菜地土壤铅、镉有效态与生物有效性研究

通过野外采样、室内测试分析,探讨重庆市北碚区菜地土壤铅、镉的有效态含量及生物有效性。结果表明：研究区菜地土壤铅、镉有效态平均含量为3.114,0.051mg/kg,生物有效性系数分别为7.7%,25.1%;小白菜可食部分铅、镉平均含量分别为0.123,0.021mg/kg,富集系数分别为0.4%,9.8%;从富集系数和生物有效性系数看,研究区菜地土壤镉的潜在生态风险要大于铅的。研究区菜地土壤理化性质中pH对有效态镉有显著影响;砂粒、粘粒和有机质对有效态铅含量有显著影响;铅、镉有效态与全量变化一致,全量是有效态含量的主要影响因素;土壤类型对铅、镉有效态含量有影响;在人类活动中交通对有效态铅含量有影响,肥料的施用对有效态镉含量有影响。菜地土壤中铅、镉有效态含量与小白菜可食部分铅、镉的含量相关性优于全量的,用土壤中铅、镉的有效态表征铅、镉的生态风险更准确。     

竹笋地土壤剖面的铅和镉的积累迁移及潜在生态风险评价

在食用竹笋地喷施外源硝酸铅和硝酸镉混合物5(低)、50(中)、500(高)mg m~(-2)模拟土壤铅和镉的污染,研究土壤中铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)及其有效态在土壤不同剖面深度中的积累、迁移模式及潜在生态风险。采用铝模块消解法提取、原子吸收光谱仪检测,分析铅和镉在土壤剖面0~10 cm(A层),10~20 cm(B层)和20~40 cm(C层)的积累、迁移及其潜在生态风险随时间的变化趋势。结果表明:第60 d后高浓度污染的土壤中铅、镉的积累在A,B和C层分别为66.20、12.03,52.38、6.56和49.27、2.09 mg kg~(-1);中浓度分别为52.38、6.56,46.23、2.47和40.24、2.46 mg kg~(-1);低浓度分别为49.27、2.09,42.72、2.43和41.29、2.14 mg kg~(-1)。铅含量达到国家标准GB15618-2008规定(小于80 mg kg~(-1))的二级农用地要求,镉未达到国家标准规定的相应要求(小于1.0 mg kg~(-1))。表层土壤的迁移速率最快,铅和镉的迁移主要受有效态迁移的影响;潜在生态风险随着浓度增大而递增,土壤表层受污染程度较强,难以实现自我修复,土壤剖面20 cm以下风险指数较小,污染程度较低。总之,土壤中铅和镉的动态积累迁移及潜在生态风险在A层呈现逐渐降低的趋势,B层呈现先上升后降低再平衡的趋势,C层呈现轻微上升,然后平衡的趋势。为了解铅镉在土壤中的积累迁移模式,快速治理受铅和镉污染的土壤,评价竹笋食用安全性提供理论基础。     

不同改良剂对铅镉污染稻田的改良效应研究

试验于１９９９年在湖南省郴州市苏仙区白露塘镇的铅、镉中度污染稻田进行。设４种改良剂,３种用量水平外加空白对照计１３个处理,研究不同改良剂处理对水稻生长发育和产量以及糙米和土壤中铅、镉含量的影响,并分析了土壤铅、镉的形态变化。结果表明,除中、高量石灰处理外,其他各处理均能改善水稻的生长发育,促进干物质生产,提高产量;所有处理均可在一定程度上降低土壤和糙米中有效铅、镉含量;施用改良剂对土壤铅、镉形态变     

超声波活化风化煤腐植酸对小白菜吸收Pb、Cd和土壤酶活性影响

采用土培盆栽试验研究不同超声波活化风化煤腐植酸添加量0,10,20,40,60g/kg(以风化煤计)对小白菜吸收重金属铅、镉和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:在加风化煤量40g/kg条件下,有效降低了土壤中铅、镉的可移动性,使小白菜中铅、镉含量明显降低;在加风化煤量20～40g/kg条件下,明显降低了土壤中铅、镉的生物毒性,提高了土壤酶(过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶)活性。故施适量的超声波活化风化煤(20～40g/kg)可有效减轻土壤中重金属铅、镉单一污染对小白菜的毒害,从而为铅、镉单一污染的小白菜区域增施腐植酸肥提供理论依据。     

田块尺度污染农田土壤铅、镉和砷含量的空间变异及其对土地利用的启示

为了探明铅冶炼污染区田块尺度下农田土壤重金属含量的空间变异及其对污染农田土壤安全利用的意义,在某冶炼厂附近一面积为4800 m2的农田用网格法采集120个0~20 cm土样,测定样品镉、铅和砷含量。研究表明,研究区土壤中存在砷、镉和铅的积累。从平均污染指数来看,以镉的积累程度最大,铅次之、砷最小。土壤全镉含量的变化范围为1.10~3.84 mg kg^-1,镉含量处于1.10~2.27 mg kg^-1之间的样品占97.50%。从重金属空间分布上看,镉和铅含量的空间分布有较高的一致性,均是研究区北部和南部含量较高,中间区域含量较低。相关分析表明,土壤镉和铅含量之间存在显著正相关(P <0.01)。根据土壤铅含量计算稳定铅时所用普通过磷酸钙的用量范围为0.312~0.419 kg m^-2,平均值为0.367 kg m^-2。根据其他研究者得到的土壤全镉含量与小麦籽粒镉含量的相关方程计算,不同方程得到的小麦籽粒镉含量结果有很大差异,较可信的小麦籽粒镉含量变化范围为0.095~0.814 mg kg^-1。采样区中部为小麦籽粒镉含量较低且铅稳定剂需要量较低区域。以上结果表明,研究区田块尺度下土壤镉含量存在较大的空间变异,且土壤镉含量的空间变异导致小麦籽粒镉含量可能存在较大的空间变异。     

辽河干流坝间耕地土壤重金属污染特征研究

通过对辽河干流坝间10个断面耕地土壤0~5 cm、5~15 cm、15~30 cm沉积层重金属铜、镉、锌、铅含量测定,评价了该区土壤重金属污染程度,并采用地质累积指数法评价单一重金属污染状况与潜在生态危害指数,综合评价重金属生态危害程度。研究结果表明,该区土壤铜、铅、锌与镉含量均值分别为32.42 mg?kg~(-1)、38.23 mg?kg~(-1)、47.35 mg?kg~(-1)和1.625 mg?kg~(-1);铅、锌含量均值在达牛渡口最大,分别为55.54 mg?kg~(-1)和80.51 mg?kg~(-1);铜、镉含量均值在通江口处最大,分别为50.24 mg?kg~(-1)和3.103 mg?kg~(-1)。除镉外,铅、铜、锌含量各断面不同深度浓度均低于全国土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准,镉含量均值是全国土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准的1.70倍,最大值为3.402 mg?kg~(-1);辽河大桥上游干流镉含量是下游镉含量的6.47倍。镉的地质累积指数值在坝间均显污染,其中,辽河大桥以上各断面显强污染。通江口至毓宝台特大桥重金属潜在生态风险指数值最强。各断面镉对多种金属潜在生态风险指数值的贡献达78.77%~98.23%,贡献率与潜在生态危害指数(RI)呈正相关。多种重金属潜在生态风险指数值变化趋势与镉地质积累指数分布趋势相同,最大值出现于通江口断面。     

镉和铅在2种典型土壤中的吸附及其与温度的关系

采用批平衡法研究我国2种典型土壤对镉和铅的吸附特性及其与温度的关系,运用热力学参数△G°、△H°和△S°解释土壤镉和铅的吸附机理,并对镉和铅在复合共存情况下的吸附特性进行讨论.结果表明,镉和铅在土壤中的吸附过程表现出明显的非线性,镉和铅的吸附分别符合Freundlich模型和Lang-muir模型.壤土对镉和铅的最大吸附量和最大缓冲容量均大于红壤的.镉和铅复合共存时,2种重金属的吸附均受到抑制;温度升高时,镉和铅对彼此的抑制作用有所减弱.吉布斯自由能变△G°为负值表明镉和铅吸附反应为自发反应;△H°为正值衰明土壤对镉和铅的吸附为吸热反应.单一存在时,镉在填土和红壤中的主要作用力分别为氢键和范德华力;而铅在壤土和红壤中的主要作用力均为范德华力.复合共存时,镉和铅的主要作用力发生改变.     

不同土壤质地条件下麦秸、铅对镉在水稻-土壤系统中迁移的影响

通过室外砂土和黏土的大型土柱栽培试验,研究了麦秸、铅对镉在水稻-土壤中迁移的影响。研究结果表明,在砂土和黏土中随着水稻的生长发育,水稻植株镉含量逐渐降低,添加铅和麦秸均促进了水稻对镉的吸收,增加了水稻植株镉的含量,且铅的促进效应大于麦秸处理。添加铅和麦秸有利于镉向籽粒的转运和提高水稻籽粒镉的富集系数,砂土中添加铅、麦秸的处理籽粒镉含量和富集系数比镉单一处理分别增加44.00%、36.00%和41.67%、50.00%;黏土中分别增加58.62%、43.00%和46.15%、61.54%。镉进入土壤后会随着水分流动向下迁移,在砂土中的迁移能力大于黏土。随着土壤深度的增加镉含量逐渐减少,黏土在40～60cm、砂土在60～80cm土层中镉含量与对照含量差异不显著。添加铅和麦秸可以降低镉在土壤中向下迁移的能力,降低幅度黏土大于砂土。     

向海湿地河道土壤吸附铅、镉能力的研究

利用向海湿地河道上、下游土壤样品进行了吸附铅、镉的热力学实验,结果表明土壤样品吸附铅、镉的过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附曲线(n=8,p=0.01),吸附铅的能力约是吸附镉能力的一个数量级,下游断面土壤样品吸附铅、镉的能力明显大于上游断面,且土壤样品吸附铅、镉的最大吸附量与土壤中的细粒土壤、有机质和铁、锰氧化物含量存在显著的相关性,即土壤样品的理化性质是影响土壤吸附铅、镉能力的主要因素;同时,根据向海湿地河道上、下游土壤样品理化性质的差异,可以推测向海湿地净化污染物功能在逐渐减弱。     

农田土壤污染的地球化学特征浅析

在简要阐述工业废水灌溉引起农田土壤污染状况,依据国家相关标准作了调查和对比评价的同时,着重讨论了土壤铬(Cr)的地球化学特征和东部地区铬的地球化学背景值和本地深层土壤基准值;并依此为对比标准,综合农田土壤耕作层、心土层、底土层和土壤母质层等土体剖面各层次中的分布特点,作对比评价;对土壤污染源进行了平面和垂向分析追踪;结合当地实际提出农田土壤铬污染的防治对策和建议,为政府有关部门进行耕地保护和环境治理提供科学依据。     

赫章土法炼锌区水-沉积物重金属污染的时空变化特征

对赫章土法炼锌区河流水体和沉积物重金属污染状况及时空变化特征进行了研究。结果表明,水体和沉积物受到多种重金属污染：地表水体中Pb、Zn、Cd的均值分别为137.19×10-3、1 919.38×10-3、14.21×10-3 mg.L-1,分别是地表水环境质量标准Ⅲ类水质标准的2.74、1.91、2.84倍;沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd的均值分别为702.79、3 242.8、5 427.6、32.19 mg.kg-1,分别是土壤环境质量标准三级标准的1.76、6.49、10.86、32倍。水体和沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd沿河流总体呈无规律性的变化,受炼锌废渣堆和铅锌选矿厂影响的地点,水体和沉积物重金属含量均较高,污染严重。近10年来,炼锌区河流水体和沉积物重金属污染仍然很严重,水体重金属污染呈加重特征,沉积物中Pb、Zn污染呈减轻趋势,Cd和Cu污染则加重。     

粤西黄铁矿区铊-铅污染土壤的环境质量研究

以云浮硫铁矿开采场和尾渣堆放区为研究对象,采用HNO3-H2O2-HClO4-HF混酸-微波消解处理土壤样品,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）测定土壤样品中重金属的含量,研究了开采场附近土壤表层、尾渣堆放区土壤剖面的铊、铅、镍、铜、锌、镉等毒害重金属的含量。结果表明,云浮硫铁矿开采活动给矿区土壤环境带来了严重的危害。与中国土壤环境背景值相比,土壤中重金属含量最高可为背景值的35倍。运用Muller地积指数对土壤重金属污染现状进行了系统的环境风险评估,证实目前云浮矿区土壤中存在不同程度的铊、铅、铜、锌、镉等毒害重金属污染,其中,铊、铅的污染最为严重,镉、锌等达到中度污染至强污染,且污染已经渗透至土壤深层,特别是毒害性极强的重金属铊,生态环境受到严重危害。     

Hydrocarbon and Toxic Metal Contamination from Tank Installations in a Northwest Greenlandic Village

Contamination from tank installations in the Arctic is an important issue, since tanks are a necessary feature of all communities, and may be a source of local pollution. Soil samples from below and around three tank installations and one reference site in the Northwest Greenlandic village of Tasiusaq were analysed for the total content of hydrocarbons (THC), lead, cadmium and organic content in the soil. Concentrations up to 77,000?mg/kg DW THC were found, mainly as weathered oil products. Elevated levels of lead and cadmium were also found in many of the samples, with concentrations up to 300 and 2?mg/kg DW, respectively. The tank installation areas were contaminated by THC, lead and cadmium compared to the reference site, and parts of the areas were highly contaminated, exceeding the Danish environmental quality criteria. The correlation between lead and cadmium concentrations was significant (p?<?0.01), while no correlation existed between THC and organic matter. Small spills from daily use of the tank installations are suggested to be the source of the THC contamination, whereas the lead and cadmium contamination is suggested to originate primarily from the plume of smoke from waste incineration.     

Roadside Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Soils in Franklin County,Massachusetts, and Surrounding Towns

Abstract

Metals cycle through the environment, and although many metals are required by biota, several have no known biological function and can be toxic. Metal concentrations [cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), palladium (Pd), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn)] are surveyed with an eye toward soil chemistry, environmental and anthropogenic conditions, and potential remediation in 15 locations in and adjacent to Franklin County, MA. Road‐condition information was gathered, soil pH determined, and soils analyzed for soil metal content via a five‐phase sequential extraction and ICP‐AES analyses. Results indicate the majority of similarities are linked to soil pH and soil geochemistry, with only a few metals (Cr, Pb, and Zn) showing clear anthropogenic trends.     

品种和土壤对水稻镉吸收的影响及镉生物有效性预测模型研究进展

稻田受重金属镉(Cd)污染后,土壤中的Cd可能被植物吸收通过食物链进入人体,威胁人类健康。而水稻品种和土壤类型对Cd吸收和积累有着深远的影响,因此在进行Cd的农产品安全阈值制定和人体健康风险评价时,需考虑土壤Cd的生物有效性和不同水稻品种对Cd吸收的影响。本文综述了水稻品种和土壤类型对Cd吸收和积累的影响,并重点介绍了目前常用于预测重金属生物有效性的模型,以期为环境风险评价、土壤环境质量标准及农产品安全阈值制定提供有效的工具,并为生产安全(无公害)稻米提供参考。     

Short‐term transformations of lead and cadmium compounds in soil after contamination

The behaviour and fate of trace metals, in particular lead and cadmium, when they contaminate the soil as atmospheric fall‐out are not well understood. To improve our understanding, we incorporated pure compounds of lead and cadmium into samples taken from surface horizons of three chemically contrasting soils and monitored the changes in their speciation by analysing the soil solution. In most instances the concentrations of trace metals in solution were maximal during the first few days after mixing the contaminants with the soil, and depended strongly on soil type. The exception was when the contaminant was added as sulphide particles. The initial speciation of metals also influenced their solubility, following a decreasing order which did not depend on the soil type:
Lead sulphide was progressively oxidized, but cadmium sulphide was hardly dissolved. When lead was added as sulphate, between 10 and 20% of lead particles dissolved, regardless of the soil type. For the other species, dissolution was enhanced at lower soil pH. Thermodynamic calculations with the WinHumic V program indicated that the solution was not saturated with respect to lead sulphate. We conclude that dissolution must be limited by the adsorption of inhibitors on reactive surfaces. The calculations also showed that precipitation of chloropyromorphite probably controls lead concentration in leachate from the acid organic soil. Finally, both soil type and initial speciation of contaminants control the behaviour of trace metals in soils for a time greater than a cropping season and must be considered for understanding their environmental impact.     

土壤资源与生态环境数据库的建立及应用——以三峡库区秭归县为例

运用计算机和GIS技术 ,以三峡库区秭归县为例 ,建立了区域土壤资源与生态环境数据库 (RSEDBS)。该系统采用ARC/INFOGIS管理空间数据 ,VisualFoxPro管理属性数据库 ,二者通过公共标识码 (ID)共享数据 ;并运用计算机程序语言 (C )开发了DEM、层次分析、模糊数学和综合环境指数等应用模型建立模型子库 ;将空间数据库、属性数据库和应用模型库通过内部和外部接口集成一起 ,对秭归县的生态环境质量进行了定量评价。结果表明 :秭归县生态环境质量较好的乡镇分布在西部和南部的山区 ,且具有覆盖度高、人口密度低、降雨量充沛等特点 ;生态环境质量较差的乡镇分布在沿江地区 ,主要存在人口密度大、覆盖率较低、降雨相对不足、水土流失严重等问题。因此 ,为了实现秭归县土壤资源的可持续利用 ,必须根据区域生态特征 ,优化配置人口、资源与环境。     

Einfluß verschiedener Bodeneigenschaften auf die mikrobielle Toxizität von Blei und Cadmium

Effects of different soil properties on the microbial toxicity of lead and cadmium Effects of different soil properties on the microbial toxicity of lead and cadmium were investigated in laboratory experiments on ten arable and nine preserve area soils. Microbial activity was measured by means of the dehydrogenase and the arginine-ammonification tests. The latter was not suitable to show the microbial toxicity of both metals. Effects of lead on dehydrogenase activity were mainly influenced by its concentration in soil solution (r = 0,79). Thus, all soil properties which determined the adsorption of lead correlated significantly with the relative dehydrogenase activities of the contaminated soils. The most important abiotic factors influencing the toxicity of lead were the soil pH and the CEC. Cd solubility and Cd toxicity were influenced by soil pH in a contrary way. Low Cd concentrations caused greater inhibitions of dehydrogenase activity at neutral and slightly alkaline soil reaction than under acidic conditions. Therefore, correlations between Cd concentrations of soil solutions or clay content and dehydrogenase activity were only significant if partial correlation analysis (constant pH) was used.     

重金属复合污染下红壤微生物活性及其群落结构的变化

在室内培养条件下,应用4因素5水平二次正交回归旋转组合设计方案,对重金属复合污染红壤的微生物活性及群落功能多样性进行了研究。结果表明,在Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd复合污染生境中重金属的微生物毒性效应发挥主要由Cd、Cu两元素决定,其生物毒性顺序表现为:Cd>Cu>Zn>Ph,红砂泥中表现较为突出。与单一镉、单一铅污染处理相比,重金属复合污染对供试红壤微生物生物活性及其群落功能多样性的影响并非仅仅表现出简单的加和作用,同时还存在协同作用和拮抗作用。典型相关分析显示,红壤微生物活性与重金属含量之间关系密切,第一对典型变量的相关系数r达0.885 8、0.932 8,均达极显著水平(p<0.001), 说明重金属复合污染与红壤微生物间存在较为稳定的数量反馈机制,红壤总体微生物活性指标能较好地反映供试红壤重金属复合污染状况,可作为重金属污染红壤环境质量评价及量化分类的有效指标。