水稻旱作对其生长量和经济产量的影响

1998～1999年，研究了水稻旱作条件下，不同生育时期受水分胁迫后对作物生长量的影响。结果表明：不同指标对水分胁迫时期的敏感性不一，植株高度对抽穗期水分胁迫最敏感；单株绿叶面积和单株地上部干重对幼穗分化后期水分胁迫最敏感；根系干重和根冠比对幼穗分化前期水分胁迫最敏感；幼穗分化后期水分胁迫对经济产量影响程度最大，无效分蘖期水分胁迫对产量影响程度最小。     

不同时期水分胁迫对水稻生长特性和产量形成的影响

通过网室盆栽试验,研究了不同时期水分胁迫对杂交稻生长和产量的影响。结果表明,中优6号各生育期不同程度水分胁迫都会影响水稻产量,减产最大的时期是穗分化期和开花期,产量比对照下降49.4%和30.7%。水稻分蘖期受水分胁迫对穗数影响最大。穗分化期水分胁迫对总粒数和结实率影响最大,开花期水分胁迫对千粒重影响最大,结实率与穗抽出率存在正相关,相关系数达到0.9211。穗分化期和开花期重度水分胁迫,穗抽出率明显下降。在水分胁迫条件下,光合速率下降主要发生在下午。讨论了水分胁迫对水稻产量和生长的影响。     

结实期水分供应对寒地水稻生育和产量的影响

以垦鉴稻5号和垦稻12号为材料,采用负压式土壤湿度计监测土壤水势,通过防雨棚内的盆栽控水试验,研究水稻结实期水分供应对寒地水稻生育和产量的影响。主要结果如下:结实期进行-8~-10 kPa的间歇控水处理,两品种穗长和单穗重增加,干物重和叶面积降低;两品种穗数减少,结实率增加,千粒重降低,经济产量降低。结实期进行-18~-20 kPa和-28~-30 kPa的持续控水处理,两品种的穗长增加,单穗重降低,干物重和叶面积降低;两品种的穗数减少,结实率、千粒重和经济产量降低。结实期进行-8~-10kPa的间歇控水处理可作为寒地水稻节本增效灌溉的土壤水势指标,结实期不宜持续进行土壤水势为-18~-20 kPa以下的控水处理。     

Effect of fipronil seed treatments on the germination and early growth of rice

Fipronil seed treatments were evaluated to determine whether they directly influence germination and subsequent seedling growth in rice (Oryza sativa L). Continuous seed exposure to fipronil (four days) at 2 000 mg litre⁻¹ significantly impaired germination (P < 0.001). When exposure was restricted to a 1-h period 48 h after the initiation of germination, early post-germination growth was also impaired (assessment two days after exposure, P < 0.05). The proportion of seeds satisfying our criteria for normal germination fell by 2.3 and 2.6% respectively across 17 cultivars. Cultivar effects were highly significant (P < 0.001). When exposure to fipronil (2 000 mg litre⁻¹) was restricted to 2 h at initial seed wetting no significant growth impairment occurred. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found between shoot lengths or root system dry weights of control plants and plants developing from seed exposed continuously (two days) to fipronil at rates of up to 2 000 mg litre⁻¹ during germination and harvested nine days after sowing. Treating germinated seed with fipronil for 1 h immediately prior to sowing at rates of up to 4 000 mg litre⁻¹ did not result in significant changes (P < 0.05) in plant growth parameters at either nine or 25 days after sowing. No evidence of fipronil having a direct phytostimulatory effect on rice was obtained. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

杂草稻与栽培稻叶片生长的竞争性研究

杂草稻造成栽培稻产量的损失主要表现为叶片间的相互竞争。争夺空间、争夺光照矛盾突出。杂草稻主茎叶片多于栽培稻,最大叶片长于栽培稻,最大叶片宽于栽培稻,叶片披散,形似杂交稻叶。如果在667 m2旱直播稻田接种2.5 kg粳性杂草稻籽,栽培稻上部全被杂草稻稻叶覆盖,栽培稻植株瘦黄、弱小,茎、蘖逐步退化消亡,造成基本绝产。     

Interaction of a bioherbicide and glyphosate for controlling hemp sesbania in glyphosate-resistant soybean

The bioherbicidal fungus, Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein.) Andrus & Moore, was tested at different inoculum concentrations alone and in combination with, prior to or following treatment with different rates of glyphosate ( N -[phosphonomethyl]glycine) (Roundup Ultra) for the control of hemp sesbania ( Sesbania exaltata [Raf.] Rydb. ex A.W. Hill) in Roundup Ready soybean field plots. Colletotrichum truncatum and glyphosate were applied in all pair-wise combinations of 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 × 10⁶ spores mL⁻¹ (i.e. 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, and 25 × 10¹¹ spores ha⁻¹), and 0.15, 0.30, 0.60, and 1.2 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. Weed control and disease incidence were enhanced at the two lowest fungal and herbicidal rates when the fungal spores were applied after glyphosate treatment. The application of the fungus in combination with or prior to glyphosate application at 0.30 kg ha⁻¹ resulted in reduced disease incidence and weed control regardless of the inoculum's concentration. At the highest glyphosate rates, the weeds were controlled by the herbicide alone. These results suggest that it might be possible to utilize additive or synergistic herbicide and pathogen interactions to enhance hemp sesbania control.     

土壤改良剂MDM对草甸碱土和水稻生长的影响

研究了盆栽条件下,改良剂MDM对松嫩平原草甸碱土和水稻生长的影响。结果表明,施用MDM可显著改善草甸碱土的交换能力和降低土壤溶液的含盐量,与对照相比,经0．90L／m^2MDM处理后的草甸碱土碱化度(ESP)降低了64．47％,水溶性盐中CO3^(2-)含量降低了72．80％,Na^ K^ ／Ca^(2 ) Mg^(2 )’降低了87．20％,土壤的电导率下降了27．18％,此外土壤的pH下降了0．5;改良剂的施用促进了水稻的生长发育,最终提高其产量,与对照相比,经0．90L／m^2MDM处理后的水稻出苗率提高了14．29％,株高增加了36．19％,水稻的单株产量增加了117．43％。     

水稻分蘖期水分胁迫及复水对根系生长的影响

以水稻为试验材料,利用盆栽试验研究了水分胁迫及复水对根系形态、活力和干物质累积的影响.结果表明:水分胁迫减少根系干物质累积,根冠比、根系活力降低,单株根系条数下降,但平均根长大大增加;复水后根重、根系条数增加,根长在原有基础上进一步生长延伸,且根系活力大大增加、超过对照水平.表明分蘖期胁迫后复水对水稻根系形态和吸收功能均具有超越补偿效应.     

Impact of weedy rice populations on the growth and yield of direct-seeded and transplanted rice

To examine the impact of weedy rice ( Oryza sativa L. f. spontanea ) populations on the growth and yield of direct-seeded and transplanted rice ( Oryza sativa ), a field experiment with a random two-factor design that included cultivation methods (direct-seeding and transplanting) and the density of weedy rice (0, 5, 25, and 125 plants per m²) was conducted. The data from the experiment showed that weedy rice had a significantly poorer performance in the direct-seeded fields than in the transplanted fields in terms of its vegetative (plant height) and reproductive traits (panicle and seed production). In contrast, with the interference of weedy rice, cultivated rice showed an improved performance in the direct-seeded fields than in the transplanted fields, with a significantly higher tiller production and grain yield. The results suggest that cultivated rice can tolerate more successfully the infestation of weedy rice in direct-seeded fields because of its enhanced competitive ability compared to that in transplanted fields.     

不同氮素水平与水分胁迫对水稻秧苗素质的影响

通过温室水培试验,研究了秧苗期水分胁迫(PEG模拟)对水稻苗期生长生理特性的影响.结果表明:短期(5d)轻度水分胁迫,水稻秧苗的根冠比、叶片硝酸还原酶活性、根系活力和根系电导率提高;且根冠比随氮素水平的上升而降低,而叶片硝酸还原酶活性和根系活力则相反;随水分胁迫时期的延长,根冠比增加趋势减弱,硝酸还原酶活性和根系活力降低.轻度水分胁迫对叶片叶绿素、丙二醛、各器官可溶性糖和氮含量的影响不大.     

不同生育期水分胁迫对杂交水稻光合及产量性状的影响

对两个籼型杂交水稻B优827和冈优725分别在分蘖期、孕穗期、开花期进行不同水分胁迫处理,研究光合速率、活性氧(ROS)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及其同功酶等生理特性和产量变化。结果显示,轻度水分胁迫下,随着胁迫时间的增加,叶片中光合速率下降、活性氧含量上升,SOD活性也相应增加;重度水分胁迫下,随着胁迫时间的增加,光合速率下降迅速,活性氧含量和SOD活性比轻度胁迫上升幅度大,但胁迫第7～9 d SOD酶活性出现降低。不同程度水分胁迫处理收获后其产量大小分别为对照>轻度>重度。对开花期的SOD进行凝胶电泳显示6条同功酶谱带,并随着胁迫程度的增加其亮度明显升高,而且品种间有明显差异。三个时期抗旱能力比较表明,其大小为孕穗期>开花期>分蘖期。B优827在三个时期的轻度、重度水分胁迫下都表现为抗旱能力比冈优725强。     

不同施氮量对寒地水稻稻瘟病的影响

田间试验条件下研究了不同施氮量对水稻品种‘空育131’和‘垦鉴稻6号’稻瘟病发病程度的影响。结果表明, 稻瘟病的发生程度与施氮量有关, ‘空育131’在施氮量为150 kg/hm2时, ‘垦鉴稻6号’在施氮量为150~170 kg/hm2时, 叶瘟、穗颈瘟的发病率和病情指数低且病情发展进程慢。稻瘟病发生程度与水稻品种有关,‘空育131’的叶瘟发病率、病情指数比‘垦鉴稻6号’高, 但‘空育131’的穗颈瘟发病率、病情指数比‘垦鉴稻6号’低。通过掌握‘空育131’和‘垦鉴稻6号’的施氮量, 可有效控制稻瘟病, 提高水稻产量。     

稻水象甲幼虫发生程度对水稻生长发育及产量损失的影响

稻水象甲幼虫为害水稻根后,导致水稻植株矮缩、发黄、分蘖减少甚至死苗,造成水稻严重减产,本文对稻水象甲发生程度对水稻生长发育及产量损失的影响进行研究。     

Interaction between saflufenacil and imazethapyr in red rice (Oryza ssp.) and hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) as affected by light intensity

BACKGROUND: Saflufenacil is a broadleaf herbicide for preplant burndown and pre‐emergence applications in various crops. This study was established to evaluate the absorption and translocation of saflufenacil in hemp sesbania and imazethapyr in red rice as a function of their post‐emergence interaction and light intensity. RESULTS: Imazethapyr plus saflufenacil provided a greater uptake (30%) and translocation (35%) of ¹⁴C‐imazethapyr than imazethapyr alone. In the section above treated leaf (ATL), a higher percentage of the absorbed imazethapyr (23%) was quantified in the imazethapyr plus saflufenacil treatment after 168 h. Faster basipetal movement of imazethapyr was identified under higher light availability. Absorption of ¹⁴C‐saflufenacil ranged from approximately 40 to 60% among herbicide and light intensity treatments. At 12 and 24 h after treatment (HAT) a greater percentage (15–20%) of the absorbed saflufenacil was quantified above the treated leaf at the two lower light intensities. Similar trends were observed for basipetal movement of saflufenacil. CONCLUSION: Saflufenacil enhanced absorption, overall translocation and acropetal movement of imazethapyr in the TX4 red rice. Basipetal movement of imazethapyr was faster under higher light intensities. Overall, imazethapyr improved absorption of saflufenacil in hemp sesbania plants. Reduction in light intensity resulted in greater translocation of saflufenacil, promoting acropetal and basipetal distribution at the two lower light intensity treatments. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

杂草稻研究现状及利用展望

杂草稻作为一种稻田伴生杂草,严重影响了水稻的产量和稻米品质。尤其是近年来随着直播稻的推广和机械化程度的提高,杂草稻的危害有加重的趋势。同时,杂草稻的抗逆性非常强,与水稻的亲缘关系也非常近,是一个极有利用价值的天然基因库,是水稻育种的宝贵资源。本文就杂草稻的生物学特性、分布、起源、分类、防除等方面的研究做了概述,并对其利用前景进行展望,提出了有待进一步深入研究的问题。     

不同移栽期和灌水量对晚熟水稻生长发育及产量的影响

为缓解水资源短缺,增强水稻种植对气候变化的适应性,2008～2009年以晚熟水稻品种辽星1号为试材,在沈阳农业大学试验基地进行了避开春季用水高峰延迟移栽和减少生育期间灌水量,提高水分生产效率的试验,研究了5月5日、5月20日、6月5日三个移栽期和全生育期旱管理(干旱灌溉)、全生育期15～30mm水层("浅、薄、湿、晒"...     

长江地区旱种方式对水稻产量品质及其生长发育的影响

以籼型三系杂交稻组合汕优63以及常规籼稻扬稻6号为材料,通过稻草覆盖旱种、地膜覆盖旱种、裸地旱种和常规水种(对照)比较试验,研究了旱种水稻产量与品质的表现及其生长发育的特性.结果表明,覆草旱种产量与水种稻产量无显著差异,但显著高于覆膜旱种与裸地旱种.覆草旱种稻米的碾磨品质、外观品质、蒸煮品质和营养品质与水种稻无显著差异,而覆膜旱种与裸地旱种稻米的垩白度及蛋白质含量明显高于水种稻,胶稠度则显著低于水种稻.水稻旱种后,淀粉谱的最高粘度和崩解值降低,消减值提高,覆膜旱种尤为明显.与水种相比较,覆盖旱种后籽粒到达最大灌浆速率的的时间提前,活跃灌浆期缩短.水稻覆草旱种后有效分蘖期前生长缓慢,明显低于水种及覆膜旱种,但最终成穗数及成穗率较高,抽穗至成熟地上部干物质积累量较水种减少,但抽穗至成熟干物质积累显著高于另外两种旱种方式,物质运转率和收获指数较水种显著提高.文章最后对水稻不同种植方式间在产量和品质形成上的差异进行了讨论.     

结实前水分供应对寒地水稻穗部性状和产量的影响

以垦鉴稻5号和垦稻12号为材料,采用负压式土壤湿度计监测盆栽控水试验土壤水势.研究了结实前水分供应对寒地水稻穗部性状和产量的影响.结果表明:结实前进行-8～ - 10 kPa的间歇控水处理,两品种的收获穗数减少,穗粒数极显著地减少,结实率和千粒重增加;垦鉴稻5号的经济产量增加,垦稻12号的经济产量降低.结实前进行- 1...     

强化栽培条件下干湿灌溉对水稻生长的影响

在中国水稻研究所试验场研究了强化栽培条件下干湿灌溉对水稻生长的影响.结果表明:在强化栽培条件下采取干湿灌溉处理,在返青期、分蘖期、孕穗期和抽穗开花期比对照分别节水1.4%、12.4%、9.0%和11.2%;水分生产效率达0.93 kg/m3,比CK处理提高34.2%;干4～5 d之后,再复水4～5 d,土壤氧化还原电位循环变化,有利于提高土壤氧化还原电位,改善土壤的通气状况,提高根系活力,促进大穗,穗粒致明显增加,单产平均提高6.9%.     

不同灌溉方式对水稻根系生长的影响

采用根箱试验研究了间歇灌溉与淹灌两种灌溉方式对汕优10号根系生长的影响.结果表明,间歇灌溉处理具有更高的根系活力,较高的根系生物量和较深的根层分布,抽穗以后土表10 cm以下根系生物量比例高于淹灌处理.这可能是间歇灌溉条件下,稻株氮素吸收及利用率增强,后期干物质积累及产量提高的重要生理原因.