The influence of soy oligosaccharides on apparent and true ileal amino acid digestibilities and fecal consistency in growing pigs

Fourteen ileally cannulated pigs (BW = 35 +/- 2 kg) were randomly allotted to a replicated 7 x 7 Latin square design experiment to evaluate the influence of the soybean oligosaccharides (OS), raffinose and stachyose, on ileal nutrient digestibility and fecal consistency. Semipurified diets containing soy protein concentrate (SPC) or soybean meal (SBM) as the sole protein sources were fed. Soy solubles (SS), a by-product of SBM processing containing 3.5% raffinose and 11.5% stachyose, were used to increase dietary raffinose and stachyose concentrations. The seven dietary treatments were SPC, SPC + 9% SS, SBM, SBM + 9% SS, SBM + 18% SS, SBM + 24,000 U alpha-galactosidase enzyme preparation/kg diet, and a low-protein casein (LPC) diet used to calculate true digestibility. Diets, with the exception of the LPC diet, were formulated to contain 17% CP. All diets contained 0.5% chromic oxide as a marker for ileal digestibility determination. The experimental periods were divided into a 5-d diet adaptation followed by 2-d of ileal digesta collection. Diets and digesta were analyzed for DM, N, Cr, amino acids (AA), raffinose, and stachyose. Fecal consistency was determined on d 6 and 7 of each experimental period. The apparent and true ileal AA digestibilities were not different (P < 0.05) for the SPC and SBM control diets. When SS was added to the SPC diet, apparent and true N and AA digestibilities were depressed (P < 0.05) with the exception of Trp and Pro. The apparent and true ileal N and AA digestibilities were not different (P > 0.05) between the SBM control and SBM + 9% SS diets with the exception of Glu. There was a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in apparent and true DM, Val, Gly, and Tyr digestibilities when increasing levels of SS were added to the SBM diet. The addition of alpha-galactosidase did not improve apparent or true ileal N or AA digestibilities except for apparent and true Val and Tyr. Ileal raffinose digestibility was improved (P < 0.05) by addition of a-galactosidase, but was not affected by any other dietary treatment. Ileal stachyose digestibility was not affected (P > 0.58) by treatment. Fecal consistency likewise was not affected (P > 0.36) by dietary treatment. In conclusion, soy OS reduced nutrient digestibilities, but the reductions were small, ranging from approximately 1.1 to 7.4 percentage units. This suggests that other factors may be negatively impacting SBM digestibility.     

Sunflower seed meal as a substitute for soybean meal in commercial broiler chicken diets

1. An experiment was conducted to study the possibility of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with sunflower seed meal (SFM) in broiler chick diets. The SBM in broiler starter (317.9 g/kg) and finisher (275.4 g/kg) diets was replaced with SFM at 33, 67 and 100% on an iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous basis using sunflower oil to balance the energy content of the diets. The metabolisable energy levels used in the diet were considerably less than the recommended levels for broilers. Each experimental diet was fed ad libitum from 2 to 42 d of age to 8 replicates of 5 birds. Parameters studied included amino acid and apparent metabolisable energy contents in food ingredients, body weight, food intake, food efficiency, leg abnormality score, dry matter digestibility, carcase traits, relative weight and length of intestine, fat and protein content in liver and serum biochemical profile. 2. SFM had higher concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, methionine and cystine and lower energy content than SBM. 3. Replacement of SBM with SFM up to 67% in starter and 100% in finisher diets did not affect weight gain. Total and 67% replacement of SBM with SFM depressed food efficiency at 21 and 42 d of age, respectively. Food intake was significantly higher in SFM-based diets than in the SBM reference diet at 21 and 42 d of age, except in groups given SFM100 at 21 d of age. In the latter group, the food intake was similar to that on the SBM reference diet. The digestibility of dry matter decreased with increased levels of SFM in the diet. 4. The relative weights of giblet, liver and abdominal fat, length of intestine, activity of alkaline phosphatase, concentrations of calcium and inorganic phosphorus in serum were not influenced by incorporation of SFM in the broiler diet. 5. The ready to cook yield and liver fat content decreased, while the relative weights of gizzard and intestine and protein content in liver increased, with increasing levels of SFM in the diet. 6. The concentration of HDL cholesterol increased while the concentration of LDL cholesterol decreased with increasing content of SFM (> or =67% of SBM) in diet. The serum protein concentration decreased progressively with increase in dietary SFM. The concentrations of protein and triglycerides in serum were lowest in groups receiving SFM100. 7. Body weight gain was not affected by total replacement of SBM with SFM at 42 d of age. However, considering food efficiency, carcase yields, serum lipid profile and level of supplemental fat in diet, it is concluded that SFM can replace up to two-thirds of soybean, corresponding to inclusion of 345 and 296 g SFM per kg for starter and finisher phases, respectively.     

乳酸菌对饲喂黄曲霉毒素B1日粮的肉鸡生长性能、养分消化率和屠宰性能的影响

本试验旨在研究黄曲霉毒素B₁(AFB₁)日粮添加乳酸菌(LAB)对肉鸡的生长性能、养分消化率及屠宰性能的影响。试验选用1日龄AA肉鸡公鸡240只,随机分为4个处理组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。正对照组:无AFB₁日粮;负对照组:1~21d:正对照组日粮＋40μg/kgAFB₁,22~42d:正对照组日粮＋80μg/kgAFB₁;LAB组:负对照组日粮＋1.5×10¹¹CFU/kgLAB;HSCAS组:负对照组日粮＋3g/kgHSCAS。试验期42d。试验结果显示,负对照组日粮显著降低了肉鸡平均日采食量和体增重(P<0.05),显著提高了料重比(P<0.05),添加LAB和HSCAS均明显改善了生产性能,且LAB组的效果优于HSCAS组。1~21d时,与负对照组相比,添加LAB干物质、能量、粗脂肪、钙和磷的表观消化率分别提高9.6%(P<0.05)、9.5%(P<0.05)、10.1%(P<0.05)、15.2%(P<0.05)和18.9%(P<0.05),添加HSCAS能将干物质、能量、粗脂肪和磷的表观消化率提高9.7%(P<0.05)、6.6%(P<0.05)、6.3%(P<0.05)和17.4%(P<0.05),且LAB组能量和钙的表观消化率显著高于HSCAS组(P<0.05)。LAB组的全净膛率和胸肌率也显著高于HSCAS组(P<0.05)。综上所述,在AFB₁污染日粮中添加LAB制剂,对肉鸡的生产性能、养分表观消化率和屠宰性能均具有显著的改善作用,其作用效果显著优于HSCAS脱霉剂。     

Impact of combined α-galactosidase and xylanase enzymes on growth performance,nutrients digestibility,chyme viscosity,and enzymes activity of broilers fed corn–soybean diets

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of a combined α-galactosidase and xylanase preparation on nutrients digestibility and growth performance in broiler chickens. Experiment 1 had 240 broilers allocated to 3 treatments with the dietary supplementation of 0, 300, and 500 g/t of the enzyme combination. Diet and amino acid (AA) digestibility were assessed. Experiment 2 was a 2 × 3 (enzyme × diet) factorial arrangement with 10 replicates of 12 male broilers per replicate. Diets were based on corn–soybean meal (SBM) diet and had 3 nutritional levels (normal, 2% apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and crude protein (CP) reduction, and 4% AME and CP reduction). Each of these diets was fed with or without enzyme supplementation. Growth performance, chyme viscosity, nutrients digestibility, and endogenous enzymes activity were assessed. In experiment 1, enzyme supplementation improved the digestibility of Ca (P = 0.025) and ileal digestibility of total AA, Pro, Alu, Ile, Lys, His, Thr, Glu, Val, Leu, Tyr, and Phe (P < 0.05), and also tended to increase the AME of diets (P < 0.10). In experiment 2, broilers fed the corn–SBM diet with 4% nutrient reduction had better growth performance (P < 0.05), jejunal digesta viscosity at 42 d (P < 0.01), and lower digestibility of gross energy (GE; P < 0.05) when compared with those fed the normal nutrient diet. Enzyme inclusion increased digestibility of CP (P = 0.044), GE (P = 0.009), raffinose (P < 0.001) and stachyose (P < 0.001), improved average daily gain (P = 0.031), and reduced jejunal digesta viscosity at 42 d (P = 0.011). Besides, similar improvements trend in amylase, trypsin, sucrase, and maltase activity with enzyme inclusion were observed as with energy. These data support that the enzyme supplementation increased nutrients and ileal AA digestibility, improved performance and endogenous enzymes activity.     

Effects of Bile Acid on Growth Performance,Slaughter Performance and Lipid Metabolism of White Feather Broilers北大核心CSCD

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加胆汁酸对白羽肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能和脂类代谢的影响。选取体况一致和体重接近的1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡240只,随机分为2个组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中添加300 mg/kg胆汁酸。试验期42 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,试验组白羽肉鸡1~42日龄料重比显著降低(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,试验组白羽肉鸡屠宰率显著提高(P<0.05),腹脂率有降低趋势(P=0.071)。3)与对照组相比,试验组白羽肉鸡肝脏脂肪含量有降低趋势(P=0.054),血清谷草转氨酶活性显著降低(P<0.05),血清甘油三酯含量有降低趋势(P=0.090)。综上所述,在本试验条件下,饲粮添加300 mg/kg胆汁酸可以降低白羽肉鸡料重比,提高屠宰率,对脂类代谢有一定的改善作用。     

枯草芽孢杆菌对肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化功能和肠道形态的影响

本试验旨在研究枯草芽孢杆菌对肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化功能和肠道形态的影响。选取1日龄雄性爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡420只,随机分为4组,每组7个重复,每个重复15只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,枯草芽孢杆菌组在基础饲粮中添加200 g/t枯草芽孢杆菌,杆菌肽锌组在基础饲粮中添加250 g/t杆菌肽锌,枯草芽孢杆菌+杆菌肽锌组在基础饲粮中添加200 g/t枯草芽孢杆菌和250 g/t杆菌肽锌。试验期42 d。结果表明,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌显著提高了22~42日龄肉鸡的平均日增重(ADG)和血清丙二醛(MDA)含量(P<0.05),显著降低了1~21日龄肉鸡的ADG、平均日采食量(ADFI)及血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和空肠隐窝深度(P<0.05)。饲粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌和杆菌肽锌对22~42日龄肉鸡的料重比(F/G)、1~42日龄欧洲效益指数和肝脏MDA含量有显著交互作用(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加200 g/t的枯草芽孢杆菌能提高22~42日龄肉鸡的生长性能,在一定程度上改善肉鸡空肠黏膜形态;饲粮中添加200 g/t的枯草芽孢杆菌和250 g/t的杆菌肽锌能够提高肉鸡的生长性能。     

低水平钙磷日粮添加植酸酶对肉鸡生长性能和养分消化的影响

文章旨在探讨植酸酶对饲喂低水平钙磷日粮肉鸡生长性能和养分表观消化率的影响。试验将平均初始体重为（61.56±0.66）g的1日龄肉鸡随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复38只。对照组饲喂正常钙磷水平的玉米豆粕型日粮,T1～T3组饲喂低钙磷水平的玉米豆粕型日粮+0、1000和1500?FIU/kg植酸酶,试验分为1～21?d和22～42?d两个阶段。结果：对照组和T3组42?d肉鸡的体重显著高于T1组（P＜0.05）,同时T3组22～42?d以及1～42?d肉鸡的平均日增重较T1组分别显著提高8.01%和5.05%（P＜0.05）。T3组22～42?d肉鸡饲料报酬较其他组分别显著提高3.3%、3.09%和3.73%（P＜0.05）。对照组和T3组钙表观消化率显著高于T1和T2组（P＜0.05）,T3组干物质、氮和钙沉积率显著高于对照组和T1组（P＜0.05）,同时T3组磷沉积量最高（P＜0.05）。T1组蛋氨酸和苏氨酸表观消化率显著低于T3组（P＜0.05）,同时T1组亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸回肠表观消化率均表现最低（P＜0.05）。结论：玉米豆粕型低钙磷日粮中添加植酸酶能有效提高钙、磷的营养价值及干物质、氮和氨基酸的代谢率。在较高剂量（1500?FTU/kg）时,对生长后期肉鸡的饲料报酬和氨基酸消化的效益最大。 [关键词]植酸酶|肉鸡|生长性能|养分消化     

Efficacy and equivalency of an Escherichia coli-derived phytase for replacing inorganic phosphorus in the diets of broiler chickens and young pigs

Two studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of an Escherichia coli-derived phytase (ECP) and its equivalency relative to inorganic phosphorus (iP) from monosodium phosphate (MSP). In Exp. 1, one thousand two hundred 1-d-old male broilers were used in a 42-d trial to assess the effect of ECP and iP supplementation on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Dietary treatments were based on corn-soybean meal basal diets (BD) containing 239 and 221 g of CP, 8.2 and 6.6 g of Ca, and 2.4 and 1.5 g of nonphytate P (nPP) per kg for the starter and grower phases, respectively. Treatments consisted of the BD; the BD + 0.6, 1.2, or 1.8 g of iP from MSP per kg; and the BD + 250, 500, 750, or 1,000 phytase units (FTU) of ECP per kg. Increasing levels of MSP improved gain, gain:feed, and tibia ash (linear, P < 0.01). Increasing levels of ECP improved gain, gain:feed, tibia ash (linear, P < 0.01), apparent ileal digestibility of P, N, Arg, His, Phe, and Trp at d 21 (linear, P < 0.05), and apparent retention of P at d 21 (linear, P < 0.05). Increasing levels of ECP decreased apparent retention of energy (linear, P < 0.01). Five hundred FTU of ECP per kg was determined to be equivalent to the addition of 0.72, 0.78, and 1.19 g of iP from MSP per kg in broiler diets based on gain, feed intake, and bone ash, respectively. In Exp. 2, forty-eight 10-kg pigs were used in a 28-d trial to assess the effect of ECP and iP supplementation on growth performance and nutrient digestibility. Dietary treatments consisted of a positive control containing 6.1 and 3.5 g of Ca and nPP, respectively, per kg; a negative control (NC) containing 4.8 and 1.7 g of Ca and nPP, respectively, per kg; the NC diet plus 0.4, 0.8, or 1.2 g of iP from MSP per kg; and the NC diet plus 500, 750, or 1,000 FTU of ECP per kg. Daily gain improved (linear, P < 0.05) with ECP addition, as did apparent digestibility of Ca and P (linear, P < 0.01). Five hundred FTU of ECP per kg was determined to be equivalent to the addition of 0.49 and 1.00 g of iP from MSP per kg in starter pigs diets, based on ADG and bone ash, respectively.     

非淀粉多糖酶和植酸酶对肉仔鸡生长性能和养分利用性的影响

以 8 8 8只艾维因肉仔鸡为试验动物 ,研究添加非淀粉多糖酶 (40 0mg/kg)和植酸酶 (30 0mg/kg)对肉仔鸡的生长性能和养分利用性的影响。试验结果表明 :玉米 -菜粕 -豆粕日粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶 (减少 1.4 %AME)和植酸酶(减少 0 .0 8%非植酸磷 ) ,甚至再减少 0 .0 1%赖氨酸 ,都不会显著影响肉仔鸡 4 2日龄体重 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,但饲料转化率得到改善 ,死亡率降低。添加非淀粉多糖酶可提高AME和TME(P >0 .0 5 )和氮沉积量和氮表观消化率 (P >0 .0 5 )。非淀粉多糖酶对总磷的消化率没有显著影响 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,但同时添加非淀粉多糖酶和植酸酶 (减少 0 .0 8%非植酸磷 ) ,可显著提高总磷的表观消化率和真消化率分别为 16和 16 .1个百分点 (P <0 .0 5 )。     

皮质酮应激改变了肉仔鸡的肠道形态和功能

本研究通过2个饲养试验旨在研究日粮添加皮质酮对肉仔鸡小肠形态和消化吸收功能的影响.试验1中,120只8日龄肉仔鸡随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡.试验2中,108只8日龄肉仔鸡随机分为2组,每组9个重复,每个重复6只鸡.对照组饲喂基础日粮;试验组日粮由每千克基础日粮添加30 mg皮质酮组成.21日龄时,测定肉仔鸡生产性能、小肠形态特征、血浆木糖水平、小肠食糜消化酶活性、养分消化率及小肠黏膜上皮细胞5-溴-2-脱氧鸟苷酸(BrdUrd)标记指数.结果表明,皮质酮诱导的应激显著降低了肉仔鸡日增重、采食量和饲料效率;显著降低了十二指肠和空肠绒毛高度及隐窝深度;显著降低了血浆中木糖水平及十二指肠和空肠黏膜上皮细胞的BrdUrd标记指数(P<0.05).同时,皮质酮显著提高了肉仔鸡小肠食糜中胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性,但显著降低了蛋白质表观消化率(P<0.05).由此可知,采食含有皮质酮的日粮,使肉仔鸡小肠绒毛高度降低,小肠吸收功能下降,但由于消化酶活性提高,因此消化功能提高.     

Influence of exogenous acid protease in broiler chickens fed corn–soybean meal-based diets

This study was conducted to determine the influence of exogenous acid protease (EAP) on growth performance, blood profiles, excreta noxious gas emissions, ileum digesta viscosity and apparent ileal digestibility in broilers. A total of 600 1-d-old broilers with average initial body weight of 47.0 ± 0.2 g were used in a 5-week feeding trial. The broilers were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatments with 10 replicate pens per treatment and 15 birds per cage. Dietary treatments consisted of: CON, basal diets; EAP1, CON + 2,700 exogenous acid protease unite (APU)/kg; EAP2, CON + 5,400 APU/kg; EAP3, CON + 8,100 APU/kg. The body weight gain (BWG) had a linear improvement when chicks fed 8,100 AP/kg diets from d 18 to 35 and overall (p < .05). Lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) was obtained in broilers fed 5,400 APU/kg and 8,100 APU/kg as compared with the CON during overall (p < .05). Birds fed diets supplemented with EAP diet led to a linear increase in the ileal digestibility of crude protein, energy and amino acids (lysine, methionine, cystine, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, histidine and tryptophan) compared with CON group (p < .05). In conclusion, based on our results, we suggest that supplementation with EAP diet was effective in improving growth performance through increasing ileal digestibility of some nutrients (crude protein, energy and amino acids) in broilers.     

Utilization of unpeeled cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) root meal supplemented with or without charcoal by broiler chickens

A 42‐day feeding trial was conducted using 480‐day‐old, male Marshall broilers to study the utilization of unpeeled cassava root meal (UCRM) supplemented with or without 6 g/kg charcoal. The experimental design was laid out in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments having three inclusion levels of UCRM (0, 100 and 200 g/kg) with or without 6 g/kg charcoal supplementation. Each treatment consisted of 80 birds replicated eight times with 10 birds per replicate. Main effect of inclusion level of UCRM and supplementation of charcoal showed reduced (p < 0.05) final live weight, weight gain, feed intake and apparent crude protein digestibility of the birds with increasing inclusion levels of UCRM. Birds fed diets supplemented with charcoal showed higher (p < 0.05) final live weight, weight gain and feed intake than birds fed diets without charcoal. Supplementation of charcoal in diet containing 100 g/kg UCRM resulted in improved (p < 0.05) weight gain when compared with birds fed similar diet but not supplemented with charcoal. Broilers fed diet containing no UCRM but supplemented with charcoal had the highest overall (p < 0.05) final live weight and weight gain, while birds fed diet containing 200 g/kg UCRM supplemented with charcoal recorded the poorest (p < 0.05) final live weight and weight gain. Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum thiocyanate concentration increased (p < 0.05) with increasing dietary inclusion levels of UCRM. Dietary supplementation of charcoal resulted in increased (p < 0.05) concentration of serum glucose and cholesterol and reduced (p < 0.05) SGOT concentration. Birds fed diets containing UCRM had high (p < 0.05) serum thiocyanate concentration irrespective of dietary supplementation or not with 6 g/kg charcoal. In conclusion, supplementation of diet containing up to 100 g/kg UCRM with 6 g/kg charcoal showed improved weight gain without any deleterious effect on serum metabolites.     

Effects of lysolecithin supplementation in low-energy diets on growth performance,nutrient digestibility,viscosity and intestinal morphology of broilers

1. The study aimed to investigate the effect of lysolecithin supplementation in low-energy diets on growth, nutrient digestibility and intestinal mucosa characteristics of broilers.

2. A total of 800 one-d-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were assigned to 4 dietary treatments consisting of 10 replicates of 20 broilers each. Broilers were fed with 4 different diets: (i) HE: positive control group broilers received a diet with unaltered energy; (ii) LE: negative control group broilers received a diet with lower energy of about 0.27 MJ/kg; (iii) LElys500: broilers received a diet similar to LE supplemented with 500 g/tn lysolecithin product (Lysoforte Booster Dry^TM); and (iv) LElys300: broilers received a diet similar to LE supplemented with 300 g/tn lysolecithin product. The experimental period was 42 d.

3. Body weight gain in treatments HE was higher than LE during the overall experimental period, while LElys500 and LElys300 had intermediate values. Feed conversion ratio was lower in HE and LElys500 than LE group, while the LElys300 had intermediate values. Fat digestibility was improved in both LElys 500 and LElys300 compared to the HE group. Apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn) was higher in HE, LElys500 and LElys300 than LE. Ileum viscosity at 42 d was also affected, being higher in LE group compared to HE. At 28 d mucosal thickness was lower both in LElys500 and LElys300 compared to HE and LE, while no difference occurred between treatment proliferation patterns of duodenal epithelial cells.

4. These findings indicated that lysolecithin supplementation at 500 g/tn of feed in low-energy diets maintained broiler performance. Supplementation of reformulated low-energy diets induced an increase in digesta viscosity. Lysolecithin supplementation resulted in variable alterations in the duodenum mucosal morphology.     

Dietary Apparent Metabolizable Energy and Amino Acid Density Effects on Growth and Carcass Traits of Heavy Broilers

Two experiments (EXP) were conducted to evaluate the interactive effects of dietary AME and amino acid (AA) density (total basis) on broiler chickens from 42 to 56 d of age. In EXP 1, diets were formulated to contain low AME (3,140 kcal/kg) and moderate AME (3,240 kcal/kg) in combination with moderate AA (16.2% CP, 0.88% Lys, and 0.75% TSAA) and high AA (18.0% CP, 0.98% Lys, and 0.83% TSAA) and fed to male broilers. Dietary treatments in EXP 2 were diets formulated to contain moderate AME (3,220 kcal/kg) and high AME (3,310 kcal/kg) combined with moderate and high AA concentrations used in EXP 1 and fed to male and female broilers. In general, dietary AME and AA did not interact to influence growth and meat yield responses. Broilers provided the low AME diet in EXP 1 consumed more feed and had poorer feed conversion but had higher total breast meat yield than birds fed the moderate AME diet. In EXP 2, broilers fed the high AME diet from 42 to 56 d had increased BW gain, decreased feed consumption, and improved feed conversion. Feeding the high AA diets in both EXP decreased feed consumption, improved feed conversion, and increased total breast meat yield. Nutritionists establishing nutritional programs for heavy broilers late in development from 2.5 to 3.6 kg may need to consider increasing AA density to optimize breast meat yield. Increasing the AME content of the diet improves feed conversion but not breast meat yield.     

Effects of inclusion of poultry by-product meal and enzyme-prebiotic supplementation in grower diets on performance and feed digestibility of broilers

1. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of level of inclusion of poultry by-product and enzyme-prebiotic supplementation on grower diet digestibility and the performance of broilers. 2. Six grower diets were formulated to provide a similar nutrient profile with the exception of using three graded levels of poultry by-product, namely 0, 25, 40 g/kg of the diet with and without supplementation of enzyme preparation at the rate of 1 kg per tonne of feed and prebiotic preparation at the rate of 2 kg per tonne of feed. The experimental diets were used from 3 to 6 weeks of age. 3. Body weights, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency were not affected by poultry by-product; however, enzyme-prebiotic had a significant positive effect on feed conversion efficiency at 0 to 6 weeks in experiment 1. 4. Crude protein digestibility was decreased by feeding the diet containing poultry by-product while ether extract digestibility was increased by poultry by-product at the rate of 25 g per kg of feed only. Dry matter retention, crude fibre digestibility and organic matter retention were not affected by poultry by-product. Dry matter and organic matter retentions, crude protein, ether extract and crude fibre digestibilities were not affected by enzyme-prebiotic. 5. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) values were increased by poultry by-product at the rate of 40 g per kg of feed and addition of enzyme-prebiotic.     

Influence of an organic acid blend and essential oil blend,individually or in combination,on growth performance,carcass parameters,apparent digestibility,intestinal microflora and intestinal morphology of broilers

1. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of an organic acid (OA) and essential oil (EO) blends, individually or in combination, on growth performance, carcass parameters, apparent digestibility, intestinal microflora and intestinal morphology of broilers.

2. A total of 480 one-d-old male Ross 308 chicks were randomly assigned to 4 treatments consisting of 4 replicates each (n = 30 birds in each replicate). Dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet (control), and basal diet supplemented with 2 g/kg OA blend (OAB), 300 mg/kg EO blend (EOB), or with 2 g/kg OA and 300 mg/kg EO blend (OAB–EOB) for 42 d.

3. The dietary supplementation with EO blend or in combination with OA blend increased body weight gain and improved feed efficiency as compared to control. Dietary treatments had no significant effects on feed consumption or relative organ weights of broilers.

4. The OAB diet increased carcass yield compared to the control diet but the lowest carcass yield occurred with the OAB–EOB combination. Birds fed on EOB and OAB–EOB diets had lower ileum Escherichia coli counts than birds fed on the control diet.

5. There was no significant effect of treatments on apparent digestibility at 16–21 d but the EOB and OAB–EOB diets increased apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein during the finisher period (d 37–42) compared to the control diet.

6. Birds fed on the EOB and OAB–EOB diets had greater villus height in the ileum at 21 and 42 d of age and had lower crypt depth in the ileum at 42 d of age than birds given the control diet.

7. In conclusion, beneficial effects of the use of EO blend individually or in combination with the OA blend were observed but the OA blend alone was ineffective. Furthermore, the use of the combination of OA and EO was more effective, in some respects, than their individual use.

     

Effects of diet acidification and xylanase supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility, duodenal histology and gut microflora of broilers fed wheat based diet

1. The objective of this experiment was to study the influences of xylanase and citric acid on the performance, nutrient digestibility, digesta viscosity, duodenal histology, and gut microflora of broilers fed on a wheat based diet.

2. The experiment was carried out as a 2?×?3 factorial arrangement with two concentrations of xylanase (0 and 200?mg/kg) and three concentrations of citric acid (0, 20 and 40?g/kg). A total of 408 one-day-old chickens with similar body weight were distributed into 24 pens with 17 birds/pen. Each dietary treatment was given to 4 replicate pens from 0 to 24?d of age. To determine the apparent nutrient digestibility, chromic oxide (3?g/kg) was added to the diets as an indigestible marker.

3. Xylanase significantly increased body weight gain at 24?d of age by 1·4% and improved gain-to-feed (G:F) by 3·6%. The inclusion of 40?g/kg citric acid decreased feed intake and body weight gain by 15·4% and 11·8%, respectively. The inclusion of 20?g/kg of citric acid decreased feed intake, but it did not affect body weight gain of broilers at 24?d of age. The inclusion of 20 and 40?g/kg citric acid improved G:F by 3·8 and 4·3% respectively. Xylanase significantly decreased the viscosity of digesta and improved retention of DM, CP, and energy.

4. Xylanase and citric acid did not have any effect on the histo-morphology of the duodenum and intestinal microbial population.

5. In conclusion, citric acid at 20?g/kg decreased feed intake, did not have a negative effect on body weight gain, and improved G:F. Xylanase decreased digesta viscosity, increased nutrient retention and consequently improved performance of broilers fed on a wheat based diet.     

Effects of exogenous enzymes and dietary energy on performance and digestive physiology of broilers

The study was conducted to compare the effects of XG with AG and BM at different metabolizable energy diets on growth performance, digestive physiology and energy utilization of broilers fed with corn-SBM diet. A 2 × 4 factorial design was used with two basal diets (the positive control group, PC; negative control with ME reduction 100 kcal/kg, NC) and with or without the addition of three exogenous enzymes (0.02% BM; 0.01% AG; 0.05% XG) respectively. 1,200 one-day-old broilers were randomly allocated to 8 treatments with 10 pens of 15 broilers. There was no significant difference on BW, BWG, and FI at 0-21d, 21-42d or 0-42d for diet, enzymes or their interactions, but FI at 22-42d and 0-42d were tend to be decreased with the addition of enzymes. The F/G was significantly improved by the addition of enzymes especially in NC diet. The dietary AME and TME in PC or NC diet were significantly increased by XG or AG in NC diet. The villus length and V/C of ileum were significantly increased by the addition of BM or XG. XG improved the activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin and amylase, BM improved the activity of trypsin at 21d, and AG improved the activity of chymotrypsin at 21d. Comparing to PC diet, the addition of enzymes in PC or NC diet decreased feed cost per kg body weight gain especially in NC diet (except AG in PC diet) with the highest profits for XG in NC diet. In conclusion, supplementation of 0.02% BM or 0.01% AG or 0.05% XG could improve feed conversion of broilers in corn-soybean meal diet by improving energy utilization and digestive physiology, and also supplementation of 0.05% XG had a preferable efficacy in low energy diet.     

低能日粮添加木聚糖酶或复合酶对肉鸡生产性能和养分消化率的影响

试验旨在研究肉鸡低能日粮中添加木聚糖酶或复合酶对肉鸡生产性能和养分消化率的影响。采用单因子的试验设计,试验分6个处理,每个处理8个重复,每重复10只肉仔鸡。6个试验饲粮处理分别为正对照组(PC)、负对照组(NC,在正对照组基础上降低表观代谢能836 kJ/kg)、以及4个在NC基础上的加酶组(分别为处理1:木聚糖酶添加量为4 000 U/kg饲料;处理2:木聚糖酶、α-淀粉酶和蛋白酶分别为300 U/kg、400 U/kg和4 000 U/kg饲料;处理3:木聚糖酶、α-淀粉酶和蛋白酶分别为:1383U/kg6、7U/kg和667U/kg;处理4:木聚糖酶、α-淀粉酶和蛋白酶分别为2 766 U/kg、134 U/kg和1 334 U/kg)。试验结果表明,与PC相比,NC降低了肉鸡的增重、提高了料肉比(P<0.05);与NC相比,4个加酶组提高增重3%~10%和改善料肉比2%~8%(P<0.05),加酶后NC组肉鸡的生产性能达到了PC水平。NC降低了干物质、粗蛋白和能量的表观消化率(P<0.05),加酶组对养分消化率具有提高作用,且达到了PC水平;木聚糖酶和复合酶两种酶制剂对肉鸡生产性能和养分消化率的影响差异不显著,处理3和4两组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明,在降低代谢能836 kJ/kg的肉鸡饲粮中添加木聚糖酶或复合酶,能够使肉鸡的生产性能和养分消化率得以补偿,低能负对照饲粮加酶后能够使肉鸡的生产性能达到与正对照组相同水平。     

蛋白酶和益生菌复合制剂对白羽肉鸡生长性能、养分利用率和粪便有害气体排放的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加蛋白酶和益生菌复合制剂对白羽肉鸡生长性能、养分利用率和粪便有害气体排放的影响.试验选取体重接近、健康的1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡192只,按照体重随机分为2组,每组8个重复,每个重复12只鸡.对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂添加蛋白酶、枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌、酵母菌复合制剂的基...