Microstructure of feather of red crowned crane (Grus japonensis)

Through scanning electron microscope, various types of feathers in various parts of red-crown crane—a kind of rare and precious bird were observed micrographically. It was shown in the result that in different type of feather, the barbules show a great variation in their morphology and structure. This observation can be a basic reference for the taxonomy using the feather structure and the study of systematic relationship.     

MICROSTRUCTURE OF FEATHER OF RED CROWNED CRANE (GRUS JAPONENSIS)

lNTR0DUCTIONFeathersarethemostc0mplexcuticularderivativesoftheintegumentofbirds.Theirdifferentpartsdisplayanenormousvarietyofmodifications.Thisdifferencenotonlyshot`-sonthemorphology0ffeathcrs,butals0,moresignificantly,ontheirmicrostructtires.Themacroscopicandmicroscopicdifferencesintl1emorphologyandstructUreoffeathersaredifferentforvariousclassificationgroups,andeveryclassificationgrouphasitscharacteristicfeathersmictUres,eveninasPeciesofbird,therearedifferenttyPcsoffeatl1ers.Allthesepr…     

黑翅长脚鹬与环颈鸻卵壳超微结构研究

2007年9月至2008年8月,利用扫描电镜对从黄河三角洲自然保护区采集的黑翅长脚鹬(Himantopus himantopus)和环颈鸻(Charadrius alexandrinus)卵壳超微结构进行了比较研究。结果显示,两类鸟卵卵壳结构在海绵层小孔数,小孔直径,卵壳气孔数,壳膜纤维以及横断面厚度方面都存在显著差异。黑翅长脚鹬海绵层小孔密度较低但直径较大,两种鸟类气孔结构类似但黑翅长脚鹬卵壳的气孔密度较高且直径较小,两种鸟类壳膜的纤维结构和排列形式很接近,但黑翅长脚鹬的壳膜纤维较环颈鸻的纤维略粗,环颈鸻卵壳的厚度比黑翅长脚鹬略厚。就同种鸟类而言,卵壳外表面气孔密度由高到低依次为:尖端,赤道面,钝端;气孔直径没有明显差异;外壳膜的纤维排列较内壳膜致密。内壳膜上的纤维有球状的或棒状的突起。     

鸟类羽被防水性能的形态学基础

提出用水-羽毛接触点密度(Dp)的指标来描述鸟类廓羽表面的防水性能。29种鸟类胸部廓羽的检测表明,除了极少数物种以外,陆禽的Dp较小,涉禽和潜水鸟类的Dp居中,而游禽的Dp较大。这表明鸟类通过羽毛微观结构的变化来使羽毛具有相应水平的防水性能。因此,Dp是一个连接羽毛结构和功能的指标,对鸟类的适应性进化的研究具有重要意义。图3表1参9。     

Application of molted feathers as noninvasive samples to studies on the genetic structure of pigeons (Aves: Columbidae)

The application of molted feathers as noninvasive samples for studies on the genetic structure of pigeons (Aves: Columbidae) was examined using a newly developed universal primer set for the hypervariable left domain of mitochondrial control region, SXL0 and KXH5. The feathers of pigeons with downy barbs are easier to find and identify than those of smaller species. Thirty-four feather samples from eight taxa, which included five species from three distant genera, were used to test the universality of the primer set and the intraspecific variability of the target region. Approximately 500 base pairs of the target region were able to be amplified and sequenced for 33 samples from all eight taxa. For most of the multisampled taxa, the target region was highly variable, and was suitable for studies on genetic structure. The use of molted feathers along with this universal primer set would be a powerful tool to overview the genetic structure of pigeon species, because of its easy and noninvasive sampling method and readiness for subsequent genetic analysis.     

Evaluation of chemical treatments on dimensional stabilization of archeological waterlogged hardwoods obtained from the Thang Long Imperial Citadel site,Vietnam

In this article, the conservation of seven archeological waterlogged woods (WW) with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000, trehalose, and feather keratin was investigated. The results showed that the dimensional stability of WWs significantly improved after the different treatments. The anti-shrink efficiency values of the WWs treated with keratin ranged between 72.5 and 96.2% depending on the species and degree of wood degradation. These values varied from 82.4 to 96.9% for the WWs treated with PEG or trehalose. Microscopic observations showed that the chemically-treated woods maintained their original cell structures, forms, and shapes. It was also revealed that the reinforcement of cell walls by the feather keratin treatment was different from those observed for the PEG or trehalose treatments. It was observed that PEG and trehalose primarily filled the wood voids, while keratin predominantly absorbed on the cell walls and middle lamellae. Based on the improved dimensional stability of wood, shortened impregnation time, removability of chemical, and esthetic results obtained from the treatment, keratin showed a good performance in average as a preservation agent.     

Factors affecting changes in a landscape structure dominated by both primary and coppice forests in theFagus crenata forest region of central Japan

In order to clarify the effects of both the social and natural environment on the changes in landscape structure we analyzed landscape elements using aerial photographs taken in different years in the primary and coppice forests in theFagus crenata forest region of central Japan. The present landscape diversity calculated by Shannon's diversity index (H′) appeared to be higher than that observed in photographs from the earlier year. The site with no residential areas and dominated by primary forests had a lower level of landscape diversity than the site which included some residential areas and coppice forests. These results show that the intensity of human activities contributes to changes in landscape diversity. The landscape diversity on private land was higher than that in the national forest, and the changes in landscape structure in the national forest were different from those seen on private land. This suggests that land ownership significantly affects the changes in landscape structure. Topographic factors also affect the changes in landscape structure. Consequently, not only the natural environment (topography), but also the social environment (intensity of human activity and land ownership) strongly influence the changes in landscape structure.     

稠李巢蛾生物学特性研究

稠李巢蛾是一种食叶害虫,以幼虫取食嫩芽、嫩叶为害,在海拉尔地区1年发生1代.主要为害稠李、杜梨、苹果等植物的叶片.以幼龄幼虫在卵壳覆盖物下越冬.     

应用带权重的 TOPSIS 法的丛植植物视觉观赏性量化研究

为避免城市更新中出现的对丛植植物的反复不合理更新， 以丛植植物的视觉观赏性为对象，从尺度适宜性、种类丰富性、 结构丰富性、视觉复杂性和色彩丰富性 5 项量化指标出发提出 9 项影响因子，构建评价体系，并采用基于熵权法的 TOPSIS 法对 51 个样本进行综合量化研究。结果显示：在对丛植植物的视觉观 赏性影响程度上，矮灌木类地被植物体积占有率的影响最大，而 视觉熵的影响最小；在配置手法上，与多元素搭配的丛植植物的 观赏性优于与单元素搭配的丛植植物；与单元素搭配的类型中， 纯植物搭配的视觉观赏性优于植物与地形、建筑、道路的搭配。     

The National Forest Programme in the light of Austria's law and political culture

This paper analyses the existing legal framework and political culture in Austria with regard to the procedural elements and output of a National Forest Programme (NFP). The procedural elements of a NFP have been defined by international organisations in the Rio follow-up process. The output of a NFP relates to the goal of the sustainable management, conservation and sustainable development of forests. At present there is no NFP in Austria. For the procedural elements of participation, intersectoral co-ordination and long-term, iterative and adaptive planning a weak legal framework exists that has so far impeded NFP formation. Regarding the output of a NFP, the Austrian Forest Act and other forest regulations focus strongly on timber production rather than ecological, social and cultural goals. On account of these shortcomings, the process and output of a substantive NFP requires some changes in Austria's legal framework and political culture. The corporatist structure of the Austrian forestry sector appears to be the central explicative variable for the weak shaping of most of the NFP elements in legislation and practice.     

福建永春油杉天然林群落结构及物种多样性研究

在对福建永春油杉天然林群落系统调查的基础上,对该群落的植物区系成分、结构特征和物种多样性进行了研究.结果表明：该群落共有维管束植物131种,隶属于60科111属 .包括藤本植物在内的高位芽植物占总数的71.75%,区系组成以泛热带成分较高 ,群落结构较为复杂.物种多样性指数（Shannon-Wiener指数）以草本层最高,为2.245 1.     

Effects of seedbed substrate on moisture conditions and germination of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seeds in a mixed conifer stand

The objective of this investigation was to comparemoisture conditions and Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) seed germination percentages in fourtypes of seedbed substrates, (i.e., feather mosses,mineral soil, humus, and ground organic material). Twoexperiments were conducted, with and withoutirrigation, in the summer of 1996 in a stand innorthern Sweden. The moisture conditions weredetermined by periodically weighing seedsamples. When plots were not irrigated, no seedsgerminated, probably because conditions were too dryin the seedbeds, as indicated by the low seed moisturecontent (under 15%). However, during rainy days, seedmoisture contents were relatively high (20–45%). Onthe irrigated plots the seeds germinated on allseedbed substrates, with the best germinationoccurring in humus (about 40%). Seed moisturecontents were high and relatively consistent in allirrigated seedbed substrates (35–55%). Inirrigated plots temperature rather than moisture, wasa limiting factor, and germination was highest in thewarmest seedbed types which are generally regarded aspoor germination substrates. We suggest that seedbedsin areas scheduled for harvesting be prepared in thestand before clear-cutting, and that the preparationshould enhance not only the substrates's water-holdingcapacity, but its thermal conductivity as well.     

元江自然保护区中山湿性常绿阔叶林植物区系初步研究

元江自然保护区还保留一定面积的中山湿性常绿阔叶林。在群落植物区系的分析上,热带性质的属多于温带性质的属,显示该保护区的中山湿性常绿阔叶林在属的水平上具有较强的热带性质。从种的结构分析看,只有热带亚洲成分、中国-喜马拉雅成分及中国特有成分能够贯穿于群落各层次之中;其种的区系成分以中国-喜马拉雅和中国特有成分占优势,同时热带亚洲成分也占有相当的比例,说明该植物区系具有由亚热带向温带过渡的性质;而中国特有种的进一步分析,表明本保护区中山湿性常绿阔叶林的构成种类主要起源于云南和我国南方地区。群落中温带性质的种比热带性质的种多,说明在本区山地条件下,在该群落中形成和迁入大量温带的种类。     

A NMR study of water distribution in hardwoods at several equilibrium moisture contents

The water state of one tropical (Robinia coccinea) and two temperate (Acer saccharum and Fagus grandifolia) hardwoods was determined at different equilibrium moisture contents (EMC) during desorption at 25°C. NMR technique was used to separate different components of water in wood. The species studied presented different structures, which were apparent on the spin–spin relaxation T₂ values. Three different water components were separated: slow T₂ (liquid water in vessel elements), medium T₂ (liquid water in fiber and parenchyma elements) and fast T₂ (bound or cell wall water). The NMR results showed that even at equilibrated conditions a region exists where loss of liquid water and bound water takes place simultaneously. This region will vary according to the wood structure. Finally, liquid water was present at EMC lower than the fiber saturation point, which contradicts the concept of this point when considered as a bulk property of wood.     

拉市海越冬末期斑头雁行为的初步研究

2004年2月18日～3月14对在拉市海越冬斑头雁的行为进行了研究，采用瞬时扫描方法进行行为取样，并对其在越冬地的行为进行观察记录。结果表明：斑头雁通常是早上7：30后飞离夜栖地，傍晚19：30以后从主要活动地飞回夜栖地。观察后期(3月7～13日)与观察前期(2月18～25日)相比，其飞离夜栖地的时间提前约20分钟，而从觅食地飞回夜栖地的时间则要晚10～25分钟。斑头雁无论取食还是夜栖，都喜集群，通常还有其他鸟类与斑头雁混群，如赤麻鸭等。3月初，有部分斑头雁开始北迁，大部分北迁是在3月中旬。越冬末期斑头雁行为时间的分配率为取食35．01％、静栖34．95％、警戒13．88％、运动8．35％、理羽6．77％、饮水0．63％、社群行为0．41％，所占比例依次减少。经对斑头雁在陆地和水域生境中的行为样本分别进行计算，表明斑头雁在这两种生境中有不同的行为时间分配模式。在陆地里，斑头雁的主要行为是取食(约占47％)，而在水域中，斑头雁的主要行为是静栖(约占46％)，表明斑头雁的食物主要是从陆地中获取。在一天中，斑头雁的不同行为出现的高峰时间不同，取食高峰时间和警戒高峰时间在早上9：00至10：00和傍晚17：30～19：15；静栖高峰时间在14：00～17：00；运动高峰时间在10：30～12：30；理羽高峰时间在14：30～17：00。     

Stress relaxation of wood during elevating and lowering processes of temperature and the set after relaxation II: consideration of the mechanism and simulation of stress relaxation behavior using a viscoelastic model

Previously we showed that the relaxation modulusEt of water-saturated wood during temperature reduction maintained its initial value despite the decrease in temperature, although during temperature elevationEt showed a marked decrease. In the present study, to clarify the mechanism of relaxation during temperature elevation and reduction, Young's modulus was measured in stress relaxation experiments with changes in temperature, and relaxation behavior was simulated using a Maxwell model consisting of five elements. Furthermore, the dynamic Young's modulus and dynamic loss modulus were measured during both temperature elevation and reduction. The results obtained suggested that the unique relaxation behavior during temperature reduction was caused by decreases in Young's modulus and coefficient of viscosity (i.e., an increase in fluidity) compared with those during elevation of temperature. The decrease in Young's modulus and increase in fluidity were considered to be due to an unstable structure in wood that occurred during temperature reduction. This unstable structure probably develops in the nonequilibrium state of temperature toward a true equilibrium state. Wood should be more unstable during temperature reduction than during temperature elevation because of the decrease in molecular motion when the temperature is lowered.Part of this report was presented at the 49th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 1999     

缺苞箭竹养分含量动态特征的研究

本项研究对缺苞箭竹不同器官不同月份的氮、磷和钾的含量分布和动态特征进行了测定和分析。结果表明:不同器官之间的养分含量差异很大。叶片的氮、磷含量此其它器官高出两倍或两倍以上。笋是含钾量最高的器官,地下茎和二年以上的秆最低。三种主要营养元素在各月的变化规律大体相似,尤其氮、磷在相同器官中的动态特征极为一致。幼嫩器官的养分含量变化幅度最大,多年生竹秆和枝的变幅最小,多年生叶和二年生竹秆居中。亚高山暗针叶林区较低的气温,是造成林下竹子缺乏磷素的主要原因。     

酸雨对土壤元素化学行为的影响

随着城市工业的发展,酸雨的范围和强度在不断增加,直接或间接破坏了土壤元素间的化学平衡,因而威胁到农业生产的可持续发展.综述了酸雨的污染现状及其对土壤常量元素、重金属元素以及稀土元素化学行为的影响.指出:①碱性土壤的抗酸雨淋溶能力大于中、酸性土壤;②土壤元素的淋溶量一般随酸雨的酸度和淋洗量的增加而上升,其中可交换态金属元素的敏感性显著高于其它形态;③酸雨促进土壤金属元素淋溶的最终结果,一是减轻了重金属对土壤生态系统的污染压力,二是导致植物生长所必需的盐基离子缺乏;④土壤中N,S,P元素的形态和有效性受胶体吸附和微生物转化等多因素的共同影响,在酸雨污染下的变化趋势尚难定论;⑤稀土元素在酸雨条件下的淋失将有利于富稀土地区植物的生长.     

青海云杉林森林群落营养元素含量研究

本文对祁连山（北坡）寺大隆林区青海云杉森林群落进行了定位观测研究。主要测定了该系统乔木层、下木层（活地被物层）、枯落物层以及土壤中营养元素的含量，分析说明了９种养分元素在林木各器官中的含量及变化规律。研究结果对该森林生态系统的结构、功能及经营都有一定的现实指导意义。     

森林蔬菜黄藤笋的营养成分分析及评价

黄藤是我国特有的一种棕榈藤,它的藤茎嫩梢(藤笋)很早就被原产地居民所食用．分析评价了黄藤笋的营养成分,并与其它几类蔬菜进行了比较．结果显示:黄藤笋中的蛋白质含量高达20．2％,仅略低于绿叶菜类蔬菜(23．8％),高于葱蒜类(13．89％)、瓜类(17．82％)、根菜类(12．98％)、薯芋类(11．41％)蔬菜．脂肪含量为0．221％,低于上述几类藏菜．黄藤笋中含有丰富的矿质元素,其中钙含量最高(0．824％),其次为磷和镁,含量分别为0．547％和2780mg／kg．黄藤笋中含有17种氨基酸,总量为224．5mg／g,其中人体必需氨基酸8种,占氨基酸总量的52．69％．采用氨基酸比值系数法对黄藤笋中的蛋白质营养价值进行了评价,氨基酸比值系数分为75．23,营养价值优于韭菜(69．80)、菠菜(66．77)和苋菜(61．88)等常见蔬菜．