基于元胞自动机的小流域侵蚀产沙模型研究

动态模拟和预测土壤侵蚀的发育及演化过程具有十分重要的意义.传统土壤侵蚀模型从本质上来说是一种稳态模型,缺乏对土壤侵蚀发生、发展及演化过程的动态模拟能力.元胞自动机(cellular automata,简称CA)是一种"自下而上"的动态模拟建模框架,具有模拟复杂地理系统时空演化过程的能力.利用元胞自动机理论和方法,提出了将CA应用于土壤侵蚀过程模拟的基本思想.以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区小流域为例,构建了基于元胞自动机的小流域侵蚀产沙过程模型.     

小流域非点源污染负荷流失特征监测研究——以广东省珠海正坑小流域为例

以GIS为技术支持,完成了以元胞自动机(CA)为模型的基于土地利用变化的土壤侵蚀空间演化分析。通过对土地利用规划前和规划后不同利用模式制约下侵蚀发展状况的模拟,预测了不同利用模式中各地块单元土壤侵蚀的发展方向,为评价土地利用合理程度提供了理论依据。     

元胞自动机在模拟土壤侵蚀时空演化过程中的应用

土壤侵蚀作为一个全球性的环境问题已经越来越受到人们的广泛关注。动态模拟和预测土壤侵蚀的发育及演化过程具有十分重要的意义。元胞自动机（Cellular Automata简称CA）是一种“自下而上”的动态模拟建模框架，具有模拟地理复杂系统时空演化过程的能力。从元胞自动机的概念和原理入手，介绍了CA模型的特征及其在土壤侵蚀学科中的应用情况和存在问题，对CA模型应用于土壤侵蚀过程的模拟、预测的可行性和可操作性进行了探讨。     

大区域尺度下地理系统的空间直观模拟与景观演变

元胞自动机（CA）支持下的地理系统空间直观模拟（SEM）,能够以空间可视化方式显示模拟结果,不仅能够弥补缺失的资料,更能够推演土地利用的未来趋势和可能情景,从而揭示土地利用的时空过程与变化规律。基于Logistic回归的CA模型,模拟了大区域尺度下的上海市陆域土地利用变化,并利用景观指标对结果进行刻画和分析。研究表明:上海市城市建设用地面积持续增加,植被面积不断减少,而水域面积保持稳定;此外,景观指标揭示的土地利用空间形态变化过程及趋势,与所采用的元胞尺度有较大关系,即空间直观模拟结果与景观指标具有显著的尺度敏感性。     

试论元胞自动机模型与LUCC时空模拟

对土地利用变化过程的模拟和预测,需要地理信息系统(GIS)等相关技术的支撑。但目前GIS不能完整地表达地理实体的时态信息和时空关系,缺乏时空分析和动态模拟的能力。元胞自动机(Cellular Automata,简称CA)是一种自下而上的动态模拟建模框架,具有模拟地理复杂系统时空演化过程的能力。本文从元胞自动机的原理和特征入手,介绍了CA模型的构造方法,对CA模型应用于土地利用变化过程的动态模拟及预测的可操作性进行了探讨,并分析了其应用现状,存在的问题及前景。     

不同空间尺度上侵蚀产沙模型研究

土壤侵蚀模型在空间尺度上可以划分为坡面、小流域和区域3个不同层次。在坡面尺度上,主要考虑坡面侵蚀的垂直分带性及其相互影响;小流域尺度上,不但考虑坡面侵蚀的特点,还要考虑坡面来水来沙对沟道侵蚀产沙的影响、重力侵蚀及泥沙输移情况;在区域尺度上则主要考虑小流域各自的侵蚀产沙特点及其相互影响。因侵蚀的空间尺度不同,在建立土壤侵蚀模型时,要考虑由于空间变化所引起的侵蚀因子对侵蚀产沙响应的不同。通过分析国内外常用的不同尺度上的侵蚀产沙模型及其最新发展情况,提出模型建立中存在的问题,可以为以后建立土壤侵蚀产沙模型提供借鉴。     

黄土区不同空间尺度土壤侵蚀预报模型研究

土壤侵蚀预报模型在空间尺度上可以划分为坡面、小流域和区域三个层次。坡面尺度主要考虑坡面侵蚀的垂直分带性及其相互影响;小流域尺度不但要考虑坡面侵蚀的特点,还要考虑坡面来水来沙对沟道侵蚀产沙及泥沙输移的影响;区域尺度主要考虑小流域各自的侵蚀产沙特点及其相互影响。因侵蚀的空间尺度不同,在建立土壤侵蚀模型时,要考虑由于空间变化所引起的侵蚀因子对侵蚀产沙响应的不同。     

海岸带土地利用模拟结果对元胞邻域的响应研究

通过元胞自动机（Cellular Automata,CA）动态模拟能够重建和预测复杂系统的全局结构及其演变。海岸带土地利用变化模拟是CA应用研究的重要领域之一。元胞邻域及其组合作为CA的必要组成部分,对海岸带模拟结果有显著影响。以半径为1,2和3的Moore邻域为例,测试并分析了模拟结果对元胞邻域的响应。研究表明:这种影响表现在3个方面:分别是元胞数量、空间形态和不确定性。小范围邻域组合模拟结果形态真实、不确定性较低,但是模拟变化容易过早终止;大范围邻域组合模拟结果形态真实性较差、不确定性较高,但是模拟结果能够保持延续。针对具体的模拟案例,元胞邻域的选择需要结合影响系统演变的全局因素而确定。模拟结果的响应特征不仅适合海岸带土地利用模拟,也适合其他类型的空间系统演变模拟。     

流域侵蚀输沙空间尺度效应及其影响因素研究进展

侵蚀输沙空间变异及其尺度效应是流域水文过程研究的一个重要内容,对流域水土流失控制和水沙资源科学管理具有重要意义。通过对流域侵蚀输沙空间尺度效应研究成果的系统回顾,从坡面到流域,阐述了降雨、土壤和植被等环境要素对侵蚀输沙尺度效应的影响,梳理了尺度效应产生机制方面的认知,总结了不同条件下坡面产流和侵蚀输沙尺度转换的代表性方法。在此基础上,对流域侵蚀输沙空间尺度效应研究的发展趋势进行了讨论,未来应增加新技术和数据的应用,建立具有明确物理机制的侵蚀输沙空间尺度转换方法,同时,急需突破剧烈环境变化对空间尺度效应影响的研究。本文的梳理与总结可为流域侵蚀输沙过程的深入研究提供参考,为土壤侵蚀防治和河流水沙的综合管理提供一定的科学支持。     

对土壤侵蚀研究的几点思考

土壤侵蚀是现代地理环境条件下改变地貌景观的主要过程,也是引起土壤质量退化、沙漠化与石漠化的核心因素,与土壤、生态、水文等多个地表过程密切相关。虽然土壤侵蚀研究需要气候、地质、地貌、土壤、水文、生态等相关学科的基本知识,分析土壤侵蚀发生、发展过程的动力机制,但需要明确界定土壤侵蚀研究的时空尺度。土壤侵蚀与水土保持之间相互联系、相互促进。土壤侵蚀研究的时间尺度以次降雨、月、年为主,研究主题为次降雨侵蚀过程、土壤侵蚀季节变化与年际变化,时间尺度不宜超过100年。土壤侵蚀研究的空间尺度以小流域为主,基于土壤侵蚀垂直分带性,可以进一步分为样点、坡面、沟坡与小流域。在不同空间尺度上,研究内容与研究方法差异明显。土壤侵蚀过程包括土壤分离、泥沙输移和泥沙沉积,各个过程的主控因素存在差异,研究成果积累差异明显,研究重点会随着时空尺度的变化而有所不同。在土壤侵蚀过程研究中,应充分理解分离控制和输移控制及其时空转换阈值。虽然土壤侵蚀研究已经取得了大量成果,但在细沟网络结构及其时空变化、泥沙沉积过程、沟蚀形成与演变动力机制、重力侵蚀发育过程动力学机理、小流域土壤侵蚀过程模型等诸多方面,亟待加强研究。     

基于SWAT模型的延河流域径流侵蚀能量空间分布

降雨侵蚀力是通用土壤流失方程(universal soil loss equation,USLE)等流域土壤侵蚀模型中应用最广泛的侵蚀动力因子,但仍具有一定的局限性,相比之下,径流侵蚀功率可以更充分地反映地表水力侵蚀动力的综合作用。分析径流侵蚀功率的空间分布,以期从能量的角度阐明流域侵蚀的分布情况,研究流域空间侵蚀的特征。该研究运用SWAT模型在延河流域的模拟结果,将次暴雨径流侵蚀功率推广到年尺度,提出年径流侵蚀功率的概念,并研究年径流侵蚀功率的空间分布规律及尺度效应。研究结果表明:在延河流域年径流侵蚀功率的空间分布具有"支流大、干流小;上游大、下游小"的特点;将子流域出口断面控制面积作为空间尺度因子,与径流侵蚀功率拟合,呈幂函数关系,空间尺度效应阈值在155 km2;将子流域出口断面以上河长作为空间尺度因子,与径流侵蚀功率拟合,呈指数函数关系,且干、支流的空间尺度效应不同。研究结果从能量角度阐明了延河流域水力侵蚀动力的空间分布,为在延河流域不同地区进行针对性的水土资源管理、水土保持工程建设提供理论支持。     

Spatial heterogeneity of loess contour tilled microtopographic slope in rainfall erosion

Loess tilled surface is the geographical unit for the quantitative study of the soil erosion process. Contour tillage has been proved to be the most effictive measure for soil and water conservation in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Studies on the spatial heterogeneity of loess tilled surfaces will contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of erosion evolution. For this, a laboratory experiment was performed on contour tilled sloping surfaces where the hydrological-erosive processes were simulated. At different erosion stages, point cloud measurements were made using a terrestrial laser scanning system (TLS); then the heterogeneity depending on detrending and directionality were analysed by both the semivariogram method and the rescaled range analysis method. Results showed that: (1) the fractal dimensions D_S and D_R were equivalent when determined from either the semivariogram method or the rescaled range analysis method, although the semivariogram method appears to be more reliable in identifying the specific stage of the erosion evolution process; (2) the contour tilled microtopographies had an anisotropy behavior depending on direction; (3) the fractal dimension (either D_S or D_R) in different erosion stages was less than 1.5, which indicates that the microtopography of the sloping surface exhibits characteristics of persistent fractional Brownian motion and positive spatial autocorrelation. Irrespective of tillage measure and slope percentage, the sloping surface can be regarded as having random roughness. The results reveals a quantitative relationship between microtopography and sloping erosion. Also, it may provide guidance for further studies regarding the spatial variability and heterogeneity of various tilled slopes on the microtopographic scale.     

The behaviour of soil process models of ammonia volatilization at contrasting spatial scales

Process models are commonly used in soil science to obtain predictions at a spatial scale that is different from the scale at which the model was developed, or the scale at which information on model inputs is available. When this happens, the model and its inputs require aggregation or disaggregation to the application scale, and this is a complex problem. Furthermore, the validity of the aggregated model predictions depends on whether the model describes the key processes that determine the process outcome at the target scale. Different models may therefore be required at different spatial scales. In this paper we develop a diagnostic framework which allows us to judge whether a model is appropriate for use at one or more spatial scales both with respect to the prediction of variations at those scale and in the requirement for disaggregation of the inputs. We show that spatially nested analysis of the covariance of predictions with measured process outcomes is an efficient way to do this. This is applied to models of the processes that lead to ammonia volatilization from soil after the application of urea. We identify the component correlations at different scales of a nested scheme as the diagnostic with which to evaluate model behaviour. These correlations show how well the model emulates components of spatial variation of the target process at the scales of the sampling scheme. Aggregate correlations were identified as the most pertinent to evaluate models for prediction at particular scales since they measure how well aggregated predictions at some scale correlate with aggregated values of the measured outcome. There are two circumstances under which models are used to make predictions. In the first case only the model is used to predict, and the most useful diagnostic is the concordance aggregate correlation. In the second case model predictions are assimilated with observations which should correct bias in the prediction, and errors in the variance; the aggregate correlations would be the most suitable diagnostic.     

流域侵蚀产沙的尺度变异规律研究

 侵蚀产沙的尺度变异规律,是当今土壤侵蚀研究的前沿,它涉及的研究范围广泛,小到土壤颗粒,大到全球气候变化与碳循环过程。特别是不同尺度流域之间侵蚀产沙和输移,究竟有什么样的内在联系,小流域所获得的研究成果是否能推广应用到大中流域,已成为迫切需要解决的重要科学问题。有关流域侵蚀产沙与输移过程随流域尺度复杂变化的研究,国际上刚刚开始,国内有关流域尺度研究主要涉及于水文学领域的一些尺度研究,关于流域侵蚀产沙与输移过程随流域尺度复杂变化的研究不多。作者对国外当前土壤侵蚀模型的最新进展进行了综述,并对侵蚀产沙的尺度变异规律进行了分析。由于具有GIS强大的空间数据管理和分析能力,它将在流域侵蚀产沙尺度变异这一侵蚀产沙的问题研究中发挥重要作用。     

区域土壤侵蚀模型参数选择

分布式水文模型相对与集总式水文模型，以其具有明确物理意义的参数结构和对空间分异性的全面反映，能更好地模拟真实的降水径流形成等水文过程。将区域尺度上的土壤水力侵蚀过程视为水文循环的一部分，基于对水土流失过程分析，考虑尺度问题的影响，对其中部分环节进行概化，借鉴前人对区域土壤侵蚀问题因子研究的成果，分析总结了建立基于GIS的区域尺度上分布式水蚀过程模型需要的参数，并讨论了参数的入选原则及其在模型中的应用方式。     

Gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs

Assessing the impacts of climatic and, in particular, land use changes on rates of soil erosion by water is the objective of many national and international research projects. However, over the last decades, most research dealing with soil erosion by water has concentrated on sheet (interrill) and rill erosion processes operating at the (runoff) plot scale. Relatively few studies have been conducted on gully erosion operating at larger spatial scales.Recent studies indicate that (1) gully erosion represents an important sediment source in a range of environments and (2) gullies are effective links for transferring runoff and sediment from uplands to valley bottoms and permanent channels where they aggravate off site effects of water erosion. In other words, once gullies develop, they increase the connectivity in the landscape. Many cases of damage (sediment and chemical) to watercourses and properties by runoff from agricultural land relate to (ephemeral) gullying. Consequently, there is a need for monitoring, experimental and modelling studies of gully erosion as a basis for predicting the effects of environmental change (climatic and land use changes) on gully erosion rates.In this respect, various research questions can be identified. The most important ones are:

What is the contribution of gully erosion to overall soil loss and sediment production at various temporal and spatial scales and under different climatic and land use conditions?

What are appropriate measuring techniques for monitoring and experimental studies of the initiation and development of various gully types at various temporal and spatial scales?

Can we identify critical thresholds for the initiation, development and infilling of gullies in different environments in terms of flow hydraulics, rain, topography, soils and land use?

How does gully erosion interact with hydrological processes as well as with other soil degradation processes?

What are appropriate models of gully erosion, capable of predicting (a) erosion rates at various temporal and spatial scales and (b) the impact of gully development on hydrology, sediment yield and landscape evolution?

What are efficient gully prevention and gully control measures? What can be learned from failures and successes of gully erosion control programmes?

These questions need to be answered first if we want to improve our insights into the impacts of environmental change on gully erosion. This paper highlights some of these issues by reviewing recent examples taken from various environments.