Early Pregnancy Diagnosis by Serum Progesterone and Ultrasound in Sheep Carrying Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer-Derived Pregnancies

Early pregnancy diagnosis and monitoring play an important role following embryo transfer in sheep. The aims of the current study were to investigate (i) the pattern of serum progesterone profiles in sheep carrying somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)‐derived (clone) pregnancies, and (ii) the frequency of pregnancy loss during development following SCNT embryo transfer. Sheep SCNT embryos were made using standard nuclear transfer techniques. Day 7 embryos were surgically transferred to oestrus‐synchronized recipients (n = 27). As a control, normal fertile ewes (n = 12) were bred by natural breeding. Serum was collected from all the ewes on the day of estrus (day 0 sample), 7 days post‐estrus (day 7 sample) and 19 days post‐estrus (day 19 sample) and every 10 days thereafter until lambing or pregnancy loss occurred. Serum progesterone (P4) was assessed using enzyme immunoassay. Pregnancy was confirmed by ultrasound scanning on day 35 of pregnancy followed by subsequent scanning every 10 days. In control ewes, pregnancy rate on day 35 was 83.3% (10/12), whereas in the ewes that received SCNT embryos, it was 22.2% (6/27; p < 0.05). The day 45 pregnancy rate in the control ewes was 83.3%, whereas in the SCNT embryo recipients it was 11.0% (p < 0.05). Hormone analysis revealed that SCNT embryo recipients exhibited a significantly lower P4 profiles at different time points in pregnancy compared to controls (p < 0.05). This study highlights the use of serum progesterone in combination with ultrasound for the investigation of embryo loss and crucial times during development of normal and SCNT embryos in sheep. Further, the serum P4 levels directly reflect the degree of placental development in these two groups.     

用猪用妊娠诊断剂对山羊进行早期妊娠诊断试验

选择配种后 2 0± 2d的黄淮母山羊 16 4只 ,随机分为试验组 90只和对照组 74只 ,探讨“猪用妊娠诊断剂”对山羊早期妊娠诊断效果。结果表明 ,试验组肌注妊娠诊断剂 ,检出空怀准确率为 92 % (P <0 0 1) ,检出妊娠准确率为 30 % ,而分娩率和双胎率分别低于对照组 5 2 %和33 4 % (P >0 0 5 )。综合分析认为雌激素类妊娠诊断剂不适合于山羊早期妊娠诊断。     

Early Breeding and Pregnancy Diagnosis in Syrian Awassi Sheep Yearlings

Contents
Fifty-nine female yearlings of local Awassi sheep were randomly divided into two groups. Animals in group T (treated) were fitted with intravaginal sponges containing 60 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate for 14 days followed by 400 IU of pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) at sponge withdrawal, whereas group C (control) received no treatment. Oestrus rate was 92.7 and 11.2% for groups T and C, respectively. Lambing rate was 78 and 5.6% for groups T and C, respectively. Twinning rate was 31.3% in group T compared to zero in group C. Average birth weight for single born lambs (4.7 ± 0.6 kg) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than twin born lambs (3.0 ± 0.5 kg) in group T. The average concentration of blood progesterone collected between days 17–19 after mating was 19.30 nmol/l and the accuracy of early pregnancy diagnosis was 100%. It was concluded that, it is possible to induce synchronized oestrus, and to increase the twinning rate in Syrian Awassi sheep yearlings outside the breeding season, using intravaginal sponges and PMSG. In addition, early pregnancy diagnosis could be successfully determined in female Awassi sheep yearlings between days 17–19 after mating.     

采用血小板计数法对绵羊进行超早期妊娠诊断研究

选择70只健康多浪羊母羊,分为2组:经人工授精受配母羊60只(试验组),未受配母羊10只(对照组)。采用血小板计数法对60只受配母羊进行早期妊娠诊断。结果显示,在配种后第7天怀孕母羊血小板数值降低(74±59.98)×109个/L,与未配种对照母羊血小板值相比,差异极显著(P<0.01);检测受孕羊54只,未孕羊6只,经与临床妊娠检查及产羔结果比较,已孕羊妊娠符合率为92.59%,未孕羊符合率为83.33%,总符合率达91.66%。     

B超妊娠诊断技术在转基因山羊生产中的应用

用配有7．5MHz探头的超声扫描仪，以胎盘子叶作为主要的判断依据。对310只转基因胚胎移植的受体山羊进行早期妊娠诊断，对检出的怀孕母羊进行了相应的处理。结果表明；胚胎移植后60～65天试验母羊妊娠诊断阴性(B超判断未怀孕)的准确率为98．1％，妊娠诊断阳性准确率为100％。     

母海狸鼠早期怀孕的诊断

采用MCD Ⅰ型检侧仪对 16 2 0只海狸鼠进行了早期怀孕诊断 ,并与分娩记录相比较 ,其符合率高 ,最早探测宫血音、胎心音、胎血音时间分别为 8,12 ,16d。宫血音诊断与分娩记录符合率在配种后 10～ 15d ,16～ 2 5d分别为 97 7% ,10 0 % ;未怀孕的符合率为 10 0 %。本试验还采用AlokaSSD 2 10DXⅡ型超声诊断装置 (超声断层扫描、B超 )鉴定了已用MCD Ⅰ型检测仪诊断为怀孕的母海狸鼠 2 3只 ,这两种检测结果一致。超声断层扫描最早可在配种后 8～ 13d对怀孕作出诊断 ,故证明MCD Ⅱ型检测仪检测宫血音的效果是可靠的 ,因此 ,母海狸鼠的早期怀孕诊断可用宫血音阳性和超声断层扫描作为其判定怀孕的主要依据     

应用B超探测子叶诊断绵羊早期妊娠的研究

应用B超对26只同期发情配种的美利奴母羊进行了妊娠诊断的研究。选择乳房两旁与膝皱襞之间无毛区域为扫描部位。每只母羊从配种后20天开始,每隔10天检查一次,并于第145天剖腹探查证实结果,以影像显示胎儿及其附属物为妊娠依据。结果,诊断配种后20、30和40天的早期妊娠准确率比较低,分别为18%(3/7)59%(10/17)和88%(15/17);而以扫描妊娠子叶为妊娠阳性诊断依据,相对时期内所得结果比较好,分别为64%(11/17)、94%(16/17)和100%(17/17)。使用两种不同的诊断妊娠指标,以上各阶段所得空怀准确率均为100%(9/9)。剖检妊娠25天的绵羊子宫,肉眼观察子叶的大小和形状已与空怀母羊的子宫肉阜有明显的区别。从而证明绵羊配种后50天以前的早期妊娠诊断可用B超扫描妊娠子叶为妊娠依据,且诊断速度快,效果好,但无法鉴别多胎妊娠。     

Ultrasonic Assessment During Pregnancy in Goats – A Review

Obstetric ultrasonography is the most common diagnostic approach used in veterinary reproduction because it is a simple, reliable and non‐invasive imaging technique. With advances in ultrasonography of small ruminants, assessment of pregnancy in goats is challenging for accurately managing reproduction. This article presents an up‐to‐date review of the use of ultrasonography in pregnancy for the diagnosis and evaluation of intrauterine foetal growth in goats.     

POCT技术在母猪早期妊娠诊断中的应用

<正>母猪的早期妊娠诊断是提高母猪繁殖效率和畜牧业生产效益的重要技术措施,尤其是配种后20天前后的早期妊娠诊断是母猪繁殖技术中十分重要的内容。通过诊断,可以尽早地确定母猪是否妊娠,以     

湖羊早期妊娠的子宫内环境研究

为了探讨湖羊多胎的机理,以新疆军垦型细毛羊为对照,研究了江苏湖羊妊娠43d的子宫内环境。结果显示,湖羊的胎儿平均体质量显著低于新疆细毛羊(P0.05),两者的胎儿体长和胎膜质量差异不显著(P0.05);湖羊子宫质量和子宫腺体内外径极显著高于新疆细毛羊(P0.01),但子宫肌层厚度极显著低于新疆细毛羊(P0.01);湖羊子叶RNA/DNA比值和干物质含量极显著高于新疆细毛羊(P0.01),而葡萄糖含量极显著低于新疆细毛羊(P0.01),子叶数量和面积差异不显著(P0.05)。以上结果表明,湖羊高产可能与其胎儿个体较小而子宫容量相对较大,子宫腺体腔大而营养物质相对丰富,子叶细胞活动旺盛而转运物质功能较好使多个胚胎能较好的存活有关。     

利用Excel 2003线性规划程序优化设计肉羊饲料配方

我国肉羊生产正在向标准化生产方向过渡,饲养标准化是其中基本内容之一,而饲料配方则是饲养标准化的重要技术.基于肉羊营养特点及饲料配合技术要求,借鉴工厂化养猪和养鸡的经验,文章详细介绍了利用Excel 2003线性规划求解功能来优化设计肉羊饲料配方的方法,并以实例加以说明,适用于中、小肉羊场.     

Improving the Reproductive Efficiency, Pregnancy Diagnosis and Monitoring the Resumption of Luteal Activity in Indigenous Damascus Goats

Seventy‐five female Damascus goats aged between 1.5 and 5.5 years were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the intravaginal sponges and prostaglandin analogue on oestrous synchronization and fecundity; to diagnose pregnancy and to monitor the resumption of the luteal activity. Females were divided randomly, during the breeding season, into three equal groups, S, P and C. Females in group S were fitted with sponges containing 45 mg of flugestone acetate (FGA) for 14 days and injected with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) at the sponge withdrawal. Females in group P were given two injections of prostaglandin F2α analogue at 11‐day intervals, whereas females in group C (control) received no treatment. The results showed that there was a significant difference (p < 0.001) in oestrous exhibition between females in group S as compared with those in groups P and C, with means being 30 ± 10, 172 ± 115 and 217 ± 75 h for groups S, P and C, respectively. Kidding rates resulting from the first and all matings were 80 and 88, 52 and 88, and 68 and 80% for groups S, P and C, respectively. Fecundity rates were 215, 175 and 180% for groups S, P and C, respectively, with a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the S and both P and C groups. Using an ultrasound pregnancy detector performed on days 57 ± 3 after mating, positive pregnancy diagnosis was 93.3% and 100% for non‐pregnancy. Females in the control group showed functional corpus luteum starting in September. It is concluded that FGA sponges plus PMSG treatment could be successfully used to synchronize oestrus and improve fecundity; whereas prostaglandin treatment was not effective to synchronize oestrus. It is also concluded that pregnancy can be diagnosed accurately and successfully using an ultrasound pregnancy detector. In addition, ovarian activity in the Damascus goat in Syria resumes in September.     

Influence of Progesterone Withdrawal on Pregnancy-Related Parameters During Post-Implantation Early Pregnancy Loss

Pharmacologically-induced luteolysis or treatment with an antiprogestin in early post-implantation pregnancy in dogs results in asynchronous death and resorption of conceptuses, indicating variable rates of response of individual conceptuses towards progesterone deficiency. This variability also seems to occur in bitches showing pregnancy failure in response to spontaneous luteal deficiency. In a total of 10 beagle pregnancies (two consecutive pregnancies of five bitches), abortifacient treatments beginning on day 24 after ovulation (ov) involved either administration of a progestin antagonist (total of six pregnancies, in three bitches) or a luteolytic regimen of prostaglandin F_2α-analogue together with a dopamine agonist (total of four pregnancies, in two bitches). The outcomes were evaluated in relation to four control pregnancies in two bitches by assay of serum progesterone, prolactin and relaxin at selected time points or within selected time periods, by ultrasound of conceptuses including measurement of uterine blood flow, and parameters of the blood fibrinolytic system including plasma fibrinogen and plasminogen. The process of embryonic death and conceptus resorption was variable in onset and duration both in bitches that received the progesterone antagonist aglepristone (AGLE) and in those under the luteolytic treatment (cloprostenol combined with cabergoline). Pregnancy termination (death of all embryos or foetuses, respectively) occurred as early as day 29 and as late as day 41 after ov in AGLE-treated bitches, and not earlier than day 37 after ov in luteolytic-treatment bitches. Impending embryonic death was not predicted by changes in relaxin concentration, parameters of the fibrinolytic system, or in the perfusion of small uteroplacental vessels.