毒害艾美耳球虫初次感染雏鸡免疫器官IL-2和淋巴细胞增殖功能变化

应用组织匀浆涂片和酸性α-醋酸萘酯酶（ANAE）染色及细胞培养技术和四甲基偶氮唑盐（MTT）测定法对毒害艾美耳球虫（eimeria necatrix，E．necatrix）初次感染雏鸡免疫器官的T细胞比例、白细胞介素-2（interleukin-2，IL-2）诱生活性、T细胞和B细胞对ConA或PMA的增殖功能的动态变化进行了较全面系统的研究。结果发现，E．necatrix初次感染雏鸡，其胸腺和脾脏T细胞比例分别于感染后7～21d和7～24d明显高于对照雏鸡；IL-2诱生活性分别于感染后16～18d和18～21d较对照雏鸡显著升高；T细胞对ConA的增殖反应分别在感染后14～16d和10～18d明显增加。法氏囊和脾脏B细胞对PMA的增殖反应分别于感染后14～24d和14～21d显著高于对照雏鸡。表明E．necatrix初次感染雏鸡免疫器官的IL-2调节及细胞免疫和体液免疫功能均明显提高。     

毒害艾美耳球虫感染雏鸡局部黏膜组织的T细胞百分含量变化分析

研究采用组织匀浆涂片及酸性α-醋酸萘酯酶染色法检测毒害艾美耳球虫(E.necatrix)初次、二次感染雏鸡局部黏膜组织盲肠扁桃体和哈德尔氏腺的T细胞百分含量变化。结果发现,毒害艾美耳球虫一次感染雏鸡后,其盲肠扁桃体和哈德尔氏腺的T淋巴细胞百分含量在一定时期内较对照雏鸡明显增加;毒害艾美耳球虫二次大剂量攻击性感染雏鸡后的初期,上述指标呈现一过性下降,随即开始回升,14 d较对照和一次感染雏鸡明显增加。     

毒害艾美球虫二次感染雏鸡外周血液免疫功能的变化

将180只14日龄雏鸡随机分为毒害艾美球虫（Eimeria necatrix）初次感染组、二次感染组和对照组，应用免疫SPA菌体花环、间接ELISA及细胞培养技术和四甲基偶氮唑盐（MTT）测定法对相关免疫学指标进行了检测，以研究毒害艾美球虫二次感染对雏鸡外周血液免疫功能变化的影响。结果显示，毒害艾美球虫二次感染雏鸡外周血液T、B淋巴细胞数量及其对ConA或PMA的增殖反应和血清IgG、IgM、IgA免疫球蛋白含量均不同程度地高于未感染毒害艾美球虫的对照组雏鸡。证实毒害艾美球虫二次感染雏鸡外周血液的细胞免疫和体液免疫功能均明显提高。     

毒害艾美耳球虫感染对雏鸡免疫器官指数及主要器官病理形态变化的影响

为探究毒害艾美耳球虫感染对雏鸡免疫器官指数及主要器官组织病理变化的影响,将90只14日龄雏鸡随机分为3组,即毒害艾美耳球虫二次感染组(Ⅰ组)、一次感染组(Ⅱ组)和对照组(C组),通过对胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏、盲肠扁桃体器官指数的测定和主要器官病理变化的观察,并对两者的相关性进行了系统分析。结果发现:毒害艾美耳球虫一次感染雏鸡后,其胸腺指数降低;而法氏囊、脾脏和盲肠扁桃体器官指数升高。毒害艾美耳球虫两次感染雏鸡后,其中枢免疫器官指数高于毒害艾美耳球虫一次感染雏鸡;但外周免疫器官指数低于一次感染雏鸡。病理形态变化检查发现,雏鸡一次感染毒害艾美耳球虫后,脾脏、盲肠扁桃体微肿胀,胸腺质地变软、颜色变淡,点状出血,小肠前段肿胀,黏膜充血;镜下可见实质细胞明显肿大,部分细胞核浓缩、深染,部分细胞崩解消失,炎性细胞、红细胞和杯状细胞增多。本研究结果为进一步探讨鸡球虫的致病机制提供了重要参考依据。     

毒害艾美耳球虫感染对雏鸡免疫器官IL-2表达及淋巴细胞增殖能力的影响

为了探讨毒害艾美耳球虫(E.necatrix)感染雏鸡后,其免疫器官白细胞介素(IL-2)和T、B淋巴细胞增殖能力的变化,本研究应用组织匀浆涂片和酸性α-醋酸萘酯酶(ANAE)染色及细胞培养技术和四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)测定法对E.necatrix感染雏鸡免疫器官的T淋巴细胞百分数、IL-2诱生活性、T和B淋巴细胞对C...     

雏鸡感染毒害艾美耳球虫后免疫器官T细胞亚群的动态变化

采用ABC法检测了毒害艾美耳球虫（Eimeria necatrix）初次、二次感染雏鸡后，其免疫器官T细胞亚群的动态变化。结果发现：雏鸡初次感染E．necatrix后，其胸腺和脾脏的CD4^＋T细胞和CD8^＋T细胞于感染后4～21d不同程度高于未感染的对照雏鸡，14～16d达峰值，随后缓慢下降。其中CD4^＋T细胞较CD8^＋T细胞增殖辐度大，持续时间也较长。Enecatrix二次感染雏鸡后，上述免疫器官的CD4^＋T细胞和CD8^＋T细胞数量在感染后2～7d呈下降趋势，随后回升，至10～14d明显高于对照和初次感染雏鸡。其中CD8^＋T细胞在二次感染后降幅较小，回升更迅速，增殖幅度也较大。表明鸡CD4^＋T细胞和CD8^＋T细胞在抵抗E．necatrix感染的不同时期发挥不同的作用。     

毒害艾美耳球虫感染对雏鸡肠道组织热休克蛋白-90mRNA表达的影响

将90只海蓝褐雏鸡随机分为对照组、毒害艾美耳球虫(E.necatrix)一次感染组和毒害艾美耳球虫两次感染组,应用二重PCR方法,通过对肠道组织热休克蛋白-90 (HSP-90) mRNA表达的检测,较全面系统地研究了毒害艾美耳球虫感染对雏鸡肠道组织HSP-90 mRNA表达的影响。结果发现,14日龄雏鸡经口第一次感染毒害艾美耳球虫后0~14 d,其肠道组织HSP-90 mRNA表达虽然不同程度的低于对照雏鸡,但总体呈上升趋势;上述雏鸡于28日龄时再次攻击性感染毒害艾美耳球虫,其十二指肠、空肠和回肠HSP-90 mRNA表达均呈先下降后上升,而盲肠HSP-90 mRNA表达始终呈下降趋势。28日龄雏鸡一次性大剂量感染毒害艾美耳球虫后,其十二指肠、空肠、盲肠HSP-90 mRNA表达均下降,而回肠HSP-90 mRNA表达先下降后上升。结果表明毒害艾美耳球虫感染雏鸡初期,肠道组织HSP-90 mRNA表达受到一定抑制,其表达量与肠道组织细胞损伤程度密切相关。     

毒害艾美耳球虫感染雏鸡泪腺与支气管分泌物免疫球蛋白含量变化

采用间接酶联免疫吸附试验法检测了毒害艾美耳球虫首次、二次感染雏鸡后,其泪液和气管液的IgAI、gMI、gG含量变化。结果发现,艾美耳球虫首次感染雏鸡后,其泪液和气管液的IgA、IgMI、gG含量在一定时期内较对照雏鸡明显增加;艾美耳球虫二次大剂量攻击感染雏鸡后,上述免疫球蛋白含量呈现一过性下降,随即开始回升,14 d时较对照和首次感染雏鸡明显增加。表明球虫首次感染所激发的高水平体液免疫对其二次感染有良好的免疫保护作用。     

毒害艾美耳球虫感染对雏鸡空肠和盲肠肠液氧化-抗氧化平衡的影响

将90只14日龄雏鸡随机分为3组,即毒害艾美耳球虫二次感染组(Ⅰ组)、一次感染组(Ⅱ组)和对照组(C组),通过对空肠和盲肠肠液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量动态变化的测定,探究毒害艾美耳球虫感染对雏鸡空肠和盲肠肠液氧化、抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,初次小剂量感染毒害艾美耳球虫后,雏鸡空肠和盲肠液中SOD和CAT活性及MDA含量明显升高;大剂量攻击性感染毒害艾美耳球虫后,Ⅰ组雏鸡肠液中SOD和CAT活性明显高于Ⅱ组雏鸡,但明显低于C组雏鸡。同时,Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组雏鸡肠液中MDA含量均高于C组雏鸡,且Ⅱ组雏鸡又明显高于Ⅰ组雏鸡。由此可见,毒害艾美耳球虫对雏鸡空肠和盲肠肠液氧化-抗氧化平衡的影响与其感染剂量和次数密切相关,为进一步探讨鸡球虫的致病机制提供了重要的参考依据。     

雏鸡感染毒害艾美耳球虫后血清免疫球蛋白含量的动态变化

采用间接ELISA法检测雏鸡初次及二次感染毒害艾美耳球虫(Eimerianecatrix)后血清免疫球蛋白含量的动态变化。结果表明,雏鸡初次感染E.necatrix 后10 d~ 14 d血清IgG, IgM, IgA 含量开始增加,16 d~18 d达到峰值;雏鸡二次攻击性感染E.necatrix 后2 d~7 d,其血清的上述3种免疫球蛋白含量均不同程度低于初次感染雏鸡,随后开始回升,至10 d~14 d明显高于相应对照及初次感染雏鸡。血清抗体,特别是IgG介导的体液免疫,在雏鸡抵抗E.necatrix初次及二次感染中发挥了重要作用。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.