高寒草甸矮嵩草群落10种植物的种群空间分布格局及其关系

运用两项局部样方方差(TTLQV)法和成对样方方差(PQV)法对高寒草甸矮嵩草群落中10种植物种群空问分布格局的类型、规模、强度和纹理进行了测定,根据不同区组规模/间隔上两物种间的相关系数r_(i,j),对分布格局的相互关系进行了分析。结果表明:所调查种群的分布格局都呈集聚分布;密度格局强度与环境格局强度在种间的变化基本一致;格局的强度与纹理之间并无直接关系;种群分布格局间的关系表明了种间发生相互作用的基本生境尺度。     

草地有毒植物狼毒种群分布格局及动态

狼毒为瑞香科根颈型多年生有毒植物。依据株丛枝条数量多少将狼毒株丛划分为3个级别即I级株丛、Ⅱ级株丛和Ⅲ级株丛。采用邻接格子样方法取样，运用扩散系数作为聚集强度的测度指标，并进行泊阿松分布和负二项分布的X^2拟合检验；运用Greig-Smith的成对样方方差法绘制格局分析图，研究了糙隐子草草原3个放牧演替阶段的狼毒种群的分布格局类型、规模。结果表明：在重牧、过牧、极牧阶段狼毒种群I级株丛均为聚集分布，Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级株丛均为随机分布；重牧、过牧阶段狼毒种群总体呈聚集分布，而在极牧阶段则为随机分布。放牧扰动对狼毒种群的分布格局类型、规模产生不同程度的影响。     

不同放牧强度下高寒甸矮嵩草（Koberesia humilis）无性系分株种群的地上...

对不同放牧强度下矮嵩草无性系分株种群地上生物量的研究表明，随放牧强度增加，分株地上生物量、营养体和繁殖体生物量均随之增加。在放牧的各处理间，营养体和繁殖体地上生物量的分配比例无显著差异，与不放牧的对照相比，放牧改变了矮嵩草分株地上生物量的结构，营养体部分生物量的分配比例显著下降，繁殖体部分生物量的分配比例显著提高。每分蘖占分株总生物量的比例随时间和放牧强度的增加而减少。     

不同放牧强度下高寒草甸矮嵩草无性系分株构件的研究

对放牧强度分别为０、２、４、８（藏羊只／ｈｍ２）的矮嵩草无性系各构件数量和地上生物量进行了研究。结果表明随放牧强度的加重每分株生殖分蘖数、分蘖地上生物量、营养和生殖地上生物量呈下降的趋势，而营养生物量占分蘖生物量的分配比例呈上升趋势。在不放牧的情况下，矮嵩草无性系分株总数小，其各构件地上生物量和生殖分蘖数高（Ｐ＜０．００１）；每分株分蘖数、营养分蘖数及杆叶比低（Ｐ＜０．００１）。     

多年生人工草地矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)种群空间格局与种内关联性

植物种群空间分布格局不仅反映植物的空间分布特点,还有助于研究者了解植物利用资源的现状和生存能力。本研究以矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)为研究对象,按株丛斑块面积将矮生嵩草分为小斑块级株丛(0～30 cm²)、中斑块级株丛(30～80 cm²)和大斑块级株丛(>80 cm²)3个株丛级,采用点格局分析的g函数统计方法,分析了矮生嵩草各级株丛的空间格局及关联性。结果表明：矮生嵩草种群中小斑块级株丛占比高于中斑块、大斑块级株丛占比,种群中幼苗充足,正处于稳定的增长阶段;矮生嵩草小斑块、中斑块、大斑块级株丛在小尺度范围内表现为聚集分布,随着尺度的增大,所有株丛斑块的聚集程度减弱,逐渐趋向于随机分布;小斑块与中斑块、大斑块的矮生嵩草株丛在小尺度内表现为正关联。斑块聚集分布和相互共存是矮生嵩草的一种生存策略。     

青南高原高寒草甸四种嵩草种群分布格局初探

运用序列样方法,调查了四种嵩草枝条密度,通过方差:均值t 检验法、x~2值检验法和森下(Morisita)捐数Ⅰ_Δ判别法初步得出:高山嵩草分布格局为随机的群聚型;线叶嵩草、别氏嵩草和矮嵩草分布格局都属于非随机的群聚型。高山嵩草没有发现群聚斑块存在,其余三种嵩草有二个群聚斑块存在。并计算了各级样方内两两种的相关系数。     

不同放牧强度下高寒草甸矮崇嵩草无性系分株构件的研究

对放牧强度分别为0、2、4、8（藏羊只／hm^2）的矮嵩草无性系各构件数量和地上生物量进行了研究。结果表明随放牧强度的加重每分株生殖分蘖数、分蘖地上生物量、营养和生殖地上生物量呈下降的趋势，而营养生物量占分蘖生物量的分配呈上升趋势。在不放牧的情况下，矮嵩草无性系分株总数小，其各构件地上生物量和生殖分蘖数高（P＜0．001）；每分株分蘖数、营养分蘖数及杆叶比低（P＜0．001）。     

腾格里沙漠南缘唐古特白刺克隆分株生长格局及枝系构型分析简

 选取腾格里沙漠南缘景泰点（ＪＢＤＺ）、古浪点（ＧＭＬＴ）和民勤点（ＭＱＱＦ）及对照点兰州（ＬＺＮＳ）天然分布的唐古特白刺克隆种群,结合统计检验和分形理论分析研究唐古特白刺克隆分株生长格局及枝系构型的环境异质性。结果表明,唐古特白刺表现出较为明显的形态可塑性,克隆分株存在显著差异,随着水分梯度递减,分株间距逐渐增大,对照点ＬＺＮＳ分株各指标普遍高于沙漠南缘三地,分株克隆生长格局呈现密集型,ＭＱＱＦ 分株克隆生长格局有一定的游击趋势。克隆整合使得唐古特白刺克隆种群枝系构型表现复杂,ＬＺＮＳ的各级分枝角最小,ＭＱＱＦ最大;枝径比波动大,ＬＺＮＳ各级枝径比普遍最大,ＭＱＱＦ最小;ＬＺＮＳ唐古特白刺克隆植株总体分枝率和逐步分枝率均显著高于ＭＱＱＦ,但与ＪＢＤＺ和ＧＭＬＴ 差异不大;枝系分枝强度和各分维数表现较为一致,均以ＬＺＮＳ较大,沙漠南缘三地则表现出随水分梯度递减,白刺克隆植株分维数逐渐下降,枝系的空间格局趋于简单。研究表明在水分条件差的生境,唐古特白刺克隆种群获取资源的主要对策是,分株间距增加,分枝角度加大,而分枝强度变小,克隆生长格局趋于游击型,利于基株跨越和逃离逆境以获取水分。     

门源草原毛虫茧的空间分布型

通过采用聚集度指标检验的方法，对门源草原毛虫茧在矮嵩草草甸中的空间格局进行研究。结果表明，该虫雄茧（内有雄蛹）和雌茧（内有雌蛹或雌成虫或卵）的空间分布型属于聚集分布。并测定了茧个体群大小，分析了聚集原因，为野外抽样调查，密度估计及预测预报提供了依据。     

东祁连山高寒地区山生柳种群分布格局研究

以东祁连山高寒地区山生柳种群为研究对象,采用相邻格子样方法取样数据,应用方差／均值比的t检验法,负二项参数,扩散型指数,Cassie指标,丛生指标,平均拥挤指数和聚块性指数,Poisson分布和负二项分布拟合检验等方法,分析了山生柳克隆种群在基株和分株2个层次上的空间分布格局及其随海拔梯度的变化趋势。研究结果表明,山生柳基株种群为随机偏聚集分布,偏离的程度与水分条件相关;山生柳克隆分株种群呈聚集分布,由于受到干扰,聚集程度随海拔高度的降低而增高。     

Population genomics provides insights into the evolution and adaptation of tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) in China

Physiological adaptation of tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) to changing environmental temperature has been reported in detail. However, the T. belangeri origin (mainland or island), population history, and adaptation to historical climate change remain largely unknown or controversial. Here, for the first time, we sequenced the simplified genome of 134 T. belangeri individuals from 12 populations in China and further resequenced one individual from each population. Using population genomic approaches, we first observed considerable genetic variation in T. belangeri. Moreover, T. belangeri populations formed obvious genetic structure and reflected different demographic histories; they generally exhibited high genetic diversity, although the isolated populations had relatively low genetic diversity. The results presented in this study indicate that T. b. modesta and T. b. tonquinia were separated recently and with a similar population dynamics. Second, physical barriers rather than distance were the driving factors of divergence, and environmental heterogeneity may play an important role in genetic differentiation in T. belangeri. Moreover, our analyses highlight the role of historical global climates in the T. belangeri population dynamics and indicate that the decrease of the T. belangeri population size may be due to the low temperature. Finally, we identified the olfaction-associated adaptive genes between different altitude populations and found that olfactory-related genes of high-altitude populations were selectively eliminated. Our study provides demographic history knowledge of T. belangeri; their adaption history offers new insights into their evolution and adaptation, and provides valuable baseline information for conservation measures.     

金水乌鸡黑羽丝毛系选育报告

用黑羽黑皮的江汉鸡对白羽丝毛乌骨鸡先导入杂交后闭锁群继代选育,培育出金水乌鸡黑羽丝毛系.黑羽丝毛系90日龄体重1kg以上,料肉比3.36:1.     

Effects of levonorgestrel‐quinestrol (EP‐1) treatment on Mongolian gerbil wild populations: a case study

Rodent pest population outbreaks occur frequently in grassland ecosystems in northern China. The Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) is a dominant pest rodent which is distributed across the semi‐desert grasslands of Inner Mongolia, China. In 2009, we studied the contraceptive effect of levonorgestrel‐quinestrol (EP‐1), concentration 50 ppm, on a wild Mongolian gerbil population. The one‐off contraceptive treatment was compared with a control group using a semi‐monthly live trapping method in the Ordos Semi‐desert Grassland Region of Inner Mongolia. The results show that juveniles were not recruited in spring in the treatment group. Ratios of juveniles in the control and treatment groups showed significant semi‐monthly differences from spring to summer (one‐way ANOVA, F_{2, 14}= 7.53, P < 0.05). Between both groups, annual fluctuations of juvenile and total population densities were significantly different respectively (F_{2, 14}= 4.64, P < 0.05; F_{2, 18}= 7.72, P < 0.05). The contraceptive EP‐1 delayed the normal reproductive pattern of Mongolian gerbil populations. This suppressed birth rates of gerbil populations, reduced their densities, and changed their age structures. The period of EP‐1 baiting should be extended but it could be an ideal method for controlling Mongolian gerbil populations during each breeding season.     

Thresholds of population persistence for the Yangtze finless porpoise: implications for conservation managements

The Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis), a critically endangered species, is the only cetacean species in the Yangtze River following the functional extinction of baiji (Lipotes vexillifer). To inform conservation actions, two important questions need to be addressed: what is the threshold value of survival rate, and what is the threshold value of population size? We calculate the instantaneous rate of population increase () for the Yangtze finless porpoise for various combinations of the calf and the non-calf survival rates. We also test the probability of extinction for different minimum carrying capacities for 100 and 500 years using a stable population model. The threshold value of the non-calf survival rate is never lower than 0.869, but current estimates from field data have been far below this threshold. Our model based on extinction probability and carrying capacity suggests that the threshold for the population size to persist 100 years required 113 animals, and 472 animals are required to persist 500 years. Therefore, we recommend establishing an ex situ reserve network to guarantee the minimum 100-year carrying capacity. To ensure the long-term population viability, we suggest establishing two in situ reserve zones in two lakes and their surrounding reserves to meet a minimum 500-year carrying capacity. In addition, measures to avoid further habitat fragmentation should be priority.     

中国假俭草居群遗传多样性研究 Ⅲ RAPD分析

对采自我国代表地区的6个居群的50个个体,采用26个随机引物进行了RAPD扩增,共获得158条带,平均每个引物扩增的条带数为6.08,多态性条带67,多态条带比例为42.41%.采用POPGENE32软件分析,结果表明,中国假俭草居群间出现了显著的遗传变异,遗传变异占总变异的30%左右,大部分遗传变异存在于居群内部,占总变异的70%左右;来自贵阳的居群变异最大,而来自南京和广州的居群的在3个参数得到的结果都表现为变异最小;用UPGMA方法对6个居群聚类后发现,南京居群和广州居群最先被聚到一起,而连云港则是最后被聚到一起.     

Sheep grazing causes shift in sex ratio and cohort structure of Brandt's vole: Implication of their adaptation to food shortage

Livestock grazing has been demonstrated to affect the population abundance of small rodents in grasslands, but the causative mechanism of grazing on demographic parameters, particularly the age structure and sex ratio, is rarely investigated. In this study, we examined the effects of sheep grazing on the cohort structure and sex ratio of Brandt's vole (Lasiopodomys brandtii) in Inner Mongolia of China by using large manipulative experimental enclosures during 2010–2013. Our results indicated that sheep grazing significantly decreased the proportion of the spring‐born cohort, but increased the proportion of the summer‐born cohort. Grazing increased the proportion of males in both spring and summer cohorts. In addition, we found a negative relation between population density and the proportion of the overwinter cohort. Our results suggest that a shift in the cohort structure and the sex ratio may be an important strategy for small rodents to adapt to changes in food resources resulting from livestock grazing.     

Current prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs, cats and humans from the island of Gran Canaria, Spain

The island of Gran Canaria is a hyperendemic area for canine dirofilariasis. The aim of the present study was to provide data on Dirofilaria immitis in dogs, cats, and humans on this island in 2010. The data confirms the prevalence in the overall canine population (19%), with a considerably higher prevalence (43%) in the autochthonous breed of Canarian Warren hound. The prevalence in the feline population (33%) is higher than that of the canine population, and the existence of specific D. immitis antibodies in the inhabitants of the island of Gran Canaria (12%) is confirmed. In both cats and humans, the prevalence, according to the different climate areas on the island, is related to the prevalence of D. immitis in dogs in the same area, which shows the key epidemiological role played by the canine host with regard to the transmission to other hosts of D. immitis.     

开放种群数量调查中标志释放法

本文于简述单次标志的捕捉再捕捉方法及其在应用时可能出现的问题之后，着重介绍开放种群的多次捕捉、标志的Ｊｏｌｌｙ－Ｓｅｌｅｒ标志释放法，指出由于对野生动物的数量调查很难忽略死亡、迁入、迁出等因素，即只能在开放种群中进行，因此本方法将更为实用、且能得到不同时期的数量动态，存活率，迁入个体数等极有价值的种群参数，值得向广大动物学工作者推荐。     

长期刈割及围栏封育方式对大油芒种群构件特征的影响

对松嫩平原长期刈割和围栏封育利用方式下的大油芒（Spodiopogon sibiricus）种群构件特征进行了研究,结果表明,2种利用方式下,大油芒种群分株由2~3个龄级构成,根茎由3~4个龄级构成,均呈增长型年龄结构。长期刈割方式下,潜在种群由苗和芽组成,而围栏封育方式下仅存在芽构件。在2种利用方式下,分株生产力、根茎贮藏力、分株和根茎的营养繁殖力均以年轻龄级最高。相对于围栏封育方式,长期刈割促进了苗的输出,增加了根茎营养繁殖力,但整体上使大油芒种群分株数量和生物量、根茎长度和生物量、分株生产力和总芽数显著降低。因此,长期刈割对大油芒种群的维持和更新产生不利影响。     

Completeness of the dog registry and estimation of the dog population size in a densely populated area of Rome

In most European countries, registration and identification of dogs is compulsory. In Italy, the national dog registry is composed of regional dog registries. Although dog registries have been established for many years, the issue related to completeness of data has not been addressed so far. The objective of this study was twofold: first to assess the completeness of data of the dog registry through telephone interview of a sample of dog owners drawn from the dog registry, then to estimate the total owned dog population in 4 boroughs of Rome. For the second objective, a capture–recapture method was applied using data from the dog registry and data from a face-to-face questionnaire submitted to people waiting in the sitting room of 5 points of access for booking and payment of primary and specialist care. Different scenarios are proposed to verify the assumptions of the estimation procedure and potential biases are discussed. The completeness of data of the dog registry was 88.9% (95% CI: 85.8–91.9%) and the owned-dog population was estimated at 26,244 dogs (95% CI: 24,110–28,383). The dog registry is an important source of information especially when it is properly updated and completeness of data is known.