嘉兴黑猪种质资源保护现状及发展对策

嘉兴黑猪是太湖猪的一个主要类群 ,属江海型 ,素以产仔多、性成熟早、耐粗饲、肉质优而著称。主产于浙江省嘉兴市 ,毗邻的上海、福建、安徽等省 (市 )也有分布 ,是我国著名的地方优良品种。1　嘉兴黑猪的种质特性1.1　产仔数多　嘉兴黑猪初产母猪平均产仔 10 .93头 (n=2 38) ,经产母猪平均 15 .0 2头 (n=2 93)。据嘉兴市双桥农场有系统记录的 18头母猪统计 ,平均一生 (繁殖周期 )产仔10 .4 4胎 ,可获仔猪 14 6 .2 1头。1.2　性成熟早　根据 3批次 35头母猪测定 ,初情期日龄为 12 0 .5 7d,体重 2 5 .4 9kg,比外来猪种早熟 3～ 4个月。1.3　杂…     

滇陆新品系猪选育及杂交利用研究报告

滇陆新品系猪 (N1系 ) ,选择D1系 (长白、太湖猪各半血 )公猪和约乌二元杂母猪组成基础群 ,采用群体继代选育法 ,历时 7年 ,完成了 0～ 5世代六个世代的选育。五世代核心群参配母猪 99头 ,2 4天内受胎 97头 ,情期受胎率 97 97%。初产仔 1 1 0 0± 2 1 1头 ,产活仔 1 0 1 8± 2 2 5头 ,经产 1 2 54± 2 83头。同胞育肥猪达 90kg体重日龄 1 84天 ,料重比 3 2 5,胴体瘦肉率 51 2 5%。与英系大约克杂交 ,杂种优势显著 ,杂优猪 1 51日龄体重 90kg ,料重比 3 2 1 ,日增重 84 2 g ,杂种优势率 3 6 2 5%,胴体瘦肉率 57 45%。产仔数和瘦肉率主选性状遗传性基本稳定 ,体型外貌基本一致。已全面完成合同规定各项主要技术经济指标     

胎次、产程和季节对荣昌母猪繁殖性能的影响

旨在研究不同胎次、产仔时长以及不同季节对荣昌母猪繁殖性能的影响,对国家级荣昌猪保种场682头荣昌猪的1 802窝产仔数据进行分析.结果表明,2～8胎荣昌母猪产仔性能较佳,其中5胎具有最高的断奶仔猪(8.70±2.03)头;夏季高温对母猪的繁殖性能产生影响,其中断奶仔猪(7.64±2.24)头显著低于秋季(P＜0.05)...     

仔猪黄痢 白痢的诊治

1 病例介绍 病例1 河北省邯郸市成安县王某饲养200头猪,其中母猪10头,均在2008年9～11月份产仔.2008年9月22日1头母猪产仔8头,产后第2天有5头仔猪开始发病并死亡2头,第3天全窝仔猪均发病,死亡3头,第4天全部死亡.     

仔猪打猪瘟疫苗,须防止过敏

20 0 2年 3月 ,某养猪场对 6窝 2 0～ 30日龄的 70头仔猪进行了猪瘟疫苗注射 ,同时对产仔母猪注射猪三联苗。每头按 4头份疫苗注射 ,共用 7瓶疫苗 ,5 0头 /瓶 ,用生理盐水稀释。防疫后有 5窝 5 9头仔猪表现正常 ,有 1窝头胎母猪产的 11头仔猪 ,在注射疫苗后约 10ｍｉｎ表现出精神沉郁、皮肤发红 ,全身有充血现象 ,伴有呕吐、口吐白沫、全身痉挛、卧地不起和体温下降 ,几分钟后 ,就有 3头仔猪死亡。根据临床症状和发病时间 ,初步诊断为猪瘟疫苗过敏。我们立即用地塞米松磷酸钠注射液对现存发病的 8头仔猪进行抢救 ,每头注射 2 .5ｍＬ( 2ｍｇ)…     

仔猪死亡原因调查

针对近年龙岩市推广“杜长大”瘦肉型猪饲养 ,专业户反映瘦肉型猪难养 ,进行了本调查 ,发现瘦肉型猪难养的主要环节是仔猪培育难、死亡率高。共调查 2 8个猪场 ,母猪产仔 1 688窝 ,产活仔 1 2 82 1头 ,3 5日龄仔猪存活 1 1 0 80头 ,存活率 86 42 %;死亡 1 74 1头 ,死亡率 1 3 58%。在 1 74 1头死亡仔猪中 ,压死 1 97头 ,占 1 1 3 2 %;冻死 1 2 2头 ,占 7 0 1 %;拉稀死亡 (仔猪黄、白痢 ,消化不良 ,病毒性腹泻等 ) 1 2 2 4头 ,占 70 3 %;其它原因 (咬死、饿死、水肿病等 )死亡 1 98头 ,占 1 1 3 7%。由上述调查仔猪死亡原因可见 ,要想攻…     

大黄辅助治疗家畜胃肠炎的作用探讨

笔者在临床上进行了大黄治疗家畜胃肠炎比较试验 ,疗效满意 ,报告如下。1　材料与方法1 .1　病例来源及分组　为 1 997年 1月至 1 998年1 2月在县兽医门诊部临诊的自然病例。根据中西医结合诊为胃肠炎 ,共 1 6 3例。其中马 2匹 ,骡 1 6匹 ,驴 48匹 ,牛 49头 ,羊 1 6只 ,猪 1 8头 ,狗 1 4只。随机分为 2组 :大黄治疗组 83例 ;其中马 1匹 ,骡 8匹 ,驴 2 5匹 ,牛 2 5头 ,羊 8只 ,猪 9头 ,狗 7只 ;有 1 1例(骡、羊、猪、狗各 1例 ,驴 3例 ,牛 4例 )粪便干涩难下 ,带脓血 ,有 3 8例 (驴、牛各 1 2例 ,骡、羊、猪各 4例 ,狗 2例 )便血 ,粪便潜血检…     

13/17易位纯合子猪培育成功

1990年10月我们用2头13/17易位杂合子公猪与4头13/17易位杂合子母猪交配,其中3头受孕.1991年2月相继产仔,3窝共产仔29头,到2月龄存活24头.经核型分析,发现有3种核型,其中13/17易位纯合子猪8头,其核型为:2n=36,XX或XY,rob(13/17);13/17易位杂合子猪10头,其核型为:2n=37,XX或XY,rob(13/17);正常核型猪6头,其核型为:2n=38,XX或XY.     

大通种猪场猪群结构和生产性能的调查

统计分析大通县种猪场530 头生产母猪的胎龄结构,1 胎母猪占整个猪群的31-1% ,2 ～5 胎的母猪占35-5 % ,6 胎以上的母猪占33-4 % ;1 ～7 胎母猪的产仔总数、活产数、死胎数虽然相近,但6 胎以上的母猪所产的弱仔数明显增加,差异显著(P< 0.05) ,离乳成活率下降8-3 % ,差异不显著(P> 0 .05) 。表现出母猪3 ～5 胎时,繁殖性能最高,6 胎以后逐胎下降,也说明了该场猪群结构分布不合理。     

猪胚胎的OPS玻璃化冷冻

以广西巴马小型猪为供体,采用超数排卵技术,采集5~6日龄具有完整透明带的胚胎(囊胚/桑葚胚),采用二步法OPS(Open pulled straw)玻璃化冷冻技术进行保存,即胚胎首先在冷冻液1(TCM199 20?S 10%EG 10%DMSO)中平衡3 min,然后立即转入冷冻液2(TCM199 20?S 20%EG 20%DMSO 0.4 mol/LSUC)中并在1 min内装管(每管含2~6枚胚胎),直接投入液氮保存;3个月后解冻移植给8头受体母猪(每头移入25~26枚胚胎),其中1头怀孕产仔(8头活仔),获得猪胚胎超低温(-196℃)冷冻后代。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.