国内报刊花生文摘(二)

花生荚果发育过程中子叶贮藏细胞的形态变化及其与油分和蛋白质积累的关系/庄伟建(福建农学院),彭时尧,林木山//中国农业科学,-1991,24(3).-8～13花生荚果发育过程中,子叶贮藏细胞的形态和结构皆发生一系列明显的变化。果针入土0～30大,子叶贮藏细胞不断形成分化,体积变化较小,细胞中脂体和蛋白体形成少,而造粉体则形成较多,并大量积累淀粉粒。果针入土30～45大,子叶贮藏细胞迅速生长,脂体、蛋白体大量形成和     

玉米叶龄与叶绿体超微结构和光合性能变化规律的研究

在大田高产条件下,研究玉米果穗叶龄与叶绿体超微结构、叶绿素含量、光合强度和淀粉积累的关系。结果表明;果穗叶展开30天内,叶绿体超微结构逐渐复杂,叶绿素含量不断增加,光合强度处于高、稳时期,叶中无淀粉积累。果穗叶龄40天以后直至成熟,前三项随之降低,叶中淀粉粒积累逐渐增加,尤以维管束鞘细胞中淀粉粒居多。     

小麦穗部和颖果维管束系统的发育解剖学研究

为了研究小麦穗部和颖果维管束的特性,以中筋小麦品种扬麦16为材料,通过光学、电子和荧光显微镜等观察和分析了穗部和颖果中维管束的结构、数目、发育及其相互关系.结果表明:(1)在花后8～28 d内,小穗轴中央维管束被TTC染色很红,随后变浅;从花后第4 d起,小穗轴中央维管束对I2-KI着色,呈色持续至花后24 d,其后不呈色.(2)花后1～6 d,颖果腹部维管束未完全分化成型,花后12 d,较完善的输导组织已发育形成,花后15～30 d,腹部维管束发育成熟并发挥物质运输作用,花后36 d,维管束输导功能已基本丧失.(3)花后19 d,颖果维管束中筛分子有典型的伴胞,并形成筛分子-伴胞复合结构,周围有大型的薄壁细胞,伴胞或薄壁细胞的体积比筛管分子大,细胞质浓,线粒体密度大;花后32 d,颖果韧皮薄壁细胞外形不规则,许多细胞壁突出或内陷,大部分韧皮薄壁细胞核解体,线粒体数目变少.(4)穗轴节片维管束排列为内、外两环,外环的维管束较小,位于茎的边缘,内环的维管束较大,周围为基本组织所包围.(5)穗轴节片大维管束数目从下而上逐减,上部和下部节片维管束下降幅度较少,而中部下降较多,但小维管束数目变化与此相反.(6)小穗轴基部维管束为12～13条,每小穗内的第1小花基部维管束为6～7条,第2小花中为5～6条,第3、4小花中为3～4条,第5小花以上各花中均为3条.     

大豆叶片平脉叶肉细胞研究

大豆叶片的结构由上表皮、栅栏组织、维管束、海绵组织和下表皮组成。Fisher(1967)还发现位于海绵薄壁组织的最上层有一层特殊细胞——平脉叶肉细胞(Paraveinal mesophyll cell),并对其进行了形态和解剖的观察。 Westoa等(1973)观察了平脉叶肉细胞的发育过程,认为它是从近轴原表皮层下基本分生组织第三层分化而来,这一层细胞在发育过程中形成大的液胞和明显的细胞间隙。我们近年来用石蜡制片和光学显微镜也观察到栽培品种和野生大豆(包括在温室栽培的)的长成叶片都有平脉叶肉细胞。在横切片所观察到的平脉叶肉细胞位于栅栏组织     

不同氮肥处理下高温胁迫对夏玉米产量及叶片超微构造的影响

以郑单958为材料,研究高温胁迫对夏玉米产量及叶片超微构造的影响。结果表明,高温处理缩短夏玉米的生育天数,降低夏玉米产量及叶绿素含量。随氮肥增加,高温处理对玉米产量的影响先降低后升高(在310.5 kg/hm^2氮肥下,高温处理玉米产量的降低达到27.2%、31.1%)。高温处理较对照维管束鞘细胞变大,高温处理维管束鞘细胞内的叶绿体出现淀粉粒,对照处理维管束鞘细胞内的叶绿体没有出现淀粉粒。高温线粒体及细胞核(被)膜开始解离,对照处理线粒体及细胞核(被)膜完整,说明高温条件下,玉米对氮的耐受力降低。高温处理叶绿体数、叶绿体基粒数减少及基粒片层数减少,叶绿体面积及叶绿体长/宽比值变小,高温处理较对照线粒体数先增加后减少。高温处理与对照叶肉细胞叶绿体内均未发现淀粉粒。     

17个品种芒果后熟过程中果皮解剖结构比较分析

对17个品种的芒果果皮进行细胞学比较研究,结果表明:不同品种不同成熟度芒果的果皮细胞结构差异明显,随着成熟度增加,果皮中角质层厚度变化不明显,但细胞壁会变薄,内溶物明显减少;果皮中分布有大量的分泌腔和维管束,其数量因品种和成熟度而异;芒果果皮中均观察到有淀粉粒的存在,在完全成熟时,大部分品种的淀粉粒会完全分解,少部分品种还有少量残存。研究结果可为芒果贮藏保鲜、加工、品种选育提供理论参考价值。     

氮肥对玉米子粒淀粉粒形态及分布的影响

以郑单958为材料,分析不施氮(N0)、施纯氮103.5 kg/hm2(N1)、207 kg/hm2(N2)、310.5 kg/hm2(N3)对玉米子粒淀粉粒形态及分布特征的影响.结果表明,不同处理玉米子粒淀粉粒直径分布均为三峰曲线.＞2 μm淀粉粒的直径百分比最大(96％～ 97％),淀粉粒直径均值为N2＞N3＞N0＞N1处理.各处理淀粉粒直径下限均值为0.375 μm;淀粉粒直径上限均值为N2＞N0＞N3＞N1处理.由透射电镜扫描图得知,第一层细胞质体大小及淀粉粒数量说明其细胞发育进程N0＜N1＜N2＜N3;第二层细胞各处理均出现含淀粉粒质体,已不见蛋白体等质体,淀粉粒发育进程N0＞N1＞N2＞N3;第三层细胞均为长条形,各处理含皱褶淀粉粒均已出现,淀粉粒发育进程N1＞N0＞N2＞N3;深层细胞淀粉粒均有褶皱,说明其发育早于第三层细胞.淀粉粒发育由内而外,氮肥可以调节胚乳淀粉粒分布及淀粉粒发育速度.     

甜菜根尖结构与初生组织分化的研究

本文报导了甜菜根尖的结构与初生组织分化的过程.实验观察表明,甜菜根尖的原分生组织有三层原始细胞.中柱和皮层分别起源于最内层和中间一层原始细胞;而表皮和根冠共同起源于最外一层原始细胞.故甜菜根端组织结构属于“封闭型”.根尖的初生分生组织可扩大到伸长区下方一段距离.甜菜根的初生组织在伸长区下方已开始逐渐分化.根冠在胚胎时期已初步形成.在伸长区下方,中柱的外围,表皮和内皮层的分化形成比皮层细胞早一些;但表皮和皮层细胞直到根毛区才高度液泡化.在中柱内部,最早由原形成层分裂衍生的是中柱鞘;其次是原生韧皮部和原生木质部;最后成熟的是后生木质部.最早成熟的初生韧皮部靠近顶端分生组织.初生木质部到根毛区上方才分化成熟.甜菜根的初生组织从它发生的部位起向上一直延续到距子叶节0.6厘米(位置)为止的全部下胚轴.     

荔枝大孢子发生和雌配子体发育的研究

本研究对荔枝大孢子发生和雌配子体的发育,及其淀粉的动态和引起座果率低的原因,作了较详细的观察,结果如下: (1) 子房两室,每室具一个胚珠。 (2) 倒生胚珠,具两层珠被。 (3) 胚珠发育属厚珠心胚珠。 (4) 胚囊发育为蓼型。开花前,大多数情况下,两个极核均合并为次生核。成熟胚囊包含卵器(由两个助细胞、一个卵细胞组成),中央细胞及三个反足细胞。 (5) 从孢原细胞分化,雌配子体发育成熟至开花,约需19～21天。 (6) 胚珠早期退化是导致座果率低的原因之一。 (7) 大孢子发生和雌配子体发育过程中,胚珠内淀粉的积累是由珠心顶端到胚珠基部,由外珠被到内珠被。胚囊内淀粉主要分布在次生核的周围以及它和卵细胞之间的细胞质中。开花前一天的花柱中已积累大量淀粉粒。     

小麦胚乳小淀粉粒是复粒淀粉的结构观察

为了查明小麦胚乳淀粉粒是单粒淀粉还是复粒淀粉,利用电子显微镜技术系统观察了小麦胚乳发育过程中淀粉粒的发育过程.结果表明,大淀粉粒在胚乳发育早期发生与发育,包含大淀粉粒的淀粉体通过缢缩进行增殖,每个淀粉体只包含一个大淀粉粒;小淀粉粒在胚乳发育的中、后期发生与发育,包含大淀粉粒的淀粉体被膜向细胞基质突起,出芽产生许多淀粉体,小淀粉粒在这些淀粉体内发生与发育;包含小淀粉粒的淀粉体也可以通过缢缩或被膜外突出芽产生新淀粉体,用来形成小淀粉粒;多个小淀粉粒可以同时在一个淀粉体内发生与发育;当淀粉体被淀粉粒所充满,淀粉体被膜降解消失,释放淀粉粒到细胞基质中.上述结果表明,小麦胚乳大淀粉粒为单粒淀粉,而小淀粉粒为复粒淀粉.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.