匈牙利刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)改良的繁殖方法(英文)

在匈牙利,匈牙利刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)是重要的成林树种之一,且该树种的重要性在世界其它国家也日益增加。该树种的生产通常有两种方法:种子和根插条。组织培养对该种来说是一种相对较新的方法。对于在各种环境条件下大规模地生产苗木来说,种子栽培是相对简单的方法,机械化方法比较容易且生产成本相对较低。根插条和组织培养对于优势个体或品种繁殖是有价值的。利用这些方法,所选出的树木的优势品质可以在无性系得以保存。近期实验表明,微繁殖树木可以成功地移植到土壤中,在野外生长。     

匈牙利刺槐（（Robinia pseudoacacia L.）林的经营研究

匈牙利刺槐（（Robinia pseudoacacia L.)是在17世纪初从北美引入到欧洲的第个森林树种。在匈牙利，刺槐是非常重要的速生树种，为经济和生态目的，可以成功营造刺槐人工林。结合该树种的生长特点选择营林措施，可以最大限度的提高刺槐人工林的成活率和生产力。本文根据林分结构和森林产量长期实验林的研究成果，提出了刺槐林的抚育作业次序。制定好的营林计划和模式将会培育出效益刺槐林，并能使土地经营者更好地接受该树种。同时，刺槐也是一个非常有用的能源生产树种，本文展示了对这方面的研究成果。图2表1参8。     

匈牙利刺槐((Robinia pseudoacacia L.)林的经营研究(英文)

匈牙利刺槐((RobiniapseudoacaciaL.)是在17世纪初从北美引入到欧洲的第一个森林树种。在匈牙利,刺槐是非常重要的速生树种,为经济和生态目的,可以成功营造刺槐人工林。结合该树种的生长特点选择营林措施,可以最大限度的提高刺槐人工林的成活率和生产力。本文根据林分结构和森林产量长期实验林的研究成果,提出了刺槐林的抚育作业次序。制定好的营林计划和模式将会培育出效益刺槐林,并能使土地经营者更好地接受该树种。同时,刺槐也是一个非常有用的能源生产树种,本文展示了对这方面的研究成果。图2表1参8。     

Early evaluation of micropropagated black locust （Robinia pseudoacacia L.） clones in Hungary

In Hungary, black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is one of the most important exotic species, forming entire stands. Its importance is increasing in many other countries. As a result of a new selection program eight black locust clones have been improved for establishing clone trials and a seed orchard. In this study juvenile growth and stem quality of micropropagated clones of black locust were evaluated on a marginal site in central Hungary. At ten years old, the clones ’MB17D3/4’ and ’PV201E2/4’ appeared to be especially promising for high quality wood production under arid hydrological conditions. A tissue culture method can be considered a suitable tool of propagating superior individual trees and offers new prospects for the rapid cloning of selected genotypes.     

匈牙利刺槐改良与经营(英文)

刺槐是 17世纪初由北美引入欧洲的第一批林木树种 .刺槐之所以在世界快速传播 ,归功于其对环境条件的广泛适应能力 ,易于培育的特性 ,结实频繁、结种量大 ,萌蘖力强 ,种苗保存率高而且速生高产 ,同时又是优良的蜜源植物 .事实上 ,很少有什么病虫对其造成伤害 .刺槐是匈牙利现有林分中最重要的成林树种之一 ,它覆盖 2 0 %的林地 .匈牙利的刺槐的木材产量占全国产量的 18% .鉴于许多国家对培育刺槐的兴趣越来越浓 ,在此将匈牙利的经验和研究结果整理成文 ,期望在刺槐课题方面有所裨益     

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) clonal seed orchards in Hungary

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is one of the most important stand-forming tree species in Hungary and its importance is increasing in many countries. The main aim of the discussed new selection programme is to identify black locust clones with good performance and good form for setting up clonal seed orchards. As a result of selection programme 16 new black locust clones have been improved. In spring 2002 a black locust seed orchard was established with the newly selected clones. About 40% of the plants can be considered to belong to the height growth rate class 1 and 2. Hungary was the first country where micropropagated black locust planting material was used for seed orchard establishment.     

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) clonal seed orchards in Hungary

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is one of the most important stand-forming tree species in Hungary and its importance is increasing in many countries. The main aim of the discussed new selection programme is to identify black locust clones with good performance and good form for setting up clonal seed orchards. As a result of selection programme 16 new black locust clones have been improved. In spring 2002 a black locust seed orchard was established with the newly selected clones. About 40% of the plants can be considered to belong to the height growth rate class 1 and 2. Hungary was the first country where micropropagated black locust planting material was used for seed orchard establishment.     

Investigation of anti-salt stress on tetraploid Robinia pseudoacacia

Tetraploid Robinia pseudoacacia was used as a main test material and diploid R. pseudoacacia was used as the control. The indices of shape, physiology and biochemistry, photosynthesis and anatomic structure of the young plants were investigated under salt stress (NaCl and Na₂SO₄). The treatment time was 30 d with an interval time of 7 d. Before and after treatment, the indices were measured. Results show that: 1) the growth of diploid R. pseudoacacia inhibited an evident symptom of salt damage and the leaf moisture content was lower under salt stress than that of control. But the tetraploid R. pseudoacacia was contrary. 2) The relative electric conductivity and proline (Pro) of tetraploid R. pseudoacacia increased slightly and had no significant difference compared with its control, which was contrary to diploid R. pseudoacacia. At the same time, three protective enzymes including perocidase (POD), superoxide (SOD) and catalase (CAT) kept higher activities at a post stage of salt stress to tetraploid R. pseudoacacia, which enhanced its anti-salt characteristics. Diploid R. pseudoacacia was sensitive to salt and had contrary information. 3) Salt stress had little influence to photosynthesis of tetraploid R. pseudoacacia. The net photosynthetic rate (P _n) and intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) had no significant changes, but those of diploid R. pseudoacacia decreased singificantly. 4) After salt stress, the anatomic structure of tetraploid R. pseudoacacia had a positive reaction, including the palisade parenchyma of diachyma, was prolonged and arranged more tightly. The spongy parenchyma was shrunk and was arranged tightly, which was contrary with diploid R. pseudoacacia. These data demonstrate that tetraploid R. pseudoacacia had superior anti-salt performance. __________ Translated from Journal of Plant Ecology, 2008, 32(3): 654–663 [译自: 植物生态学报]     

Establishment of a transgenic system in fast-growing black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)

The AhDREB1 gene, cloned from Atriplex hortensis L., was transferred into black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) by an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The results suggest that stems of black locust sub-cultured in vitro for 20 d are suitable for genetic transformation. The optimum concentrations of kanamycin and cefotaxime were 30 and 150 mg.L-1, respectively. Impor-tant factors affecting the transformation efficiency were studied by means of a L9(34) orthogonal design. An effective system for ge-netic transformation in black locust was developed as follows: the stems were pre-cultured for 2 d, immersed in the Agrobacterium solution (OD6oo = 0.7) with 10 mg'L-1 acetosyringone for 21 min and then co-cultured for 2 d. The selection pressures, changing from low to high, could improve transformation efficiency. The transgenic plants were identified by a PCR method. The PCR results indicated that the AhDREB1 gene had been integrated into the genome of black locust and two lines of the transgenic plants were obtained.     

Comparison of gene delivery methods for transformation ofRobinia pseudoacacia L. by Ti-plasmid

The binary vector plasmid pIG121-Hm carrying the chimeric neomycin phosphotransferase (npt II), β-glucuronidase (gusA) and hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) genes was delivered intoRobinia pseudoacacia L. callus using theAgrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method and particle gun transformation method. It was determined that adding 10 mg/L of acetosyringone toAgrobacterium infection medium and callus-Agrobacterium co-culture medium could increaseAgrobacterium-mediated transformation efficiency. In contrast, particle gun transformation could successfully deliver plasmid DNA into the callus, but its transformation efficiency was lower and gene expression was transient in comparison with theAgrobacterium-mediated method, suggesting that substantially stronger promoters might be required.     

Effect of inoculation with ecto- and arbuscular mycorrhizae and Rhizobium on the growth and nitrogen fixation by black locust,Robinia pseudoacacia

Experiments were made to determine the effect of inoculation withRhizobium, the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebelomamesophasem and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomuscaledonium on the growth and nitrogen fixation of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia Linn.) seedlings grown invitro and in pot culture. The results showed that both mycorrhizalfungi and Rhizobium stimulated the growth and nitrogenfixing ability of inoculated seedlings. Inoculation with all three microbestogether produced the most beneficial effects on nitrogen fixation, mycorrhizaldevelopment and seedling growth.     

江苏沿海引种刺槐优良无性系试验初报

在江苏省沿海3个试验点对24个刺槐优良无性系进行了品系比较试验。结果表明：供试刺槐优良无性系存在着明显的遗传变异，各无性系在树高、胸径指标上差异极显著或显著；刺槐优良无性系较对照(CK)有较大的速生优势：省沿海防风林试验站内试验林各无性系的主要性状指标均高于对照；如东县海堤站试点仅鲁59、鲁13两无性系树高、胸径及鲁78胸径低于对照，其余无性系均高于对照；新洋农场试点除鲁78树高、胸径及小叶槐、鲁59树高低于对照外，其余均高于对照。     

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacada L.) clonal seed orchards in Hungary

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is one of the most important stand-forming tree species in Hungary and its importance is increasing in many countries. The main aim of the discussed new selection programme is to identify black locust clones with good performance and good form for setting up clonal seed orchards. As a result of selection programme 16 new black locust clones have been improved. In spring 2002 a black locust seed orchard was established with the newly selected clones. About 40% of the plants can be considered to belong to the height growth rate class 1 and 2. Hungary was the first country where micropropagated black locust planting material was used for seed orchard establishment.     

Variation in germination character of Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Leguminosae) seeds at individual tree level

To demonstrate the seed dormancy and germination characters of Robinia pseudoacacia L., an exotic tall tree species in Japan, we applied scarification, cold stratification, diurnal thermal regime, heat shock, and/or winter weathering treatments to the seeds. These characters differed markedly among three seed sources (Trees K, B, and I). Scarification revealed that most seeds from Tree K showed physical dormancy, whereas those from Tree B had no physical dormancy. The seeds from Tree I showed weak physical dormancy so that the seeds eventually germinate without any treatments as time goes by. The physical dormancy in Tree K was broken by a long, high heat shock treatment. The results imply that seeds from Tree K respond to fire in natural conditions. Seeds from Tree I responded to a wide range of thermal regimes, except for long, high heat shock. In contrast, most seeds from Tree B absorbed water during cold stratification and some germinated. However, many seeds from Tree B died in the soil during the winter, presumably because of microbial and fungal infections. Seeds from Trees I and B acquired physical dormancy by weathering during the winter, implying that seedpods that remain in the crown function as an aerial seed bank. R. pseudoacacia may be able to produce various levels in dormancy with respect to the winter condition.     

人工刺槐林更新方式初探

本文通过对桥山林业局建庄林场人工刺槐林采取两种更新后的径流情况观测、研究,分析总结出人工刺槐林的最佳更新方式,为刺槐林更新改造提供参考。     

A model for vertical distribution of fine roots in Robinia pseudoacacia plantations on the Loess Plateau

Based on a detailed investigation of vertical distributions of fine roots in Robinia pseudoacacia plantations at the Ansai Soil and Water Conservation Station, Shaanxi Province, a model was developed for the deep distribution of fine roots of R. pseudoacacia, which reflects the growth of fine roots affected by the mixed process of infiltration water and deep soil water. The maximum depth of the distribution h _max and the depth of the highest fine root density (FRD) h _p were determined and the maximum depth of infiltration water supplied for fine root growth h _q could also be calculated, h _q was considered as the approximate boundary between infiltration water and deep soil water in support of the growth of fine roots. According to the model, the soil water of R. pseudoacacia woodland in the profile could be classified into three layers: the first layer from the soil surface to h _p was the active water exchange layer, very much affected by precipitation; the second was the soil water attenuation layer, between h _p and h _q and largely affected by the vertical distribution of fine roots; the third was the relatively stable soil water layer below h _q, below which soil water did not change much. The percentage of infiltration water supplied for the growth of fine roots reached a level of 88.32% on the shaded slopes and 85.21% on sunny slopes. This indicated infiltration of precipitation played a crucial role in the growth of R. pseudoacacia in the gully region of the Loess Plateau. The research of interaction between the distribution of fine roots and soil water in the profile will help to explain the reasons for the complete drying out of soils and provide a theoretical basis for continuing the policy of matching tree species with sites on the Loess Plateau. Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2006, 42(6): 40–48 [译自: 林业科学]     

Plantlets regeneration from root explants ofRobinia pseudoacacia L. by suspension culture

A rapid and efficient method for the regeneration of plantlets from root explants ofRobinia pseudoacacia L. by suspension culture was established. The roots taken from aseptically grown 15-day-old seedlings were used as explants. It was determined that photoperiodicity was necessary for root proliferation, and that the promotive effect of IAA (3-indoleacetic acid) on root proliferation was better than that of IBA (3-indolebutyric acid). The roots cultured in 1/2 MS liquid medium containing 3 μM IAA and 1% sucrose at 25°C under 16-hour photoperiod with 50 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹ PPFD (photosynthetic photon flux density) shaking at 100 times/min reciprocally showed high efficiency for root proliferation. BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) was found to be essential to induce adventitious shoots from the roots, and the roots cultured in the medium supplied with 3 μM BAP combined with 1–6 μM IAA for 3 weeks under the same conditions as in the root proliferation period were most suitable for adventitious shoot inducement.     

Reproduction of a Robinia pseudoacacia population in a coastal Pinus thunbergii windbreak along the Kujukurihama Coast, Japan

We investigated reproduction of the clonal tree Robinia pseudoacacia in a Pinus thunbergii windbreak. Microsatellite polymorphism analysis revealed that asexual reproduction through horizontal root elongation and ramet formation was the primary mode of reproduction in this population. Germination experiments indicated that the inability of established genets to produce viable seeds inhibited sexual reproduction. The boundaries between genet areas were relatively distinct, indicating that ramets within genets spatially excluded one another. Analyses of the number of annual rings and thickness of excavated horizontal roots provided new insight regarding photosynthate transfer through horizontal roots. The number of annual rings and thickness were highest for horizontal roots near the base of ramets and decreased along portions far from ramets. This result indicates that the new horizontal root is supplied with photosynthate from the mother ramet for a few years only, and that resource translocation between neighboring ramets within the same clone ceases after several years. Hypotheses about horizontal root expansion and cessation were considered to explain the exclusive distribution pattern of the horizontal root between genets.     

刺槐种子中凝集素的纯化及性质研究

从刺槐(RobiniapseudoacaciaL.)的种子中分离纯化出2种凝集素RPsAⅠ和RPsAⅡ。种子经磨碎、过滤、离心、硫酸铵分级、透析、Sepharose4B离子交换和SephadexG 150分子筛层析,即可获得在PAGE和SDS PAGE上均呈现单一蛋白染色带的凝集素纯品,分子筛层析测得RPsAⅠ和RPsAⅡ的分子量分别为132000和130000,SDS PAGE测得亚基分子量分别为38000和31000。当2种凝集素的质量浓度分别达到7 80μg/mL和15 60μg/mL时能凝集兔血红细胞,凝集活性均可被L 阿拉伯糖、D 果糖、D 半乳糖、麦芽糖抑制;热稳定性实验结果表明2种凝集素对热处理均具有一定的稳定性;当pH>9和pH<5时,它们的活性都明显降低。     

刺槐高质量基因组DNA提取方法的研究

高效、稳定的基因组DNA提取是进行分子标记辅助育种研究的关键技术环节之一。以刺槐叶片为材料,将传统的CTAB法进行优化改良,结合组织研磨棒液氮研磨建立刺槐基因组DNA的提取方法。将提取获得的基因组DNA进行SSR分子标记技术研究,获得的条带清晰、稳定．表明提取获得的基因组DNA能很好的满足SSR分子标记的需要。为刺槐遗...