饲料的简单分类与混合比例

1按原材料分类 饲料按原材料分为粗饲料、青绿饲料、青贮饲料、能量饲料、蛋白质补充料、矿物质饲料、维生素饲料及添加剂。粗饲料指干物质中粗纤维的含量在18%以上的一类饲料,主要包括干草类、秸秆类、农副产品类以及干物质中粗纤维含量为18%以上的糟渣类、树叶类等。青绿饲料指自然水分含量在60%以上的一类饲料,包括牧草类、叶菜类、非淀粉质的根茎瓜果类、水草类等。     

生物技术在粗饲料资源开发上的利用

粗饲料是指总干物质中粗纤维含量在18％以上的饲料,如干草类、农副产品类、树叶类、糟渣类等。这类饲料的特点是粗纤维多、体积大、难消化,可直接利用的养分少。如何有效地开发利用这一潜在的饲料资源,提高其消化率和营养价值已成为牧业发展的一个重要研究课     

鸭的饲料分类与饲粮配合

1饲料分类1.1能量饲料鸭的生理活动需要消耗能量,这些能量都要由饲料提供。能量不足,鸭生长缓慢,还容易发生各种疾病。能量饲料是指干物质中粗纤维含量低于18%,粗蛋白含量小于2%的谷实类、糠麸类、块根块茎类等,代谢能一般为10.45~14.00兆焦/千克。能量饲料的特点是含能量高,消化性好,粗纤维含量少,但蛋白     

常用猪鸡能量饲料的特性

根据饲料分类的原则,能量饲料是指以干物质为基础,粗纤维含量低于18%,同时粗蛋白质含量低于20%的饲料.它包括谷实类饲料、糠麸类饲料,籽实类饲料以及淀粉质的块根、块茎,瓜果类饲料,油脂和食糖等也属于能量饲料.     

獭兔饲喂能量饲料很关键

能量饲料是指饲料干物质中粗纤维含量低于18%,粗蛋白质含量小于20%的一类饲料,包括谷实类,块根、块茎和瓜类饲料,制糖副产品,糠麸类饲料等。1谷实类饲料谷实类饲料在獭兔日粮中一般占20%～30%为宜。我国主要的谷实类能量饲料是玉米,其次有大麦、燕麦、小麦、高粱、粟谷、稻米、草籽等。谷实类饲料基本上     

生物技术在粗饲料资源开发上的应用

<正>粗饲料是指总干物质中粗纤维含量在18%以上的饲料。主要包括干草类、农副产品类(荚、壳、藤、蔓、秸、秧等)树叶类、糟渣类等。这类饲料的特点是粗纤维多、体积大、难消化、可直接利用养分少。如何有效地开发利用这一潜在的饲料资源,提高其消化率和营养价值已成为畜牧业中一个重要的研究课题。目前,对粗饲料的利用主要采取直接饲喂和碱化、氨化处理后饲喂。前者对饲料有效成分利用率太低,后者对秸秆类饲料处理效果也不十分理想。粗饲料     

饲喂獭兔的几种能量饲料

<正>能量饲料是指饲料干物质中粗纤维含量低于18%,粗蛋白质含量小于20%的一类饲料,包括谷实类、块根块茎和瓜类饲料、制糖副产品、糠麸类饲料等。1谷实类饲料谷实类饲料在獭兔日粮中一般占20%～30%为宜。我国主要的谷实类能量饲料是玉米,其次有大麦、燕麦、小麦、高粱、粟谷、稻米、草籽等。谷实类饲料基本上属于禾本科植物成熟的种子。其共同特点是消化能很     

生物技术在粗饲料资源开发上的应用

粗饲料是指总干物质中粗纤维含量在18%以上的饲料.主要包括干草类、农副产品类(荚、壳、藤、蔓、秸、秧等)、树叶类、糟渣类等.这类饲料的特点是粗纤维多、体积大、难消化、可直接利用养分少.如何有效地开发利用这一潜在的饲料资源,提高其消化率和营养价值已成为畜牧业中一个重要的研究课题.目前,对粗饲料的利用主要采取直接饲喂和碱化、氨化处理后饲喂.前者对饲料有效成分利用率太低,后者对秸秆类饲料处理效果也不十分理想.粗饲料消化率低,可直接利用     

生物技术在粗饲料资源开发上的应用

粗饲料是指总干物质中粗纤维含量在１８％以上的饲料。主要包括干草类、农副产品类（荚、壳、藤、蔓、秸、秧等）树叶类、糟渣类等。这类饲料的特点是粗纤维多、体积大、难消化、可直接利用养分少。如何有效地开发利用这一潜在的饲料资源,提高其消化率和营养价值已成为畜牧业中一个重要的研究课题。目前,对粗饲料的利用主要采取直接饲喂和碱化、氨化处理后饲喂。前者对粗饲料有效成分利用率太低,后者对秸秆类饲料处理效果也不十分理想,主要是其化学与解剖结构所决定。粗饲料在结构上主要是由植物细胞壁组成。细胞壁的基本成分是纤维素、…     

蛋白质饲料

干物质中含粗蛋白质20％以上、粗纤维18％以下的饲料属蛋白质饲料．主要是饼粕类和动物性饲料。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.