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黑龙江省抗孢囊线虫大豆品种选育概况及育种目标 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
本文对黑龙江省近几年育成的抗线品种的品质、产量和抗源进行了概述,对今后的育种目标进行了探讨,认为今后的育种目标应是多抗的或抗不同生理小种的大豆品种。 相似文献
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大豆抗除草剂资源筛选 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过三年的大田和分栽试验,研究了2000多份大豆对绿黄隆和阿特拉津的抗性反应。结果表明,不同大豆对绿黄隆的抗性反应差异较大,多数材料抗性很差,没有发现具有高度抗性,可用于理论研究或育种实践的材料,不同大豆对阿特拉津的抗性在苗期存在差异,但绝大多数材料在第一复叶未展开前即死掉,仅有极少数材料能结荚,而荚又很少。用常规方法筛选抗绿黄隆的材料是有希望的,筛选抗阿特拉津的材料及为困难。 相似文献
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转基因作物是指利用转基因技术改变作物的某些遗传特性从而获得新的优质丰产的遗传性状的作物。这些性状包括抗虫性、抗病性、抗除草剂、抗逆境、延迟衰老、改变花色、改变熟期、雄性不育及改良种子的营养价值等方面。自从1983年第一株转基因植物诞生以来,全世界进入 相似文献
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作物遗传育种是研究运用作物遗传变异规律,能动地进行作物遗传改进。作物遗传改进是当代农业科学发展的前沿学科之一,是基础农学研究的核心和重要组成部分,是发展农业科学和提高农业生产的重要理论技术基础,对作物生产力的提高,发展农业生产发挥了巨大的作用,据国内外专家分析,在提高作物单位面积产量的农业生产技术中,品种的作用占20%~30%,高的可达50%。因此各国均把作物遗传育种作为农业科研机构研究的主要任务之一,先后成立了多个国际研究中心,60年代以来相继成立了“国际玉米、小麦改良中心”、“国际水稻研究所”“国际… 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1-2):11-65
SUMMARY Salinity limits crop production in many rainfed ecosystems and is an increasing problem in irrigated areas. Developing and developed countries alike need more efficient methods of enhancing salt tolerance in crops. The traditional breeding approach consists of (i) screening germplasm collections for donors of salt tolerance, (ii) crossing a donor with an elite line and advancing the F1 hybrid to about the F7 or F8 generation while selecting for elite traits, and concurrently (iii) selecting for salt tolerance starting at about the F4 generation. The low efficiency of this pedigree approach is due principally to the difficulty of recovering elite genotypes with salt tolerance traits, the genetic complexity of salt tolerance, and the strength of genotype × environment interactions (GEI). Advances in genomics are making possible an alternative approach in which a pre-breeding phase is used to pyramid several known genes and finely mapped major QTLs for complementary aspects of salt tolerance. The known genes can include transgenes modified by deliberate mutation or promoter switching. DNA-based selection protocols that are used to pyramid these genes are again employed during the breeding phase to transfer the entire set of genes for salt tolerance into any elite line by backcrossing. Breeding efficiency is increased because (i) elite traits are more easily recovered by backcrossing than by the pedigree approach, (ii) the genetic complexity of salt tolerance is reduced to a small set of well-defined genes and loci of large effect, (iii) the confounding effects of GEI are eliminated from the breeding phase, and (iv) the investment in gene discovery and QTL mapping can be recouped by transferring the same set of genes to a range of recipient lines that require salt tolerance. Efficiency will increase over time as more genes are added to the gene set and as QTL are replaced by the corresponding gene. Here we summarize the scientific advances underlying this new strategy, which should be applicable to other complex traits such as drought tolerance, durable resistance to pests and diseases, yield potential and product quality. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1-2):309-344
Abstract Vegetable oils are one of the most valuable commodities in world trade. They are subject to specific quality requirements, both for food and non-food uses, there being a continuous demand for new oil types. Thus, plant breeders have made great efforts over the past four decades to develop those quality features demanded by the industry, mainly related to the fatty acid composition of the seed oil. Initially, breeders had to focus on the natural variation occurring within each oilseed crop and closely related species. From the 1970s onwards, the induction of mutations by treatment of seeds with mutagenizing agents was revealed as an effective system for modifying the fatty acid profile. In fact, mutagenesis has proved to be one of the most successful approaches for creating novel oil types. Nowadays, breeding for improved seed oil quality is in a transitional stage, both from a conceptual and a methodological point of view. First, the concept of oil quality is changing. It is not only defined by its fatty acid composition but also by other parameters, the most important being the triacylglycerol profile and the tocopherol content and composition. Second, molecular techniques for gene identification and manipulation are opening up new possibilities, much more powerful and less random than the traditional ones, for the modification of quality traits. In this review, we aim to offer an overview of seed oil quality as well as its genetic improvement by traditional and biotechnological means. 相似文献
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麦类作物铝毒害及耐铝机理研究进展 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
铝害是酸性土壤中作物生长发育的一个主要限制因素。作物耐铝性在种间和品种间存在明显差异。目前有关作物铝毒害及不同耐铝性基因型差异的机理尚不十分清楚,限制了相关育种和栽培工作的开展。近几年来,世界各国针对作物的铝毒害及其耐铝机制进行了大量的研究.并取得了较大进展。本文综述了目前有关铝对麦类作物的毒害及其耐铝机理的研究成果,并简要讨论了今后的研究方向。 相似文献
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本文结合14个亚麻品种的性状资料,提出了纤维用亚麻定向育种的方法。从考察的品种数量性状因子分析结果来看,第一主因子、第五主因子所对应的特征值决定性状是与长麻率有关的生长日数、营养生长前期、营养生长后期、株高、工艺长等性状,并进行了聚类分析,用以探讨以长麻率、株高、工艺长为目的的育种优势分析;第四主因子所对应的特征值决定性状是与产量有关的生长日数、长麻率等性状,并进行了聚类分析,用以探讨以产量为目的的育种优势分析;第二、第三主因子所对应的特征值决定性状是与抗倒伏有关的茎粗、抗倒伏等性状,并进行了聚类分析,用以探讨以抗倒伏为目的的育种优势分析;然后在大于各类间可能组合的平均遗传距离的聚类中选择具有优势的杂交组合。 相似文献
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本文结合14个亚麻品种的性状资料,提出了纤维用亚麻定向育种的方法。从考察的品种数量性状因子分析结果来看,第一主因子、第五主因子所对应的特征值决定性状是与长麻率有关的生长日数、营养生长前期、营养生长后期、株高、工艺长等性状,并进行了聚类分析,用以探讨以长麻率、株高、工艺长为目的的育种优势分析;第四主因子所对应的特征值决定性状是与产量有关的生长日数、长麻率等性状,并进行了聚类分析,用以探讨以产量为目的的育种优势分析;第二、第三主因子所对应的特征值决定性状是与抗倒伏有关的茎粗、抗倒伏等性状,并进行了聚类分析,用以探讨以抗倒伏为目的的育种优势分析;然后在大于各类间可能组合的平均遗传距离的聚类中选择具有优势的杂交组合。 相似文献