有少数沙漠类型数量可以达到中等乃至极丰富。     

干旱区区域蒸散发量遥感反演研究

为研究干旱半干旱区蒸散发量,以新疆为研究区域,基于地表能量平衡,依据地表温度与反照率关系确定蒸发比,利用MODIS影像遥感估算新疆地区的蒸散发量。通过野外验证,模拟蒸散量与涡度相关仪野外观测量一致,平均误差在0.40mm/d。在干旱区,蒸散发量与降水的相关性在82%,与气温的相关性分别为46%。通过模型反演,2005年研究区在空间上以裸土蒸发为主,蒸发量在0-2mm/d之间,主要在塔里木盆地、准噶尔盆地和吐鲁番盆地,而蒸散发量较高地区主要为天山山脉下垫面为林地草地和平原绿洲农田区域,蒸散发量最大达6mm/d。     

Genetic structure and historical demography of Malus sieversii in the Yili Valley and the western mountains of the Junggar Basin,Xinjiang, China

 Malus sieversii, a wild progenitor of domesticated apple, is distributed in western Xinjiang of China, eastern part of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia. To well understand the genetic structure and the historical demography of this important germplasm resource, we sampled 15 populations with 110 individuals of Malus sieversii from the Yili Valley and the western mountains of the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, and sequenced two nrDNA fragments for these 110 individuals. Meanwhile, we modeled and compared species distributions under the current and the Last Glacial Maximum climatic conditions. The results showed that populations of M. sieversii from Xinjiang had low levels of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation. During the LGM period, populations of M. sieversii had lost their northern distributions in the western mountains of the Junggar Basin. M. sieversii has experienced a demographic expansion from the south of the Yili Valley to the north of the western mountains of the Junggar Basin during the warm interglacial epochs. Due to the high sensibility of M. sieversii to disturbance, we proposed more attention should be paid to the M. sieversii populations in the western mountains of the Junggar Basin.     

Modeling and analyzing supply-demand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang from a perspective of ecosystem services

Water shortage is one bottleneck that limits economic and social developments in arid and semi-arid areas.As the impacts of climate change and human disturbance intensify across time,uncertainties in both water resource supplies and demands increase in arid and semi-arid areas.Taking a typical arid region in China,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,as an example,water yield depth(WYD)and water utilization depth(WUD)from 2002 to 2018 were simulated using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model and socioeconomic data.The supply-demand relationships of water resources were analyzed using the ecosystem service indices including water supply-demand difference(WSDD)and water supply rate(WSR).The internal factors in changes of WYD and WUD were explored using the controlled variable method.The results show that the supplydemand relationships of water resources in Xinjiang were in a slight deficit,but the deficit was alleviated due to increased precipitation and decreased WUD of irrigation.WYD generally experienced an increasing trend,and significant increase mainly occurred in the oasis areas surrounding both the Junggar Basin and Tarim Basin.WUD had a downward trend with a decline of 20.70%,especially in oasis areas.Water resources in most areas of Xinjiang were fully utilized and the utilization efficiency of water resources increased.The water yield module in the InVEST model was calibrated and validated using gauging station data in Xinjiang,and the result shows that the use of satellite-based water storage data helped to decrease the bias error of the InVEST model by 0.69×10⁸m³.This study analyzed water resource supplies and demands from a perspective of ecosystem services,which expanded the scope of the application of ecosystem services and increased the research perspective of water resource evaluation.The results could provide guidance for water resource management such as spatial allocation and structural optimization of water resources in arid and semi-arid areas.     

棉铃虫种群的地理型分化和区域性迁飞规律

对棉铃虫地理种群的遗传变异、滞育性状和抗寒性分化等的系统研究表明,我国棉铃虫由热带型、亚热带型、温带型和新疆型4个地理型组成,各地理型对华南地区、长江流域地区、黄河流域地区和新疆地区的气候环境具有高度专化适应性。受东亚季风影响,5～7月份温带型1代和2代棉铃虫成虫随偏南风向北迁移,可迁入山西北部、河北北部、辽宁等非越冬区的中温带地区。温带型3代和4代棉铃虫于8月中旬以后,随偏北风向南回迁。成虫种群密度过大和所处的不良环境是引起迁飞的主要原因。     

中国主要小麦种植区雨养条件下水分胁迫发生规律模拟

运用EPIC(Environmental Policy Integrated Climate)作物生长模型模拟了1961—2011年中国各小麦种植区小麦生长过程,对中国各小麦种植区小麦生育期内水分胁迫规律进行了分析。结果表明:雨养条件下,全国11个小麦种植区的水分胁迫程度可分为3个等级;冬麦区(新疆冬麦区除外)和东北春麦区水分胁迫均值、发生频率均明显低于其他春麦区;南方的3个冬麦区(华南、西南、长江中下游),水分胁迫的程度、发生频率均低于其他麦区;黄淮、北部冬麦区水分胁迫规律相似,在1、2月和5、6月较高,而北部冬麦区水分胁迫程度和发生频率略高于黄淮冬麦区;北部、西北、北疆春麦区、新疆冬麦区在雨养条件下水分胁迫最为严重,如果没有灌溉,小麦几乎绝收,尤其是新疆冬麦区。     

2018年我国农业植物产地检疫和调运检疫情况分析

产地检疫和调运检疫分别从产地和调运环节管控农业植物检疫性有害生物随植物及其产品传播扩散风险,是我国农业植物检疫工作的重要组成部分.在我国全面免征国内植物检疫费后,产地检疫和调运检疫的工作任务加重,给整个植物检疫系统,特别是基层植物检疫机构提出了更高的工作要求.为了摸清我国农业植物产地检疫和调运检疫的基本情况,本文系统收...     

Impact of agricultural development on variation in surface runoff in arid regions: a case of the Aksu River Basin

Located in the south of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region,the Tarim River is the longest inland river in China.Agricultural development,excessive exploitation and low surface water use efficiency in the headstream regions have led to a marked decrease in the water supply to the mainstream.This,in turn,has resulted in the drying-up of the watercourse in the lower reaches of the Tarim River and serious deterioration of the eco-environment.The Aksu River Basin,the most important headstream of the Tarim River,was selected as the research area in this study.Taking elastic coefficient,water demand coefficient and water utilization intensity as the indices,we studied the impact of agricultural development on decreasing surface runoff since the 1950s.The results indicated that(1) the increasing rate of consumption of surface runoff outstripped the rate of increase measured in the natural catchment discharge,resulting in ever diminishing stream discharge into the Tarim River.Agricultural irrigation and seepage loss in irrigation canal systems were the major sources for runoff consumption,taking 63.72% of the overall runoff consumption.What's more,agricultural water consumption took up more than 97% of the water used for long-term production;(2) the expansion of cultivated land,change of planting structure and comparatively low agricultural irrigation efficiency all contributed to the decrease in surface runoff of the Aksu River.The elasticity coefficient of surface runoff reduction corresponding to the increase in planted area was 0.34 in the 1950s,while in the 2000s it had increased to 7.87.This reflected a more sensitive response of runoff decrease to cultivated land expansion.The increase in cotton and fruit production,without widely-used scientific irrigation methods and water-saving technology,led to considerable waste of the water resources.Meanwhile,the irrigation efficiency was still quite low,characterized by the waste of water resources,and the decrease of surface runoff;(3) in different stages,cultivated land area,planting structure and agricultural water use efficiency exerted different effects on runoff decrease.In the early stage,agricultural development showed no obvious effect on runoff decrease.Since the 1960s,the expansion in cultivated land resulted in large consumption of surface runoff;since the 1990s,not only expansion in cultivated land expansion,but also planting structure exerted significant impact on the consumption of surface runoff.Recently,though agricultural water use efficiency has improved in some regions to reduce the consumption of runoff to a certain extent,overall agricultural water use efficiency is still quite low;(4) during the investigation period,water consumption by agricultural development reflected the unbalanced relationship between human activities and water resources.     

棉铃虫种群的地理型分化和区域性迁飞规律

对棉铃虫地理种群的遗传变异、滞育性状和抗寒性分化等的系统研究表明,我国棉铃虫由热带型、亚热带型、温带型和新疆型4个地理型组成,各地理型对华南地区、长江流域地区、黄河流域地区和新疆地区的气候环境具有高度专化适应性。受东亚季风影响,5～7月份温带型1代和2代棉铃虫成虫随偏南风向北迁移,可迁入山西北部、河北北部、辽宁等非越冬区的中温带地区。温带型3代和4代棉铃虫于8月中旬以后,随偏北风向南回迁。成虫种群密度过大和所处的不良环境是引起迁飞的主要原因。     

Lake surface area method to define minimum ecological lake level from level-area-storage curves

Lake level assessment is essential for the protection of ecosystem in shrunk or shrinking lakes. Minimum ecological lake level is the critical lake level below which there should be no human activities to further decrease the lake level, and this level can provide a certain protection for the lake ecosystem. Lake surface area method was proposed to define the minimum ecological lake storage as the breakpoint of the lake surface area-storage curve, where the curve slope equals to the ratio of maximum lake surface area to maximum lake storage. If the curve can be expressed as a simple analytical function, the minimum ecological lake storage can be calculated analytically. Otherwise, it can be calculated numerically using the ideal point method for an equivalent multi-objective optimization model that balances ecosystem protection and water use. Then the minimum ecological lake level can be estimated from the lake level-storage curve. Compared with available lake morphology analysis methods, the lake surface area method is superior in its definition of minimum ecological lake level, applicable range of lake morphology, and calculation complexity. The proposed method was applied to two representative lakes in China, including one freshwater lake (the Dongting Lake in Hunan province in Central China) and one saltwater lake (the Ebinur Lake in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region in Northwest China). The estimated minimum ecological lake level for the Dongting Lake is 26.7 m, at which 31% of the maximum lake storage provides 87% of the maximum lake surface area. The result for the Ebinur Lake is 191.2 m, at which 24% of the maximum lake storage provides 54% of the maximum lake surface area. The estimated minimum ecological lake level balances the conflict between economical and ecological water uses, and can provide a relatively larger habitat for the lake ecosystem with relatively smaller lake storage. These results are rational compared with the results of other methods. The calculated minimum ecological lake level can be used in the protection of lake ecosystems and the planning and rational use of water resources in lake basins.     

Distribution and migration of houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata) in China

The distribution and migration of houbara bustard in China was studied by range investigation and tracking through PTT satellite transmitter from 1997 to 2004. The houbara bustard occurs in the Junggar Basin, north part of Tacheng Basin and valley of Ulungur river in northern Xinjiang, southern part of Turpan Basin and Barkol in eastern Xinjiang. In Inner Mongolia, the houbara bustard occurs in Urathouqi, Alxahouqi and Ejinaqi. In Gansu province, the houbara bustard occurs in Wuwei, Minqin and Shandan. The whole range is not contiguous area. Houbara bastard started migration from Junggar Basin in northern Xinjiang, Turpan Basin and Barkol in eastern Xin-jiang, Wuwei in western Gansu Province and Bayan Nur in western Inner Mongolia in the middle of September. Flying to the west and northwest, via Junggar Basin and area between Bole and Habahe in northern Xinjiang, entered Kazakhstan, they turned toward southwest, passed Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, arrived in Arabia Bay of southern Iran or flied over Afghanistan, arrived in southern Pakistan for wintering. The whole migration usually took 35 ± 13 days covering a distance of 4 800-7 000 km. In the next year, houbara went back to the breeding grounds in China through the same routes at the beginning of March. However, it took the birds 64 ± 17 days to finish the spring migration. They arrived in breeding site between middle of April and late May. The sub-adults arrived later and did not breed.     

绿色流苏藓的形态特征与地理分布

本文分析了绿色流苏藓[Crossidium chloronotos(Brid.)Limpr.]的形态特征和解剖构造对干旱环境的适应性,论述了它的地理分布规律,认为该种是旱生性藓类的典型代表之一,可视为干旱生态环境中的一种指示植物。     

新疆棘豆属物种多样性分析

新疆棘豆属植物有98种2变种,占中国棘豆属总种数的67.1%,其中新疆特有种7种,中国新疆仅分布种58种,特有种与新疆仅分布种共占65%,所占比例较高.棘豆属在新疆的11个植被区域中均有分布,最丰富的地区为准噶尔和天山地区,尤以天山山系种类最多,它们是棘豆属现代分布与起源分化中心之一;绝大部分种类(约99%)集中分布在海拔1 001～5 000 m的山区,尤其在1 001～4 000 m最丰富,在2 001～3 000 m分布最多;植物生活型以地面芽植物为主,高达96%,地上芽植物仅占4%.植物区系与其邻近的青海省和西藏关系最为密切,相似性系数分别为28.8%和28.6%,与内蒙古和甘肃联系相对较弱;与邻国哈萨克斯坦关系最密切,相似性系数高达65.2%,其次是西西伯利亚和吉尔吉斯斯坦,相似性系数分别为41.8%和41.0%,与蒙古、塔吉克斯坦和巴基斯坦的相似性系数较低,分别为29.2%,22.8%和11.6%,联系相对较弱.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠西部和南部沙尘暴的形成及危害

沙尘暴是发生在干旱半干旱地区的一种气象灾害 ,我国的西北地区是我国沙尘暴多发区 ,新疆又以塔里木盆地西部和南部频次最多 ,灾害造成的损失最大。盆地南缘的和田地区沙尘暴天气主要发生在 3 -6月 ,西缘沙尘暴天气主要发生在 4-6月 ,多年发生频次一般为每年1 0 -3 0次 ,多则达到每年 3 5次。塔里木盆地沙尘暴发生的频率如此之高 ,主要该地区有沙尘暴形成的气象条件 ,下垫面条件和环流条件。在新疆沙尘暴的危害是巨大的 ,如何减少其危害 ,改善塔里木盆地地区的生存环境 ,是我们关注的主要问题之一     

塔里木河流域适时水权管理与实践

结合塔里木河流域水权管理研究与实践课题,从新疆维吾尔自治区人民政府批准实施的地表水初始水权分配方案入手,比较详细的介绍了塔河流域的水权主控节点,探讨了适时水权的确定流程及四级管理,对近几年塔河流域的水权管理实践进行了总结,提出了四条完善水权管理的建议。     

大西北自然灾害及其对策的初步研究

本文在对近40年来我国西北地区自然灾害统计调查的基础上,对当地自然灾害产生的地理背景、灾害类型、时空分布特点以及减灾对策作了概括和初步总结。     

Causes of recurring drought patterns in Xinjiang, China

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, with its unique topography and geographical location receives very less precipitation in summer as compared with other parts of China. The region is a land locked where moisture is supplied only by westerly winds from Atlantic Ocean as the moisture coming from Indian Ocean is mostly blocked by the Himalayas Range and the Tibetan plateau. In such a scenario, Xinjiang faces severe drought conditions offering significant challenges to water management. In this paper, we analyzed the drought periods in Xinjiang and discussed the various factors that might have influenced precipitation over the past forty-four years. For this purpose, we defined three periods of consecutive four years for high and low precipitation intensities. The average observed precipitation was 1.05 mm/day and 0.7 mm/day in summer (June-July-August) for the Tianshan Mountain region and Junggar Basin of Xinjiang, respectively. The drought conditions indicated that high sea level pressure, wind divergence and low convection were the prominent features that caused the droughts, which often do not allow the condensation process to coagulate the tiny water droplets into relatively large raindrops reducing the amount of precipitation in the region. The period of 1983-1986 is the lowest precipitation interval indicating the severe drought in the western Xinjiang (i.e western Tianshan Mountain region), for which, less moisture availability, strong divergence and less convection could be the most influencing factors.     

The qanats of Xinjiang:historical development, characteristics and modern implications for environmental protection

In China,qanats(kan’erjing/karez)exist only in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region,being one form of traditional irrigation technology that made great contributions to oasis civilizations.There are different opinions on the origin and date of the qanats in Xinjiang due to a lack of adequate evidences.And uncontrolled over-exploitation of groundwater by pumping wells,as well as the expansion of surface water interventions nowadays,has caused serious impacts on not only the qanats,but also local ecological environments.There exist long-time arguments on whether the qanats should be restored or preserved.This study aimed to examine the historical development, geological conditions and characteristics,and modern implications of the qanats for oasis environmental protection, and to discuss the initiatives taken by local governments.The whole Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region was included as the study area,with a specific focus on Turpan prefecture.The materials and data were obtained from literature review and governmental documentation.Based on a systematic examination of three prevailing theories on the origination of Xinjiang’s qanats,it is suggested modern archaeological techniques could be good solutions to explore the origination in addition to historical records used normally.Although qanats fail to fully meet today’s enormous water demands,their rich historical,cultural,ecological and environmental implications in arid areas should not be underestimated.As a cultural heritage and ecologically-friendly engineering creation,qanat systems shall be kept in good condition and function by a valuable number.Recent initiatives to protect and restore target qanat systems in Xinjiang could provide positive examples for the practices in other regions of the world where the protection and restoration of qanats or similar technologies are desired.