组学技术应用于茶树物质代谢研究中的进展

茶树是多年生常绿木本植物,对种质资源进行有效地评价与分析是茶学研究的重要领域,茶树代谢产物如多酚类、咖啡碱、茶氨酸和多糖类等物质不仅是重要的植物天然产物,也是构成茶叶滋味、香气的特征品质成分,被广泛应用于食品、医药等行业。组学技术具有高通量、高灵敏度和系统性的特点,已成为生命科学研究中的强有力工具,也为茶树研究提供了新的方法。茶树系统生物学的研究离不开组学技术的发展,功能基因组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学等技术已应用于儿茶素、氨基酸、咖啡碱、多糖等重要功能成分的代谢研究。本研究综述了组学技术在茶树物质代谢中的研究进展,对研究中的不足之处进行了阐述,并讨论了组学技术在茶树物质代谢研究中的应用前景。     

基于组学技术探究甜菜耐盐机理研究进展

为揭示甜菜盐胁迫下的分子响应机制,利用组学技术发现并鉴定关键基因及蛋白,迅速给予甜菜耐盐机理新的依据。本研究综述了转录组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学、基因组学在甜菜耐盐机理中的研究进展。目前研究指出转录组学、蛋白质组学可筛选出甜菜耐盐关键候选基因,如BvM14-SAMS2、BvM14-glyoxalase I、BvNHX等,并利用基因组学对所发现基因进行验证。同时,探讨代谢组学在甜菜盐胁迫研究中的应用,以期通过代谢产物的定量与定性测量评估基因功能,为甜菜盐胁迫相关研究提供新信息与新思路。下一步应不断深化各组学技术间的融合,强化多学科交叉融合意识并积极创新,以发掘更多优质的甜菜耐盐遗传种质资源与基因资源。     

先进的组学技术在植物抗病研究中的应用

近年来植物病害问题的频繁发生,严重影响着中国农业的生产与发展。为了提高植物抗病能力,从而抵御植物病害,本文归纳了基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学技术在植物抗病研究中的应用,总结了培育抗病品种、生物防治、植物病害监测技术等方法来减轻植物病害,从分子水平上分析了不同植物抗病机理,揭示相关抗病基因与其生长发育之间的密切关联。同时本文指出组学技术应用于植物抗病存在的不足,仍有一些低丰富度或低分子量的功能蛋白未被成功鉴定,提出提高检测技术的灵敏度、完善基因、代谢数据库等意见。组学技术不断发展与创新,为防治植物病害带来了新的契机。将有助于抗病品种的选育、病原菌的检测与防治和提高植物抗病能力等,从而促进植物生长和增加作物产量。     

多组学技术在红豆杉研究中的应用

组学技术及多组学联合分析已成为动植物分子生物学研究常用的技术手段,以转录组学、蛋白质组学及代谢组学为基础的组学技术,已被广泛应用于红豆杉的各项研究中。综述了近年来国内外有关基因组、转录组、蛋白质组与代谢组等组学技术在红豆杉分子标记开发、紫杉醇生物合成、功能基因、抗寒能力以及紫杉醇生物合成相关代谢物中的应用,讨论了这些工作对红豆杉研究的重要意义,为红豆杉分子育种、功能基因挖掘及紫杉醇生物合成分子机理研究提供理论依据,并为今后的研究工作提供思路。     

代谢组学在乳酸菌发酵食品研究中的应用

乳酸菌是具有调节免疫、防癌抗突变的益生菌,也是食品生产中的重要工业发酵菌群。代谢组学技术已在乳酸菌发酵食品的进程监控、产品分型、风味形成机理等研究中广泛应用。本研究概述了代谢组学在食品与营养科学研究中的分离和检测技术平台以及数据分析方法,着重阐述了代谢组学技术在乳酸菌发酵食品行业中的应用现状,包括乳制品、豆制品、腌渍食品和饮品。未来代谢组学在乳酸菌发酵食品中的研究将集中在功能性乳酸菌的代谢机理、乳酸菌代谢组学数据库建设和扩容、代谢组学与基因组学、蛋白质组学等系统生物学技术结合应用等领域,尤其是代谢组学技术引入腐乳、酸菜等中国传统乳酸菌发酵食品的产品开发和品质监控,完善行业规范并提升行业发展水平。     

现代生物学研究中的“组学”

当代生物学研究中,形形色色的“组学”不断诞生,主导并推动了系统生物学的快速发展。组学研究涉及核酸、蛋白、代谢物、表型等各个层次,主要包括基因组学、转录组学、蛋白组学、代谢组学、离子组学、相互作用组学、表型组学等。该文结合国内外最新研究动态,对上述组学的概念、研究技术及进展等进行系统论述。     

甜菜组学技术研究进展

转录组学、蛋白组学、基因组学和代谢组学等组学技术具有高通量、高灵敏度和系统性等优点,已成为在分子水平上研究植物应对生物胁迫和非生物胁迫的强有力工具。本研究综述了近年来国内外在甜菜组学技术方面的相关研究,包括甜菜在生物和非生物胁迫下的抗逆分子机理研究、细胞质雄性不育(CMS)结构基因和基因辅助甜菜育种功能研究,这些研究对于培育优良甜菜品种具有重要的理论价值。下一步应加强多种组学结合的研究策略,并结合基因功能鉴定发掘更多的甜菜优质基因资源。     

论植物表型组和植物表型组学的概念与范畴

植物表型分析是理解植物基因功能及环境效应的关键环节,随着植物功能基因组学和作物分子育种研究的深入,传统的表型观测已经成为制约其发展的主要瓶颈,而高通量的植物表型组分析技术和植物表型组学研究是解决这一困境的有效途径。虽然植物表型组分析正在成为国内外研究的热点,相关概念仍然较为模糊,阻碍了这一新兴学科的发展。本文分析了植物表型组和植物表型组学的相关概念和范畴,引入了准表型组、可辨识性状、映射性状、植物表型的遗传和环境包容性等新概念,将植物表型组定义为"受基因组和环境因素决定或影响的,反映植物结构及组成、植物生长发育过程及结果的全部物理、生理、生化特征和性状",将植物表型组学定义为"对植物表型组信息及相关环境参数的综合控制、完整采集和系统分析",并提出了植物表型组学的研究范围、研究方向和顶层设计原则。     

盐胁迫下白榆种子萌发期代谢组学分析

白榆(Ulmus pumila)耐盐性强,是盐碱地上的重要生态经济树种,但盐胁迫抑制种子萌发已成为盐碱地白榆天然更新的首要障碍因子。小分子代谢物在非生物胁迫下种子萌发期发挥重要作用,但盐胁迫下白榆种子萌发期代谢组学研究尚未见报道。本研究基于高效液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)技术的代谢组学方法,对盐胁迫下白榆种子萌发期代谢组学进行了分析。主成分分析(PCA)及偏最小二乘法判别分析(PLS-DA)结果表明盐胁迫下白榆种子萌发期与对照相比,代谢物呈明显分离状态。利用超几何检验方法,筛选出45个差异代谢物富集KEGG Pathway,包含44个差异代谢物,在KEGG Pathway一级分类环境信息处理中盐胁迫促进了信号转导,抑制了膜转运;在一级分类新陈代谢中盐胁迫促进了脂质代谢,抑制了氨基酸、碳水化合物、能量代谢和其他次生代谢产物的生物合成。综上所述,盐胁迫下白榆种子萌发期可能通过促进信号转导加速生长,以及提升脂质代谢水平增强抗逆性,从而适应外界盐胁迫,其中油菜素内酯和精胺可能是白榆种子萌发期适应盐胁迫的关键调控因子。     

园艺作物代谢组学研究进展

代谢组学在园艺作物中的应用日益增多,范围逐渐扩展,已经成为园艺作物研究的新的高通量的研究手段,但目前为止未见相关研究进展报道。为了给广大园艺工作者应用代谢组学提供一些参考,本研究总结了近年来国内外代谢组学在园艺作物中的应用,综述了其在包括代谢网络分析及调控、基因功能鉴定、转基因安全性评价、抗性鉴定、品质形成及园艺技术评价、采后处理、品质及产地鉴定等方面的研究进展,并提出了存在的问题和研究前景。认为代谢组学是传统园艺作物研究方法的有益补充,指出整合代谢组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学和基因组学将是园艺作物代谢组学的发展方向。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.