麦谷蛋白亚基Clu-1和Glu-3位点基因等位变异对小麦品质特性的影响

甲单向一步SDS-PAGE方法分析表明亲本品种Suneca和Cook在麦谷蛋白亚基的5个位点(Glu-B1,Glu-D1,Glu-A3,Glu-B3和Glu-D3)均含不同等位基因。本研究重点对Suneca×Cook的F_4代群体中在麦谷蛋白亚基位点均为纯合基因的60个系的出粉率(FY),面粉蛋白质含量(FP)及和面时间(PTM)进行了分析,以研究麦谷蛋白各亚基位点等位基因变异及位点间互作对小麦品质特性的影响。结果表明,不同基因型间出粉率无显著差异,Glu-D1位点等位基因d和a对FP的效应存在显著差异,Glu-Dld基因(编码5 10亚基)的正效应显著高于Glu-Dla基因(编码2 12亚基);Glu-D1、Glu-A3和Glu-B3位点上基因的等位变异对PTM有显著和极显著影响,含Glu-Dld、Glu-A3b和Glu-B3b基因的系分别比含Glu-Dla,Glu-A3d和Glu-B3h基因的系有较长的和面时间;Glu-B1位点上等位变异i和u以及Glu-D3位点等位基因b和e分别对PTM无明显影响。在这种遗传背景下,麦谷蛋白亚基位点对PTM的效应大小依次排列为Glu-D1>Glu-B3>Glu-A3>GIu-B1=Glu-D3。Glu-1位点和Glu-3位点间对和面特性的影响存在累加效应和互作效应。     

硬粒小麦品种八氢番茄红素合酶基因等位变异的分子检测

硬粒小麦籽粒中黄色素含量与硬粒小麦面制品的加工品质关系较为密切,研究控制小麦黄色素含量基因的等位变异、选育高黄色素含量品种是硬粒小麦品质育种的重要目标。以来自不同国家的177份硬粒小麦品种为材料,采用特异引物的PCR扩增技术,利用与黄色素含量有关的PSY基因功能性标记YP7A-2、YP7B-1、YP7B-2、YP7B-3、YP7B-4,分别对参试小麦品种中7A和7B染色体上Psy-A1和Psy-B1基因的等位变异类型进行了检测。结果表明,位于硬粒小麦7A染色体上的Psy-A1的变异类型较为单一,只有Psy-A1d和Psy-A1e两种类型,分布频率分别为76.8%和23.2%;而位于硬粒小麦7B染色体上的Psy-B1 的变异类型有6种,分别为Psy-B1b、Psy-B1c、Psy-B1d、Psy-B1e、Psy-B1f和Psy-B1g,分布频率分别为9.0%、0.6%、0.6%、6.8%、25.4%和57.6%。其中,Psy-B1b、Psy-B1c、Psy-B1d首次在硬粒小麦品种中被发现,这在一定程度上丰富了硬粒小麦品种Psy1基因多态性。有34个品种含有Psy-A1d/Psy-B1f、12个品种含有Psy-A1d/Psy-B1g和1个品种含有Psy-A1d/Psy-B1c的基因型组合,为高黄色素含量品种;有28个品种含有Psy-A1e/Psy-B1g和1个品种含有Psy-A1e/Psy-B1b基因型组合,为低黄色素含量品种。本研究结果为硬粒小麦品质育种提供了重要的材料资源。     

硬粒小麦品种资源特征特性鉴定初报

介绍1989～1990年对1278份硬粒小麦材料的株高、熟期、千粒重、冬春性、籽粒、抗病性的观察结果和部分材料的杂交利用情况。     

优质硬粒小麦硬麦1号

优质硬粒小麦品种硬麦1号是云南省江川县农广校1989年从云南省农科院引进89KD4-21,经多年选育而成,1998年引进云南省保山市种植,2000年12月通过云南省保山地区品种审定委员会审定.     

黄淮麦区小麦粒重基因等位变异的分子鉴定及育种应用

采用特异性引物PCR扩增方法对183份黄淮海麦区的小麦品种(系)的粒重基因TaCwi-A1、TaGw8-B1和TaGS-D1的等位变异进行分子鉴定,并结合2016—2017和2017—2018年度的千粒重表型数据,分析不同等位变异类型对小麦粒重的影响,从而找出优势基因型组合。结果表明,不同年份间参试品种(系)的千粒重差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01); TaCwi-A1位点上发现TaCwi-A1a和TaCwi-A1b两种等位变异,其分布频率分别为66.7%和33.3%; TaGw8-B1位点上TaGw8-B1a等位变异分布频率较高,为94.5%,而TaGw8-B1b等位变异分布频率极低,仅为5.5%;TaGS-D1位点上发现TaGS-D1a和TaGS-D1b两种等位变异,其分布频率分别为79.8%和20.2%。不同等位变异组合的品种千粒重存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中具有3个高千粒重等位变异组合TaCwi-A1a/TaGS-D1a/TaGw8-B1a品种的平均千粒重最高,与具有TaCwi-A1b/TaGS-D1a/TaGw8-B1a品种的平均千粒重差异不显著,但是显著高...     

圆锥小麦四排穗性状基因的遗传及分子标记分析

四排穗(four-rowed spike, FRS)性状是超数小穗(supernumerary spikelets, SS)性状的一种类型,表现为在一个穗轴节片上近垂直地着生2个无柄小穗,从而增加了小穗数和穗粒数,对提高产量有一定的潜力。为了解圆锥小麦0880 FRS性状的遗传特征,将0880与正常穗(normal spike, NS)圆锥小麦0879杂交,构建了遗传群体,并对0880 (FRS) × 0879 (NS)与0879 (NS) × 0880 (FRS) F₁、F₂及F_2:3植株的穗部性状进行了调查。结果显示,正反交组合的F₁植株均表现为正常穗,F₂群体中正常穗与四排穗符合3∶1的分离比例,表明0880的四排穗性状由隐性单基因控制,将该基因定名为frs1;细胞质对frs1无显著影响。采用已定位于普通小麦A组与B组的SSR分子标记并结合混合分组分析法(BSA), 筛选出32个在双亲及F₂单株构建的四排穗型池和正常穗型池都具有多态性的SSR分子标记,利用JoinMap4.0软件构建了与frs1连锁的2A染色体11个SSR分子标记遗传图谱,其中SSR标记Xwmc598和Xwmc522位于frs1基因两侧,与该基因的遗传距离分别为4.0 cM和2.4 cM。利用2A染色体缺失系对这11个SSR进行物理定位,Xwmc598和Xwmc522均被定位在2A染色体短臂FL0.00~0.78区域。本研究的结果为frs1基因的精细定位及分子标记辅助选择奠定了基础。     

四倍体小麦地方品种矮蓝麦矮秆性状的遗传分析

四倍体圆锥小麦(Triticum turgidum L.ssp.turgidum)地方品种矮蓝麦是我国重要的小麦矮秆基因资源,经鉴定其矮秆特性对外源赤霉酸敏感。2012年配制矮蓝麦与2个高秆圆锥小麦的正反交组合,2012—2013年在四川绵阳分别种植F1、F2代和F2:3家系,对株高的遗传分析表明,矮蓝麦的矮秆性状受1对隐性基因控制。利用BSA法构建高秆和矮秆池筛选多态性SSR标记,并对矮蓝麦/青稞麦F2分离群体进行连锁分析,将目标基因定位于7AS染色体上,与标记GWM471的遗传距离为2.5 c M。矮蓝麦与矮秆番麦正反交的F1和F2群体表现非常相似的株高变异特征,初步推测矮蓝麦的矮秆基因是Rht22;进一步用高通量SNP和DAr T标记对两品种进行全基因组扫描,发现二者的遗传相似性高达98.7%~99.3%。因此认为,历史上矮蓝麦和矮秆番麦可能是同一品种,是通过人为交流而传播到不同地方。矮蓝麦携带的矮秆基因在人工合成六倍体小麦遗传背景中降低株高能力中等或较弱,在育种中需要聚合其他矮秆基因而被利用。     

Performance of Selected Strains of 'Farro' (Triticum monococcum L., Triticum dicoccum Schübler, Triticum Spelta L.) and Durum Wheat (Triticum Durum Desf. cv. Trinakria) in the Difficult Flat Environment of Southern Italy

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of three species of unhulled-wheat (Triticum monococcum L., Triticum dicoccum Schubler and Triticum spelta L.) with respect to durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf. cv. Trinakria) in southern Italy's flat environment.
As far as yield is concerned, the mean yield was significantly different among species. Durum wheat yielded 16.1 %, 37.6% and 69.5 % more than dicoccum, spelta and monococcum species, respectively.
Among unhulled-wheat species, only Triticum dicoccum showed some similarity with durum wheat, such as one-thousand kernels weight, plant height and number of spikes per m².
Among the factors studied, the days to reach heading represented the factor that mostly influenced yield     

野生二粒小麦导入普通小麦的抗白粉病基因MlWE29分子标记定位

小麦白粉病是严重影响小麦生产的重要病害之一,培育和应用抗病品种是有效控制和减少病害的最经济有效的方法。野生二粒小麦是硬粒小麦和普通小麦的四倍体野生祖先种,是小麦抗病性遗传改良的重要基因资源。本研究利用来自以色列的野生二粒小麦WE29与普通小麦杂交,再用普通小麦连续回交和自交,育成高抗白粉病(Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici)小麦新品系3D258(系谱为燕大1817/WE29//5*87-1, BC₄F₆)。将3D258和高感小麦白粉病的普通小麦品种薛早配制杂交组合,对其F₁、F₂代分离群体和F₃代家系进行白粉病抗性鉴定和遗传分析。结果表明3D258携带抗白粉病显性单基因,暂命名为MlWE29。利用集群分离分析法(BSA)和分子标记分析,发现6个SSR标记(Xgwm335、Xgwm213、Xgwm639、Xwmc415、Xwmc289和Xwmc75)和5个EST-STS标记(BE494426、BE442763、CD452476、BE445282和BE407068)与抗白粉病基因MlWE29连锁。利用中国春缺体-四体系、双端体系和缺失系将抗白粉病基因MlWE29标记物理定位于5BL染色体的0.59–0.79区域。这一普通小麦抗白粉病种质资源的创制及其连锁分子标记的建立为小麦抗病基因分子标记辅助选择、基因积聚和分子育种提供了新的物质基础。     

Molecular mapping and detection of the yellow rust resistance gene Yr26 in wheat transferred from Triticum turgidum L. using microsatellite markers

Yellow rust (stripe rust), caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend f. sp. tritici, is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat throughout the world. Wheat-Haynaldia villosa 6AL.6VS translocation lines R43, R55, R64 and R77, derived from the cross of three species, carry resistance to both yellow rust and powdery mildew. An F₂ population was established by crossing R55 with the susceptible cultivar Yumai 18. The yellow rust resistance in R55 was controlled by a single dominant gene, which segregated independently of the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm21 located in the chromosome 6VS segment, indicating that the yellow rust resistance gene and Pm21 are unlikely to be carried by the same alien segment. This yellow rust resistance gene was considered to beYr26, originally thought to be also located in chromosome arm 6VS. Bulked Segregation Analysis and microsatellite primer screens of the population F₂ of Yumai 18 × R55 identified three chromosome 1B microsatellite locus markers, Xgwm11, Xgwm18 and Xgwm413, closely linked to Yr26. Yr26 was placed 1.9 cM distal of Xgwm11/Xgwml8, which in turn were 3.2 cM from Xgwm413. The respective LOD values were 21 and 36.5. Therefore, Yr26 was located in the short arm of chromosome 1B. The origin and distribution of Yr26 was investigated by pedigree, inheritance of resistance and molecular marker analysis. The results indicated that Yr26 came from Triticum turgidum L. Three other 6AL.6VS translocation lines, R43, R64 and R77, also carried Yr26. These PCR-based microsatellite markers were shown to be very effective for the detection of the Yr26 gene in segregating populations and therefore can be applied in wheat breeding. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Wheat pollen dispersal under semiarid field conditions: potential outcrossing with Triticum aestivum and Triticum turgidum

Isolation distance is the main barrier to crop-to-crop gene-flow. A 3-year study assessed the maximum potential outcrossing under field conditions between two wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) and between wheat and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum). Outcrossing was measured by seed set on emasculated recipient plants placed at four sides with different distances from a 3 m × 3 m T. aestivum (cultivar Chinese Spring) pollen source. Frequencies of seed set at 0 m distance were 45% (37–56%) for T. aestivum cultivars and 18% (5–30%) with T. turgidum. These values agree with hybridization in non-limiting pollen conditions measured by manual crosses in greenhouse. The number of pollen grains and the outcrossing frequencies decreased at increasing distances influenced by the prevailing wind direction. Under semiarid conditions of this assay, viable pollen was found 14 m from the pollen source, with a maximum distance of 8 m at which cross-pollination decreases below 1%. Ambient conditions affect pollen viability, hybridization and pollen dispersal. Data presented in this paper emphasize the major role played by environmental conditions in outcrossing. Data obtained in one area may therefore not coincide with the prevailing situation in different locations and climates.     

等位变异Vrn-B1a和Vrn-B1b的春化效应及其在黄淮冬麦区小麦品种中的分布

春化基因Vrn-B1是决定黄淮冬麦区小麦品种冬春性的主要基因之一, 研究其不同显性等位变异的低温春化作用效应及分布, 对该区小麦品种选育和推广具有重要意义。以等位变异Vrn-B1a品种皖麦33与等位变异Vrn-B1b品种豫麦34为亲本构建杂交组合, 对其F₂代进行5~35 d的低温春化处理, 并在温室(22±3℃,16 h昼/8 h夜)鉴定抽穗期, 结合分子标记分析低温春化处理时间对各等位变异型抽穗期的影响。同时对228个黄淮冬麦区小麦品种进行相关位点分子检测, 分析该基因等位变异的分布特点。各春化处理均使两种等位变异小麦植株的抽穗期提前, 但Vrn-B1a抽穗时间比Vrn-B1b晚约2 d。从春化处理当天至处理后25 d, 2种等位变异类型的抽穗时间均随春化时间的延长而缩短; 继续延长春化时间, 抽穗期不再缩短, 表明满足两种等位变异完成春化的低温时间为20~25 d。在228个品种中, Vrn-B1位点有214个(93.9%)隐性和14个(6.1%)显性等位变异。其中, 显性等位变异Vrn-B1a有6个, 占总品种数的2.6%; Vrn-B1b有8个, 占总品种数的3.5%。在黄淮冬麦区小麦品种中, 春化基因Vrn-B1位点至少存在Vrn-B1a和Vrn-B1b两种显性等位变异类型, 两种等位变异类型纯合小麦植株的抽穗时间不同。     

Cytology and morphology of the amphiploid Hordeum chilense × triticum turgidum conv. Durum

Summary The morphology and meitotic behaviour of the amphiploid Hordeum chilense × Triticum turgidum conv. durum are presented.The fertility, agronomic performance, chromosome stability and grain quality of the new amphiploid give it special value for plant breeding.     

小麦供锌状况对叶片结构及叶绿体超微结构的影响

锌缺乏或过量使小麦叶肉细胞变小,多环复式细胞显著减少。缺锌植株的叶绿体中基粒垛数少,基粒垛叠片层少,基质片层少,部分片层膨胀;叶绿体内包含较大的液泡和淀粉“泡”;叶绿体被膜模糊,甚至消失.锌过量则使小麦的叶绿体变小,基粒和基质片层明显减少,部分片层膨胀,亲锇颗粒多;在叶绿体周围线粒体出现较多.