绿茶自动化清洁化加工技术示范研究

针对绿茶传统单机加工的生产效率和茶叶生产清洁化问题,本研究依托红绿茶自动化生产线,对绿茶自动化加工中各环节的技术参数进行过程调控,总结出绿茶自动化生产的技术规程。     

自动化炒青绿茶生产线的设计与应用

以国产茶叶机械为主体,采用面向对象多层体系结构技术的Delphi7.0研制开发出一套炒青绿茶自动化示范生产线及其控制系统。整套设备实现了茶叶加工参数精准控制、加工状态实时显示、加工数据自动存储、自动控制与手动控制自由切换四大目标。在炒青绿茶自动化生产线平台上,对杀青、揉捻、干燥等工艺进行了标准化研究,初步提出一套适合我国炒青绿茶的自动化加工标准工艺参数。     

湘丰茶机4类全自动生产线的开发与实践

针对目前国内茶叶加工普遍存在人员紧张、自动化程度低、清洁化程度低、标准化难度大、与国外差距大等的突出问题,长沙湘丰茶叶机械制造有限公司等4家单位联合开展了卷曲型名优绿茶、扁形绿茶、松阳香茶、条型红绿茶兼容等4类全自动生产线的研究与实践,本文对这4类全自动生产线的工艺流程、特点、产能等方面作了论述与分析。     

试论名优绿茶加工的标准化问题

名优绿茶是我国自改革开放以来,伴随茶产业复兴和名茶创制开发浪潮出现的新名词,含义非常明确,区别于炒青、珠茶等大宗绿茶产品,名优绿茶是采用高档原料加工出的优质绿茶,且具有个性化名称和品质特征,并在特定地域有较高的知名度。经过近30年的发展,我国名优绿茶产品,已经以占总产量38.98%的份额创造了总产值74.6%的效益。名优绿茶已经成为我国茶产业发展的重中之重。名优绿茶是我国茶类的主体,为我国独有,主要供应内销市场。近年来,我国通过引进和自主开发,研制了一大批适合我国行业需求的茶叶加工机械,获得各类茶叶加工机械专利130多项,初步形成了茶叶加工机械的系列化。此外,绿茶加工清洁化和连续化受到行业高度重视,已经形成了较为成熟的加工技术体系和配套设备,开发出了炒青绿茶和黄山毛     

“名优绿茶品质提升技术的示范与应用”项目实施取得成效

依托首批被认定的以中国农业科学院茶叶研究所为牵头单位,由浙江大学、杭州市农业科学院茶叶研究所等单位科技特派员组成的“科技特派员茶产业创业链”,承担的星火计划重点项目“名优绿茶品质提升技术的示范与应用”,10月30日通过了由科技部委托浙江省科技厅组织的专家验收。项目执行两年来,采用成果示范、技术培训、示范基地建立和加工生产线建设等方式推广应用了“品种改良、病虫无害化防治、清洁化加工”等名优绿茶品质提升关键技术。共新建白叶1号、中茶108、中茶102和龙井43等国家或省级良种茶园6630亩,推广应用茶树害虫无害化防治技术面积78625亩次,举办茶叶生产技术培训班57次、培训人员3520人次、发放资料4050余份,新建和改扩建清洁化茶叶加工生产线18条,累计生产加工名优茶663．88吨、产值7460万元、效益增加38％。     

扁形绿茶自动化生产线构建和控制研究

根据扁形绿茶鲜叶原料、加工工艺等特点,以现有国产茶叶加工机械为主,结合新研制的连续理条、连续做形设备,按照模块化设计思路,构建了1条扁形绿茶自动化生产线。自动化生产线的控制软件基于Windows XP操作系统开发,采用Advantech Web Access软件,通过CC-Link（Control and Communication link）现场总线与各模块进行功能交互,实现了茶叶加工参数的准确控制,操作简单明了。     

炒青绿茶自动化生产线中的信息技术应用

炒青绿茶是我国重要的绿茶种类,介绍国内生产的首条炒青绿茶全自动生产线的设计与实现方案.该生产线按照炒青绿茶加工工艺特点进行生产线模块化分割,再通过自动控制技术组合,设计出炒青绿茶自动化生产线.并针对该自动化生产线开发出了与炒青绿茶加工工艺和设备相匹配的数据监控与采集系统(SCADA),SCADA系统依据控制功能要求分为三层:现场控制层,过程集中监控层,管理服务层.该控制系统实现了茶叶加工参数的精确控制,简单方便的人机操作界面和适应信息时代的远程访问技术.     

名优绿茶清洁化生产线关键设备研制

茶叶加工清洁化、连续化是目前茶叶生产发展的方向，对全面提升茶叶产品品质和质量安全水平具有深远影响。针对目前名优绿茶生产中鲜叶摊放劳动强度大、环境卫生难以控制；杀青工序中杀青叶不能快速彻底冷却，且无法及时回潮等问题，笔者研制了鲜叶摊放贮青机、茶叶快速冷却贮放机和茶叶摊凉贮叶槽等关键设备，为名优绿茶清洁化连续加工生产线的研制提供基础。本文对上述三种关键设备的工作原理、主要结构及参数作一简要介绍，以供参考。     

红绿茶兼制型全自动生产线设计与应用

我国茶叶加工生产线种类繁多,但存在功能单一、使用时间短、设备利用率不高的缺点。本文通过对红茶和绿茶加工工艺及设备的研究,有效整合两种茶叶加工原理相似的工序和功能通用的设备,开发出既适合红茶又适合绿茶加工的全自动生产线,制定出配套的工艺参数,并成功地进行了示范应用。生产线实现了一线两用,显著减少了设备投资的额度和占用的厂房面积,最大程度地提升了设备的利用率。     

炒青绿茶清洁化初制技术集成应用

根据炒青绿茶初制加工的技术特点,开展了炒青绿茶初制中潜在危害分析及清洁化初制关键技术研究,提出了加工中环境净洁化、设备清洁化、工艺清洁化集成应用的技术方案。     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

大豆几种常见病虫草害的诊断与防治

1大豆花叶病毒病 大豆病毒病（Soybean Mosaic Virus,SMV）是世界性病害之一。我国东北地区已鉴定的有5种,即大豆花叶病、顶枯病、蚕豆萎蔫病、南方菜豆花叶病、花生条纹病毒。其中大豆花叶病在全国大豆主要产区都有发生,十分常见。     

大豆根潜蝇及根腐病的发生与防治

近年来，随着大豆播种面积的增长，受病虫危害日趋严重。特别是大豆根潜蝇（又名根明）与根腐病共同发生危害，严重影响大豆的生产。综合防治技术主要手段是三年以上轮作，适时播种及种衣剂拌种等措施。     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.